{"id":54351,"date":"2019-12-24T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-12-23T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/istoriya-sistemy-domennyh-imen-pervye-dns-servery"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:02:21","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:02:21","slug":"istoriya-sistemy-domennyh-imen-pervye-dns-servery","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/az\/blog\/administrirovanie\/istoriya-sistemy-domennyh-imen-pervye-dns-servery","title":{"rendered":"Domend adlar\u0131 sisteminin tarixi: ilk DNS-serverl\u0259r","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Sonuncu d\u0259f\u0259 biz DNS tarixini dan\u0131\u015fma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131q<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 layih\u0259nin nec\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 ARPANET \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259sind\u0259 hans\u0131 probleml\u0259ri h\u0259ll etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn yarad\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 xat\u0131rlad\u0131q. Bu g\u00fcn ilk DNS-serveri BIND haqq\u0131nda dan\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131q.<\/p>\n

\"Domend<\/a><\/noindex><\/a><\/noindex>
\n\u015e\u0259kil \u2014 John Markos O’Neill<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 CC BY-SA<\/i><\/p>\n

\u0130lk DNS-serverl\u0259r<\/h2>\n

\n1983-c\u00fc ild\u0259 Pol Mokapetris (Paul Mockapetris) v\u0259 Jon Postel (John Postel)\u00a0konsepsiyan\u0131 t\u0259qdim etdikd\u0259n sonra<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0ARPANET \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn domen adlar\u0131, bu, kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r tezlikl\u0259 \u0130T c\u0259miyy\u0259tinin raz\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 qazand\u0131. \u0130lk praktikaya t\u0259tbiq ed\u0259n m\u00fch\u0259ndisl\u0259r Berkeley Universitetind\u0259n oldular. 1984-c\u00fc ild\u0259 d\u00f6rd t\u0259l\u0259b\u0259 ilk DNS-serverini \u2014 Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND) t\u0259qdim etdil\u0259r. Onlar AB\u015e M\u00fcdafi\u0259 Nazirliyinin \u0130leri Ara\u015fd\u0131rma Layih\u0259l\u0259ri \u0130dar\u0259si (DARPA) t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n verilmi\u015f qrant \u00e7\u0259r\u00e7iv\u0259sind\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Universitet t\u0259l\u0259b\u0259l\u0259ri t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f sistem avtomatik olaraq DNS ad\u0131n\u0131 IP \u00fcnvan\u0131na, \u0259ksin\u0259 is\u0259 \u00e7evirirdi. Maraql\u0131d\u0131r ki, proqram t\u0259minat\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131 sistemi ( BSD<\/a><\/noindex> ) y\u00fckl\u0259ndikd\u0259, ilk m\u0259nb\u0259 kodlar\u0131 art\u0131q 4.3 versiya n\u00f6mr\u0259sin\u0259 malik idi. \u0130lk d\u00f6vrd\u0259 DNS-serverd\u0259n universitet laboratoriyalar\u0131n\u0131n \u0259m\u0259kda\u015flar\u0131 istifad\u0259 edirdil\u0259r. 4.8.3 versiyas\u0131na q\u0259d\u0259r BIND-in inki\u015faf\u0131na Berkeley Universitetinin Komp\u00fcter Sisteml\u0259ri T\u0259dqiqat Qrupu (CSRG) cavabdeh idi, lakin 1980-ci ill\u0259rin ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda DNS-server universitetin s\u0259rh\u0259dl\u0259rind\u0259n \u00e7\u0131xd\u0131 \u2014 Paul Vixie-d\u0259n (Paul Vixie) olan korporasiyaya verildi.\u00a0DEC<\/a><\/noindex>. Paul 4.9 v\u0259 4.9.1 versiyalar\u0131n\u0131 buraxd\u0131, sonra Internet Software Consortium (ISC) yaratd\u0131 v\u0259 o vaxtdan b\u0259ri BIND-in d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259nm\u0259sin\u0259 cavabdehdir. Paulun s\u00f6zl\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u0259vv\u0259lki versiyalar Berkeley t\u0259l\u0259b\u0259l\u0259rinin koduna \u0259saslan\u0131rd\u0131 v\u0259 son be\u015f onillikd\u0259 o, modernl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn tamamil\u0259 imkanlar\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fck\u0259tmi\u015fdi. Bu s\u0259b\u0259bd\u0259n 2000-ci ild\u0259 BIND s\u0131f\u0131rdan yaz\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

BIND serveri bir s\u0131ra kitabxanalar v\u0259 komponentl\u0259rd\u0259n ibar\u0259tdir ki, bunlar DNS-in 'm\u00fc\u015ft\u0259ri-server' arxitekturas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259min edir v\u0259 DNS-server funksiyalar\u0131n\u0131n konfiqurasiyas\u0131na cavabdehdir. BIND geni\u015f yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r, x\u00fcsus\u0259n Linux-da v\u0259 DNS-serverini populyar bir t\u0259tbiq olaraq saxlay\u0131r. Bu h\u0259ll<\/a><\/noindex> k\u00f6k zonas\u0131n\u0131 d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259y\u0259n serverl\u0259rd\u0259 qura\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r K\u00f6k zonas\u0131<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nBIND-in alternativl\u0259ri d\u0259 m\u00f6vcuddur. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, Linux paylamalar\u0131 il\u0259 birlikd\u0259 olan PowerDNS. Bu, Hollandiyan\u0131n PowerDNS.COM \u015firk\u0259tind\u0259n Bert Hubert t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r v\u0259 a\u00e7\u0131q m\u0259nb\u0259 c\u0259miyy\u0259ti t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259nir. 2005-ci ild\u0259n PowerDNS, Vikipediya Fondunun serverl\u0259rin\u0259 t\u0259tbiq olundu. Bu h\u0259ll h\u0259m\u00e7inin b\u00f6y\u00fck bulud provayderl\u0259ri, Avropa telekommunikasiya \u015firk\u0259tl\u0259ri v\u0259 Fortune 500 siyah\u0131s\u0131ndak\u0131 t\u0259\u015fkilatlar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n istifad\u0259 olunur.<\/p>\n

BIND v\u0259 PowerDNS \u0259n yayg\u0131n olsa da, t\u0259k DNS-serverl\u0259r deyill\u0259r. Eyni zamanda qeyd edilm\u0259y\u0259 d\u0259y\u0259r\u00a0Unbound<\/a><\/noindex>,\u00a0djbdns<\/a><\/noindex> v\u0259\u00a0Dnsmasq<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Domen adlar\u0131 sisteminin inki\u015faf\u0131<\/h2>\n

\nDNS-in tarixi boyunca onun spesifikasiyas\u0131na bir \u00e7ox d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259r edilib. Bunlar aras\u0131nda ilk v\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck yenil\u0259m\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n biri kimi\u00a0ekledi<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a01996-c\u0131 ild\u0259n etibar\u0259n DNS zonalar\u0131na NOTIFY v\u0259 IXFR mexanizml\u0259ri \u0259lav\u0259 edildi. Bu, domen adlar\u0131 sistemind\u0259ki veril\u0259nl\u0259r bazalar\u0131n\u0131n replikasiyas\u0131n\u0131 birincil v\u0259 ikincil serverl\u0259r aras\u0131nda sad\u0259l\u0259\u015fdirdi. Yeni h\u0259ll, DNS qeydl\u0259rind\u0259ki d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259r bar\u0259d\u0259 bildiri\u015fl\u0259rin t\u0259nziml\u0259nm\u0259sin\u0259 imkan verdi. Bu yana\u015fma, ikincil v\u0259 birincil DNS zonalar\u0131n\u0131n eyniliyini t\u0259min edirdi v\u0259 trafik\u0259 q\u0259na\u0259t edirdi \u2014 sinxronizasiya yaln\u0131z z\u0259rur\u0259t olduqda ba\u015f verirdi, m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n intervalar vasit\u0259sil\u0259 deyil.<\/p>\n

\"Domend
\n\u015e\u0259kil \u2014 Richard Masoner<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 CC BY-SA<\/i><\/p>\n

DNS \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259si \u0259vv\u0259lc\u0259 geni\u015f ictimaiyy\u0259t\u0259 a\u00e7\u0131q deyildi v\u0259 t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizlik probleml\u0259ri sistemin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131nda prioritet kimi q\u0259bul edilmirdi, lakin bu yana\u015fma sonradan \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6st\u0259rdi. \u0130nternetin inki\u015faf\u0131 il\u0259 sistemin z\u0259iflikl\u0259ri istismar edilm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015fland\u0131 \u2014 m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, DNS-spoofing kimi h\u00fccumlar meydana g\u0259ldi. Bu halda, DNS serverl\u0259rinin ke\u015fi etibarl\u0131 m\u0259nb\u0259yi olmayan m\u0259lumatlarla doldurulur v\u0259 sor\u011fular z\u0259r\u0259rli serverl\u0259r\u0259 y\u00f6nl\u0259ndirilir.<\/p>\n

Problemi h\u0259ll etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn DNS-d\u0259\u00a0t\u0259tbiq olunmu\u015fdur<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0DNS cavablar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn kriptovalyutalar (DNSSEC) \u2014 k\u00f6k zonadan domen \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn etimad z\u0259nciri qurma\u011fa imkan ver\u0259n bir mexanizmdir. Qeyd ed\u0259k ki, DNS zonas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259si zaman\u0131 hostlar\u0131n autentifikasiya edilm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn analoji mexanizm \u0259lav\u0259 edildi \u2014 bu, TSIG ad\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

Veril\u0259nl\u0259r bazalar\u0131n\u0131n replikasiyas\u0131n\u0131 asanla\u015fd\u0131ran v\u0259 t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizlik probleml\u0259rini d\u00fcz\u0259ld\u0259n modifikasiyalar \u0130T icmas\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n b\u0259y\u0259nildi. Lakin icman\u0131n yax\u015f\u0131 qar\u015f\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259r d\u0259 oldu. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, pulsuz domen adlar\u0131ndan pullu domen adlar\u0131na ke\u00e7id. Bu, DNS tarixind\u0259ki \"m\u00fcharib\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n\" yaln\u0131z birinin misal\u0131d\u0131r. Bununla ba\u011fl\u0131 daha \u0259trafl\u0131 m\u0259lumat\u0131 n\u00f6vb\u0259ti materialda t\u0259qdim ed\u0259c\u0259yik.<\/p>\n

\"Domend1cloud-da biz \"Sanal sunucu<\/a><\/noindex>\" xidm\u0259tini t\u0259klif edirik. Bununla siz bir ne\u00e7\u0259 d\u0259qiq\u0259 \u0259rzind\u0259 uzaqdan VDS\/VPS-server kiray\u0259l\u0259y\u0259 v\u0259 konfiqurasiya ed\u0259 bil\u0259rsiniz.
\n\"DomendEyni zamanda, t\u0259r\u0259fda\u015fl\u0131q proqram\u0131<\/a><\/noindex> b\u00fct\u00fcn istifad\u0259\u00e7il\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00f6vcuddur. Bizim xidm\u0259timiz\u0259 referal ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 yerl\u0259\u015fdirin v\u0259 g\u0259tirdiyiniz m\u00fc\u015ft\u0259ril\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fckafat al\u0131n.<\/p>\n

M\u0259nb\u0259: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0412 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u043c\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e DNS \u2014 \u0432\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438, \u0441 \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442, \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 ARPANET. \u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043c \u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043c DNS-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435 BIND. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u2014 John Markos O’Neill \u2014 CC BY-SA \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 DNS-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432 1983 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u041f\u043e\u043b \u041c\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441 (Paul Mockapetris) \u0438 \u0414\u0436\u043e\u043d \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b (Jon Postel)\u00a0\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044e\u00a0\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 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