{"id":55193,"date":"2020-01-15T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-14T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/abraham-fleksner-poleznost-bespoleznyh-znanij-1939"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:03:17","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:03:17","slug":"abraham-fleksner-poleznost-bespoleznyh-znanij-1939","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/az\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/abraham-fleksner-poleznost-bespoleznyh-znanij-1939","title":{"rendered":"\u0130brahim Flexner: Faydas\u0131z Bilgilerin Faydas\u0131 (1939)","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\u0130brahim
\n
\nD\u00fcnyan\u0131n, medeniyetin kendisine tehdit eden as\u0131ls\u0131z nefretle dolup ta\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ortamda, hem erkeklerin hem kad\u0131nlar\u0131n, hem de gen\u00e7lerin ve ya\u015fl\u0131lar\u0131n, k\u0131smen veya tamamen g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fc ak\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan uzakla\u015f\u0131p g\u00fczelli\u011fi, bilgi yaymay\u0131, hastal\u0131klar\u0131 tedavi etmeyi, ac\u0131lar\u0131 azaltmay\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bir tutku haline getirmeleri ne kadar \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fil mi? Sanki bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te ac\u0131, \u00e7irkinlik ve \u0131st\u0131rap yaratan fanatikler yokmu\u015f gibi. D\u00fcnya her zaman \u00fcz\u00fcc\u00fc ve karma\u015f\u0131k bir yer olmu\u015ftur, ama yine de \u015fairler, sanat\u00e7\u0131lar ve bilim insanlar\u0131, dikkatlerini \u00e7ekseler bile bu fakt\u00f6rleri g\u00f6rmezden geldiler. Pratik a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, entelekt\u00fcel ve ruhsal ya\u015fam, ilk bak\u0131\u015fta, faydas\u0131z gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen bu faaliyetlerdir ve insanlar bu gibi u\u011fra\u015flarla, aksi takdirde elde edeceklerinden daha fazla tatmin olduqlar\u0131 i\u00e7in bu faaliyetlerle ilgilenmektedirler. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, bu faydas\u0131z zevklerin pe\u015finde ko\u015fman\u0131n ne zaman bir t\u00fcr gereklilik kayna\u011f\u0131 haline geldi\u011fi sorusu ile ilgileniyorum.<\/p>\n

Bize defalarca s\u00f6yleniyor ki, bizim \u00e7a\u011f\u0131m\u0131z maddi bir \u00e7a\u011fd\u0131r. Bu \u00e7a\u011fda en \u00f6nemli \u015fey, maddi varl\u0131klar\u0131n ve d\u00fcnyasal olanaklar\u0131n da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m zincirlerinin geni\u015fletilmesidir. Bu olanaklardan ve adil mal da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131ndan mahrum kalm\u0131\u015f olanlar\u0131n \u00f6fkesi, bir\u00e7ok \u00f6\u011frencinin babalar\u0131n\u0131n ilgi alanlar\u0131ndan uzakla\u015f\u0131p sosyal, ekonomik ve devlet sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyen ayn\u0131 derecede \u00f6nemli ve g\u00fcncel konulara y\u00f6nelmesine sebep oluyor. Bu y\u00f6nde bir e\u011filime kar\u015f\u0131 de\u011filim. \u0130\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z d\u00fcnya, duyular\u0131m\u0131zda hissetti\u011fimiz tek d\u00fcnyad\u0131r. E\u011fer onu daha iyi hale getirmeyip adaletli k\u0131lmazsak, milyonlarca insan hayattan sessizce, h\u00fcz\u00fcnle ve ac\u0131yla ayr\u0131lmaya devam edecektir. Y\u0131llar boyunca, okullar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n, \u00f6\u011frencilerin ve \u00f6\u011frencilerin hayat\u0131n\u0131 anlamas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik net bir anlay\u0131\u015fa sahip olmas\u0131n\u0131 talep ettim.<\/a><\/noindex> Bazen merak ediyorum, acaba bu ak\u0131m \u00e7ok mu g\u00fc\u00e7lendi ve d\u00fcnyay\u0131 faydas\u0131z \u015feylerden ar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, tam bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcrme f\u0131rsatlar\u0131 yeterli olacak m\u0131? Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, faydal\u0131 olana dair anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z, insan ruhunun de\u011fi\u015fen ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclemeyen olanaklar\u0131na uyum sa\u011flayacak kadar dar m\u0131?<\/p>\n

Bu m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259ni h\u0259m elmi, h\u0259m d\u0259 humanist, ya da m\u0259n\u0259vi t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n m\u00fczakir\u0259 ed\u0259 bil\u0259rik. G\u0259lin \u0259vv\u0259lc\u0259 elmi t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n baxaq. Bir ne\u00e7\u0259 il \u0259vv\u0259l George Eastman il\u0259 fayda m\u00f6vzusunda bir m\u00fczakir\u0259 yad\u0131ma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Mr. Eastman, m\u00fcdrik, n\u0259zak\u0259tli v\u0259 uzaqg\u00f6r\u0259n bir insan, musiqi v\u0259 inc\u0259s\u0259n\u0259t z\u00f6vq\u00fc olan biri, m\u0259n\u0259 bildirdi ki, b\u00f6y\u00fck s\u0259rv\u0259tini faydal\u0131 m\u00f6vzular\u0131n t\u0259drisin\u0259 y\u00f6n\u0259ltm\u0259yi planla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131r. M\u0259n c\u0259sar\u0259t edib ona soru\u015fdum ki, d\u00fcnya elmi sah\u0259sind\u0259 \u0259n faydal\u0131 insan kimdir. O, d\u0259rhal cavab verdi: \"Marconi\". M\u0259n d\u0259 dedim: \"Radio v\u0259 dig\u0259r simsiz texnologiyalar\u0131n biz\u0259 verdiyi z\u00f6vq n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r olsa da, Marconinin t\u00f6hf\u0259si faktiki olaraq diqq\u0259t\u0259 al\u0131nacaq d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 azd\u0131r.\"<\/p>\n

Onun t\u0259\u0259cc\u00fcbl\u0259 baxan \u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc he\u00e7 vaxt unutmaram. O, m\u0259nd\u0259n bunun izah\u0131n\u0131 ist\u0259yirdi. M\u0259n ona s\u00f6z verdim ki, \"Mr. Eastman, Marconinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131xmas\u0131 qa\u00e7\u0131lmaz idi. Simsiz texnologiyalar sah\u0259sind\u0259 edil\u0259nl\u0259rin real m\u00fckafat\u0131, \u0259g\u0259r bel\u0259 fundamental m\u00fckafatlar kim\u0259s\u0259 veril\u0259 bil\u0259rs\u0259, Professor Clerk Maxwell-\u0259 aiddir. O, 1865-ci ild\u0259 maqnetizm v\u0259 elektrik sah\u0259sind\u0259 anla\u015f\u0131lmaz v\u0259 ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fclm\u0259si \u00e7\u0259tin hesablama i\u015fi aparm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Maxwell, 1873-c\u00fc ild\u0259 d\u0259rc edilmi\u015f elmi \u0259s\u0259rind\u0259 \u00f6z m\u00fcc\u0259rr\u0259d formulalar\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259qdim etdi. Britaniya Assosiasiyas\u0131n\u0131n n\u00f6vb\u0259ti iclas\u0131nda, Oxforddan Professor G.D.S. Smith, \"he\u00e7 bir riyaziyyat\u00e7\u0131, bu \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259ri v\u0259r\u0259ql\u0259dikd\u0259, burada t\u0259qdim olunan n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259nin saf riyaziyyat\u0131n metodlar\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 vasit\u0259l\u0259rini \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 tamamlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259m\u0259lidir\" dedi. N\u00f6vb\u0259ti 15 il \u0259rzind\u0259 dig\u0259r elmi k\u0259\u015ffl\u0259r Maxwell-in n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259sini tamamlad\u0131. N\u0259hay\u0259t, 1887 v\u0259 1888-ci ill\u0259rd\u0259, o vaxt h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 aktual olan simvolik electromagnetic dal\u011falarla ba\u011fl\u0131 problemi, simsiz siqnallar\u0131n da\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olan Heinrich Hertz, Berlinin Helmholtz laboratoriyas\u0131n\u0131n \u0259m\u0259kda\u015f\u0131 h\u0259ll etdi. N\u0259 Maxwell, n\u0259 d\u0259 Hertz, i\u015fl\u0259rinin faydal\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bar\u0259d\u0259 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u0259mi\u015fdil\u0259r. Bu fikir onlar\u0131n a\u011fl\u0131ndan bel\u0259 ke\u00e7mirdi. Onlar praktiki bir m\u0259qs\u0259d qoymam\u0131\u015fd\u0131lar. H\u00fcquqi m\u0259nada, ixtira\u00e7\u0131 \u0259lb\u0259tt\u0259 ki, Marconidir. Lakin Marconi n\u0259 ixtira etdi? Yaln\u0131zki, art\u0131q bir \u00e7ox yerd\u0259n imtina edil\u0259n \"kogerer\" adlanan k\u00f6hn\u0259lmi\u015f q\u0259bul edici cihaz\u0131 ixtira etdi.<\/p>\n

Hertz v\u0259 Maxwell he\u00e7 n\u0259 ixtira etm\u0259y\u0259 d\u0259 bil\u0259rdi, lakin onlar\u0131n z\u0259if n\u0259z\u0259ri i\u015fl\u0259ri, a\u011f\u0131ll\u0131 m\u00fch\u0259ndisin rast g\u0259ldiyi, yeni rabit\u0259 v\u0259 \u0259yl\u0259nc\u0259 vasit\u0259l\u0259rinin yaranmas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b oldu, bu da insana, \u0259m\u0259yinin az olmas\u0131 il\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131, \u015f\u00f6hr\u0259t qazand\u0131rd\u0131 v\u0259 milyonlar qazanma\u011fa imkan verdi. Onlardan hans\u0131 faydal\u0131 idi? Marconi yox, Kleerk Maxwell v\u0259 Heinrich Hertz. Onlar dahi idil\u0259r v\u0259 faydal\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fcrd\u00fcl\u0259r, lakin Marconi a\u011f\u0131ll\u0131 bir ixtira\u00e7\u0131 idi, ancaq yaln\u0131z m\u0259nf\u0259\u0259t d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrd\u00fc.
\nHertz ad\u0131 Mr. Eastman'a radio dal\u011falar\u0131n\u0131 xat\u0131rlatd\u0131, ona Ro\u00e7ester Universitetind\u0259n fizikl\u0259rd\u0259n Hertz v\u0259 Maxwell'in n\u0259 konkret etdikl\u0259rini soru\u015fma\u011f\u0131 t\u00f6vsiy\u0259 etdim. Lakin bir m\u0259tnd\u0259 o, \u0259min ola bil\u0259r ki, onlar i\u015fl\u0259rini praktiki t\u0259tbiq haqq\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u0259d\u0259n yerin\u0259 yetiribl\u0259r. V\u0259 elm tarixind\u0259 \u0259ks\u0259r \u0259sl b\u00f6y\u00fck k\u0259\u015ffl\u0259r, sonunda insanl\u0131q \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn son d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259 faydal\u0131 olan, yaln\u0131z mara\u011f\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259min etm\u0259k ist\u0259y\u0259n insanlar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilib.
\nMaraqlanmaq? \u2014 Mr. Eastman soru\u015fdu.<\/p>\n

B\u0259li, \u2014 m\u0259n cavab verdim, \u2014 maraqlanmaq, hans\u0131 ki, b\u0259lk\u0259 d\u0259 bir \u015feyin faydal\u0131 olmas\u0131na q\u0259d\u0259r apara bil\u0259r v\u0259 ya aparmaya bil\u0259r, b\u0259lk\u0259 d\u0259 m\u00fcasir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259nin \u00fcst\u00fcn c\u0259h\u0259tidir. Bu, d\u00fcn\u0259n ortaya \u00e7\u0131xmay\u0131b, h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 Galileo, Bacon v\u0259 Sir Isaac Newton d\u00f6vrl\u0259rind\u0259 meydana g\u0259lib v\u0259 tamamil\u0259 s\u0259rb\u0259st qalmal\u0131d\u0131r. T\u0259hsil m\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259l\u0259ri maraqlanman\u0131 inki\u015faf etdirm\u0259y\u0259 diqq\u0259t yetirm\u0259lidir. V\u0259 onlar\u0131n d\u0259rhal t\u0259tbiqini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u0259y\u0259 n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r az vaxt s\u0259rf ets\u0259l\u0259r, o q\u0259d\u0259r d\u0259 insanlar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn rifahda, lakin bir o q\u0259d\u0259r d\u0259 vacib, intellektual mara\u011f\u0131n t\u0259min edilm\u0259sind\u0259 d\u0259 i\u015ftirak etm\u0259l\u0259ri ehtimal olunur ki, bu, m\u00fcasir d\u00fcnyada intellektual h\u0259yat\u0131n h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tverici q\u00fcvv\u0259si olmu\u015fdur.<\/p>\n

II<\/h3>\n

\nH\u0259r \u015fey Heinrich Hertz haqq\u0131nda, onun 19-cu \u0259srin sonlar\u0131nda Helmholtz laboratoriyas\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fcnc\u00fcnd\u0259 sakit v\u0259 diqq\u0259t \u00e7\u0259kilm\u0259d\u0259n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fd\u0131\u011f\u0131 haqq\u0131nda, bir ne\u00e7\u0259 y\u00fcz il bundan qabaq ya\u015fayan aliml\u0259r v\u0259 riyaziyyat\u00e7\u0131lar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn d\u0259 do\u011frudur. Bizim d\u00fcnyam\u0131z elektrik olmadan acizdir. \u018fn birba\u015fa v\u0259 perspektivli praktik t\u0259tbiqi olan k\u0259\u015ff haqq\u0131nda dan\u0131\u015fsaq, elektrik oldu\u011funda raz\u0131la\u015far\u0131q. Amma b\u00fct\u00fcn i\u015fl\u0259rin elektrik \u0259sas\u0131nda yaranmas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b olan fundamental k\u0259\u015ffl\u0259ri kim h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irdi? <\/p>\n

Cavab maraql\u0131 olacaq. Maik Faradeyin atas\u0131 d\u0259mir\u00e7i idi, \u00f6zl\u0259ri is\u0259 Maik kitab ba\u011flayan\u0131n t\u0259l\u0259b\u0259si idi. 1812-ci ild\u0259, 21 ya\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011fu zaman, bir dostu onu Kral institutuna apard\u0131, orada Hemfri D\u0259vinin kimya \u00fczr\u0259 4 d\u0259rsind\u0259n faydaland\u0131. O, qeydl\u0259rini saxlad\u0131 v\u0259 onlar\u0131n sur\u0259tl\u0259rini D\u0259viy\u0259 g\u00f6nd\u0259rdi. N\u00f6vb\u0259ti il o, D\u0259vinin laboratoriyas\u0131nda k\u00f6m\u0259k\u00e7i oldu v\u0259 kimya m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259rini h\u0259ll etm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130ki ild\u0259n sonra o, D\u0259vini qit\u0259y\u0259 s\u0259yah\u0259tind\u0259 m\u00fc\u015fayi\u0259t etdi. 1825-ci ild\u0259, 24 ya\u015f\u0131 olanda, Kral institutunun laboratoriyas\u0131n\u0131n direktoru oldu v\u0259 orada 54 ilini ke\u00e7irdi.<\/p>\n

Tezlikl\u0259 Faradeyn m\u00fcst\u0259qil t\u0259dqiqatlar\u0131 elektrik v\u0259 maqnetizm sah\u0259sin\u0259 y\u00f6n\u0259ldi v\u0259 h\u0259yat\u0131n\u0131n qalan hiss\u0259sini bu m\u00f6vzularda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fd\u0131. \u018fvv\u0259lc\u0259 bu sah\u0259d\u0259 m\u00fch\u00fcm, amma anlamaq \u00e7\u0259tin olan i\u015fl\u0259rl\u0259 \u018frsted, Amper v\u0259 Vollaxton m\u0259\u015f\u011ful olmu\u015fdu. Faradey onlar\u0131n h\u0259ll etm\u0259diyi \u00e7\u0259tinlikl\u0259ri ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015fd\u00fc v\u0259 1841-ci il\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r elektrik c\u0259r\u0259yan\u0131n\u0131n induksiyas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6yr\u0259nm\u0259kd\u0259 nailiyy\u0259t qazand\u0131. D\u00f6rd ild\u0259n sonra onun karyeras\u0131n\u0131n ikinci, az\u0131 bir q\u0259d\u0259r parlaq d\u00f6vr\u00fc ba\u015flad\u0131, o zaman o, maqnetizmin polyariz\u0259 olunmu\u015f i\u015f\u0131\u011fa t\u0259sirini k\u0259\u015ff etdi. Onun erk\u0259n k\u0259\u015ffl\u0259ri say\u0131s\u0131z praktiki t\u0259tbiql\u0259r\u0259 yol a\u00e7d\u0131, burada elektrik y\u00fck\u00fc azaldaraq m\u00fcasir insan\u0131n h\u0259yat\u0131nda daha \u00e7ox imkanlar yaratd\u0131. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, onun sonrak\u0131 k\u0259\u015ffl\u0259ri praktik n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 daha az s\u0259b\u0259b oldu. Faradey \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn h\u0259r hans\u0131 bir \u015fey d\u0259yi\u015fdimi? Tamamil\u0259 he\u00e7 n\u0259. Onun faydas\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 he\u00e7 bir m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259d\u0259 onun m\u00fck\u0259mm\u0259l karyeras\u0131nda maraql\u0131 olmad\u0131. O, kainat\u0131n sirrl\u0259rini \u00e7\u00f6zm\u0259y\u0259 olan q\u0259tiyy\u0259tl\u0259 m\u0259\u015f\u011fuldur: \u0259vv\u0259lc\u0259 kimya al\u0259mind\u0259n, sonra is\u0259 fizika al\u0259mind\u0259n. O, he\u00e7 vaxt faydal\u0131l\u0131q m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259sini \u00f6z\u00fcn\u0259 verm\u0259di. H\u0259r hans\u0131 bir i\u015far\u0259 onun sonsuz mara\u011f\u0131n\u0131 m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131ra bil\u0259rdi. N\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259, onun f\u0259aliyy\u0259ti n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259rinin praktik t\u0259tbiqini tapd\u0131, amma bu, onun davaml\u0131 eksperimentl\u0259ri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn he\u00e7 vaxt kriteriya olmad\u0131. <\/p>\n

B\u0259lk\u0259, bu g\u00fcn d\u00fcnyan\u0131 \u0259hat\u0259 ed\u0259n \u0259hval-ruhiyy\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, elmin m\u00fcharib\u0259ni getdikc\u0259 daha da\u011f\u0131d\u0131c\u0131 v\u0259 d\u0259h\u015f\u0259tli bir f\u0259aliyy\u0259t\u0259 \u00e7evirm\u0259sind\u0259ki rolunun elmi f\u0259aliyy\u0259tin qeyri-ixtiyari v\u0259 niyy\u0259tsiz bir yan m\u0259hsulu oldu\u011funu vur\u011fulama\u011f\u0131n vaxt\u0131d\u0131r. Britaniya Elmin \u0130nki\u015faf\u0131na D\u0259st\u0259k Assosiasiyas\u0131n\u0131n prezidenti Lord Raley, son m\u00fcraci\u0259tind\u0259, elmi f\u0259aliyy\u0259tl\u0259rin niyy\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 deyil, insan\u0131n axmaql\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0259b\u0259bind\u0259n m\u00fcasir m\u00fcharib\u0259y\u0259 c\u0259lb olunan insanlar\u0131n da\u011f\u0131d\u0131c\u0131 istifad\u0259sinin ba\u015f verdiyini diqq\u0259t\u0259 \u00e7atd\u0131rd\u0131. Karbon birl\u0259\u015fm\u0259l\u0259rinin kimyas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259qsirli \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 \u00f6yr\u0259nm\u0259k, say\u0131s\u0131z faydalar yaratma\u011fa imkan tan\u0131d\u0131 v\u0259 azot tur\u015fusunun benzin, qliserin, sel\u00fcloza v\u0259 s. kimi madd\u0259l\u0259r \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 olan t\u0259sirl\u0259ri yaln\u0131z anilin boyas\u0131 istehsal\u0131n\u0131n faydal\u0131 istehsal\u0131n\u0131 deyil, h\u0259m d\u0259 h\u0259m faydal\u0131, h\u0259m d\u0259 z\u0259r\u0259rli m\u0259qs\u0259dl\u0259rd\u0259 istifad\u0259 oluna bil\u0259n nitqqliserinin yaranmas\u0131n\u0131 ortaya qoydu. Bir q\u0259d\u0259r sonra, eyni m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259ni \u00f6yr\u0259n\u0259n Alfred Nobel, nitqqliserini dig\u0259r madd\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 qar\u0131\u015fd\u0131raraq, t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259siz istifad\u0259 olunan s\u0259rt partlay\u0131c\u0131 materiallar istehsal edilm\u0259sinin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funu s\u00fcbut etdi, m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, dinamit. Dinarit say\u0259sind\u0259 biz m\u0259d\u0259n\u00e7ilik sah\u0259sind\u0259, Alplar v\u0259 dig\u0259r da\u011f silsil\u0259l\u0259rinin aras\u0131nda uzanan d\u0259mir yolu tunell\u0259rinin in\u015fas\u0131nda ir\u0259lil\u0259yi\u015f\u0259 nail olduq. Lakin, d\u00fcz prinsipl\u0259rl\u0259 yana\u015fsaq, siyas\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259r v\u0259 \u0259sg\u0259rl\u0259r dinamitd\u0259n sui-istifad\u0259 etdil\u0259r. Elml\u0259ri buna g\u00f6r\u0259 g\u00fcnahland\u0131rmaq, onlar\u0131 z\u0259lz\u0259l\u0259l\u0259r v\u0259 sell\u0259rd\u0259n m\u0259suliyy\u0259t da\u015f\u0131malar\u0131 il\u0259 g\u00fcnahland\u0131rmaq kimidir. Eynil\u0259 z\u0259h\u0259rli qaz \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn d\u0259 dem\u0259k olar. Plini 2000 il \u0259vv\u0259l Vezuv vulkan\u0131n\u0131n p\u00fcsk\u00fcrm\u0259si zaman\u0131 s\u00fcm\u00fck qaz\u0131 il\u0259 bo\u011fuldu\u011fu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00f6ld\u00fc. Elml\u0259r xloru h\u0259rbi m\u0259qs\u0259dl\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn istehsal etm\u0259mi\u015fdir. Eynil\u0259, ypritsin istismar\u0131 da buna uy\u011fundur. Bu madd\u0259l\u0259rin istifad\u0259si xeyirli m\u0259qs\u0259dl\u0259rl\u0259 m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131la bil\u0259rdi, lakin t\u0259yyar\u0259 inki\u015faf etdikd\u0259, z\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259nmi\u015f \u00fcr\u0259kl\u0259ri v\u0259 pozulmu\u015f zehinl\u0259ri olan insanlar, t\u0259yyar\u0259nin, uzun m\u00fcdd\u0259tli \u0259lveri\u015fli t\u0259dqiqatlarla bir araya g\u0259l\u0259n g\u00fcnahs\u0131z bir ixtira oldu\u011funu, he\u00e7 kimin d\u0259 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u0259diyi v\u0259 ya h\u0259d\u0259f qoymad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fckl\u0259ri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bir al\u0259t\u0259 \u00e7evril\u0259 bil\u0259c\u0259yini anlad\u0131lar.
\nAli riyaziyyatdan, buna b\u0259nz\u0259r sayda hal g\u0259tirm\u0259k m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, XVIII v\u0259 XIX \u0259srin \u0259n ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fclm\u0259z riyaziyyat i\u015fi \u00abNeyklid geometras\u0131\u00bb adlan\u0131rd\u0131. Onun yarad\u0131c\u0131s\u0131, m\u00fcasir d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 m\u00f6ht\u0259\u015f\u0259m riyaziyyat\u00e7\u0131 kimi q\u0259bul olunan Qaus, bu \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259ri 25 il m\u00fcdd\u0259tind\u0259 n\u0259\u015fr etm\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7\u0259kinirdi. \u018fslind\u0259, \u00f6z sonsuz praktik \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tl\u0259ri il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dar, nisbi n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259nin \u00f6z\u00fc Qausun G\u00f6tinqend\u0259 ke\u00e7irdiyi i\u015f olmadan tamamil\u0259 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmazd\u0131. <\/p>\n

Yen\u0259 d\u0259, bu g\u00fcn \"qruplar n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259si\" kimi tan\u0131nan \u015fey, abstrakt v\u0259 t\u0259tbiq oluna bilm\u0259y\u0259n bir riyazi n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259 idi. Bunu ara\u015fd\u0131ran maraql\u0131 insanlar yaratm\u0131\u015fd\u0131, onlar\u0131n mara\u011f\u0131 v\u0259 axtar\u0131\u015flar\u0131 onlar\u0131 q\u0259rib\u0259 bir yola \u00e7\u0131xard\u0131. Amma bu g\u00fcn \"qruplar n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259si\" kvant spekroskopiya n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259sinin t\u0259m\u0259lidir, g\u00fcnd\u0259lik h\u0259yatda bu n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259ni istifad\u0259 ed\u0259n insanlar is\u0259 onun nec\u0259 meydana g\u0259ldiyini anlam\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn ehtimal n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259si, h\u0259qiqi m\u0259qs\u0259di qumar oyunlar\u0131n\u0131 rasyonalizasiya etm\u0259k olan riyaziyyat\u00e7\u0131lar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n k\u0259\u015ff edilmi\u015fdir. Pratik istifad\u0259 olmad\u0131, amma bu n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn n\u00f6v s\u0131\u011forta \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn z\u0259min haz\u0131rlad\u0131 v\u0259 XIX \u0259srin geni\u015f fizika sah\u0259l\u0259rinin \u0259sas\u0131n\u0131 xidm\u0259t etdi. <\/p>\n

M\u0259n Science jurnal\u0131n\u0131n son burax\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan bir sitat g\u0259tir\u0259c\u0259y\u0259m:<\/p>\n

\"Professor Albert Eyn\u015fteinin dahilik d\u0259y\u0259ri yeni y\u00fcks\u0259klikl\u0259r\u0259 \u00e7atd\u0131, elmi fizik-riyaziyyat\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n 15 il \u0259vv\u0259l yarad\u0131lm\u0131\u015f riyazi aparat\u0131n, hal-haz\u0131rda helio v\u0259zndinin s\u0131f\u0131ra yax\u0131n temperaturda donmama sirrl\u0259rini a\u00e7ma\u011fa k\u00f6m\u0259k etdiyi m\u0259lum oldu. Amerikan Kimya C\u0259miyy\u0259tinin molekullararas\u0131 qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 \u0259laq\u0259 simpoziumundan \u0259vv\u0259l, Paris Universitetinin professoru F. London, haz\u0131rda D\u00fck Universitetind\u0259 d\u0259v\u0259tli professor, 'ideal' qaz anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yarad\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn Eyn\u015ftein\u0259 kredit ver\u0259r\u0259k qeyd etdi, bu anlay\u0131\u015f 1924 v\u0259 1925-ci ill\u0259rd\u0259 d\u0259rc olunmu\u015f i\u015fl\u0259rd\u0259 ortaya \u00e7\u0131xm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.\"<\/p>\n

Eyn\u015fteinin 1925-ci il hesabatlar\u0131, nisb\u0259t n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259siyl\u0259 deyil, o d\u00f6vrd\u0259 praktik \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259ti olmayan kimi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u0259n probleml\u0259rl\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 idi. Bu hesabatlarda 'ideal' gaz\u0131n a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 temperatur s\u0259rh\u0259dl\u0259rind\u0259 xarab olmas\u0131 t\u0259svir olunmu\u015fdur. \u00c7\u00fcnki b\u00fct\u00fcn qazlar\u0131n m\u00fczakir\u0259 edil\u0259n temperaturda maye hal\u0131na ke\u00e7diyi m\u0259lum oldu\u011fundan, aliml\u0259r Eyn\u015fteinin on be\u015f il \u0259vv\u0259lki i\u015fl\u0259rini y\u0259qin ki, unudublar.<\/p>\n

Ancaq, maye heliodinamika sah\u0259sind\u0259ki son k\u0259\u015ff Eyn\u015fteinin bu m\u00fcdd\u0259t \u0259rzind\u0259 k\u0259narda qalan anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na yeni bir d\u0259y\u0259r qatd\u0131. \u00c7o\u011fu mayenin soyudulmas\u0131 zaman\u0131 viskozite art\u0131r, ax\u0131c\u0131l\u0131q azal\u0131r, onlar daha yap\u0131\u015fqan olur. Qeyri-pe\u015f\u0259kar m\u00fchitd\u0259 viskozite, \"yanvarda melasdan daha soyuq\" ifad\u0259si il\u0259 t\u0259svir olunur ki, bu, \u0259slind\u0259 do\u011frudur. <\/p>\n

Bu arada, maye helyum cazib\u0259dar bir istisnad\u0131r. \"Delta n\u00f6qt\u0259si\" ad\u0131 veril\u0259n temperaturda, y\u0259ni m\u00fctl\u0259q s\u0131f\u0131r\u0131n 2,19 d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259 yuxar\u0131da, maye helyum daha y\u00fcks\u0259k temperaturlardan daha yax\u015f\u0131 ax\u0131r v\u0259 h\u0259qiq\u0259t\u0259n d\u0259 qazla dem\u0259k olar ki, eyni d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 bulan\u0131ql\u0131d\u0131r. Onun q\u0259rib\u0259 davran\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir ba\u015fqa sirr is\u0259 y\u00fcks\u0259k istilik ke\u00e7iricili\u011fidir. Delta n\u00f6qt\u0259sind\u0259 bu, otaq temperaturunda olan misd\u0259n 500 d\u0259f\u0259 daha y\u00fcks\u0259kdir. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu anomaliyalar\u0131 n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 alaraq, maye helyum fizika\u00e7\u0131 v\u0259 kimya\u00e7\u0131lar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259sas bir m\u00fc\u0259mma t\u0259qdim edir. <\/p>\n

Professor London, maye helyumun dinamikas\u0131n\u0131 \u0259n yax\u015f\u0131 \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 Bose-Einstein ideal qaz\u0131 kimi q\u0259bul etm\u0259kl\u0259 izah etm\u0259yi v\u0259 1924-25-ci ill\u0259rd\u0259 haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f riyazi al\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259n istifad\u0259 etm\u0259yi t\u0259klif etdi, eyni zamanda metallarda elektrik ke\u00e7iriciliyi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 da n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 ald\u0131. Sad\u0259 analoqlarla maye helyumun heyr\u0259tamiz mayeliliyi, elektrik ke\u00e7iriciliyini izah ed\u0259rk\u0259n elektronlar\u0131n metallarda \u00e7\u0259kinm\u0259yi il\u0259 ox\u015far bir \u015fey kimi t\u0259svir edils\u0259 d\u0259, yaln\u0131z qism\u0259n a\u00e7\u0131qlana bil\u0259r.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

G\u0259lin v\u0259ziyy\u0259t\u0259 ba\u015fqa bir t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n baxaq. Tibb v\u0259 sa\u011flaml\u0131q sah\u0259sind\u0259 bakteriyologiya son be\u015fd\u0259 bir \u0259sas rol oynam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Onun tarixi n\u0259dir? 1870-ci ild\u0259n Franco-Prussiya m\u00fcharib\u0259sind\u0259n sonra Almaniya h\u00f6kum\u0259ti b\u00f6y\u00fck Strasburq universitetini qura\u015fd\u0131rd\u0131. Onun ilk anatomiya professoru Vilhelm fon Valdeyer oldu, sonra is\u0259 Berlind\u0259 anatomiya professoru olaraq \u00e7al\u0131\u015fd\u0131. O, xatir\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 qeyd edir ki, Strasburqa birinci semestr d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 onunla birlikd\u0259 ged\u0259n t\u0259l\u0259b\u0259l\u0259r aras\u0131nda q\u0131rx il gerid\u0259 qalan, m\u00fcst\u0259qil, q\u0131sa boylu, on yeddi ya\u015f\u0131nda bir g\u0259nc Paul Ehrlich vard\u0131. Adi anatomiya kursu par\u00e7alamaq v\u0259 toxumalar\u0131n mikroskopik t\u0259dqiqind\u0259n ibar\u0259t idi. Ehrlich par\u00e7alamaya dem\u0259k olar ki, diqq\u0259t yetirmirdi, lakin Valdeyer xatir\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 qeyd etdiyi kimi:<\/p>\n

\u00abM\u0259n dem\u0259k olar ki, d\u0259rhal g\u00f6rd\u00fcm ki, Ehrlich masa arxas\u0131nda uzun m\u00fcdd\u0259t mikro skopik ara\u015fd\u0131rma il\u0259 m\u0259\u015f\u011fuldur, tamamil\u0259 dalm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Daha do\u011frusu, onun masas\u0131 t\u0259dric\u0259n h\u0259r c\u00fcr r\u0259ngli l\u0259k\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bir d\u0259f\u0259 onu i\u015f ba\u015f\u0131nda g\u00f6rd\u00fcm, ona yax\u0131nla\u015fd\u0131m v\u0259 bu r\u0259ngli l\u0259k\u0259l\u0259r toplusu il\u0259 n\u0259 etdiyini soru\u015fdum. Bu birinci semestr t\u0259l\u0259b\u0259si, ehtimal ki, adi anatomiya kursunu \u00f6yr\u0259n\u0259n bu g\u0259nc, m\u0259n\u0259 baxd\u0131 v\u0259 nazik bir c\u00fcml\u0259 il\u0259 cavab verdi: \u00abIch probiere\u00bb. Bu ifad\u0259ni \u00abm\u0259n s\u0131naq edir\u0259m\u00bb v\u0259 ya \u00abm\u0259n sad\u0259c\u0259 \u0259yl\u0259nir\u0259m\u00bb dey\u0259 t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259 etm\u0259k olar. M\u0259n ona dedim: \u00ab\u00c7ox yax\u015f\u0131, \u0259yl\u0259nm\u0259y\u0259 davam et\u00bb. Tezlikl\u0259 g\u00f6rd\u00fcm ki, m\u0259nim t\u0259r\u0259fimd\u0259n he\u00e7 bir r\u0259hb\u0259rlik olmadan, Ehrlich-d\u0259 t\u0259krarolunmaz bir t\u0259l\u0259b\u0259 yeti\u015fdi.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nValdeyer made a wise choice when he left him alone. Ehrlich navigated through his medical program with varying success and finally graduated, mainly because it was evident to his professors that he had no intention of practicing medicine. He then went to Wroc\u0142aw, where he worked with Professor Konheim, a lecturer of our Dr. Welch, founder and creator of the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. I don't think the idea of usefulness ever crossed Ehrlich's mind. He was curious. He continued to fool around. Of course, this fooling around was driven by a deep instinct, but it was purely scientific, not utilitarian motivation. What did this lead to? Koch and his assistants founded a new science - bacteriology. Now, Ehrlich's experiments were conducted by his classmate Weigert. He stained bacteria, which helped differentiate them. Ehrlich himself developed a method for multi-color staining of blood smears with dyes, upon which our modern knowledge of the morphology of blood cells: red and white is based. Every day, thousands of hospitals around the world use Ehrlich's technique in blood testing. Thus, aimless fooling around in Valdeyer's dissection room in Strasbourg has grown into a core element of daily medical practice. <\/p>\n

I will give one example from the industry, taken at random, as there are dozens. Professor Berl from Carnegie Mellon Institute (Pittsburgh) writes the following:
\nThe founder of modern synthetic fabric production is the French Count de Chardonnet. It is known that he used a solution<\/p>\n

III<\/h3>\n

\nM\u0259n demir\u0259m ki, laboratoriyalarda ba\u015f ver\u0259n h\u0259r \u015fey n\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 g\u00f6zl\u0259nilm\u0259z praktiki t\u0259tbiq tapacaq, ya da ki, praktiki t\u0259tbiq b\u00fct\u00fcn f\u0259aliyy\u0259tin real motivasiyas\u0131d\u0131r. M\u0259n \"t\u0259tbiq\" s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc l\u0259\u011fv etm\u0259y\u0259 v\u0259 insan ruhunu s\u0259rb\u0259st buraxma\u011fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ram. T\u0259bii ki, bu \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 z\u0259r\u0259rsiz d\u0259lil\u0259r d\u0259 azad olacaq. T\u0259bii ki, bu, \u0259slind\u0259, m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n q\u0259d\u0259r pulun israf\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b olacaq. Lakin daha vacib olan, insan a\u011fl\u0131n\u0131 z\u0259ncirl\u0259rd\u0259n azad ed\u0259r\u0259k, onu mac\u0259ralara do\u011fru yola salmaqd\u0131; ki, bu da Hale, Rutherford, Eyn\u015fteyn v\u0259 onlar\u0131n h\u0259mkarlar\u0131n\u0131 kosmosun \u0259n uzaq gu\u015f\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 milyonlarca kilometr dal\u0131nca aparm\u0131\u015f, dig\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n, atomun i\u00e7ind\u0259 s\u0131x\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f sonsuz enerjini azad etmi\u015fdir. Rutherford, Bohr, Millikan v\u0259 dig\u0259r aliml\u0259rin atomun qurulu\u015funu anlamaq m\u0259qs\u0259dil\u0259 saf maraqdan etdikl\u0259ri, insan h\u0259yat\u0131n\u0131 d\u0259yi\u015fdir\u0259 bil\u0259c\u0259k q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259rin s\u0259rb\u0259st burax\u0131lmas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b oldu. Lakin anlamal\u0131y\u0131q ki, bu c\u00fcr yekun v\u0259 proqnozla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131la bilm\u0259y\u0259n n\u0259tic\u0259, Rutherford, Eyn\u015fteyn, Millikan, Bohr v\u0259 ya onlar\u0131n h\u0259r hans\u0131 bir h\u0259mkar\u0131n\u0131n f\u0259aliyy\u0259tini t\u0259sdiq etmir. Lakin g\u0259lin onlar\u0131 bir k\u0259nara buraxaq. Ola bilsin ki, t\u0259hsil sah\u0259sind\u0259 he\u00e7 bir r\u0259hb\u0259r insanlar\u0131n hans\u0131 istiqam\u0259td\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 olduqlar\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 do\u011fru y\u00f6n ver\u0259 bilmir. \u0130tki, v\u0259 bunu yenid\u0259n q\u0259bul edir\u0259m, n\u0259h\u0259ng g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr, lakin ger\u00e7\u0259kd\u0259n v\u0259ziyy\u0259t bel\u0259 deyil. Bakteriologiyan\u0131n inki\u015faf\u0131nda ba\u015f ver\u0259n b\u00fct\u00fcn x\u0259rcl\u0259r, Pasteur, Koch, Ehrlich, Theobald Smith v\u0259 ba\u015fqalar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0259\u015ffl\u0259rind\u0259n \u0259ld\u0259 olunan faydalarla m\u00fcqayis\u0259d\u0259 he\u00e7dir. \u018fg\u0259r onlar\u0131n zihinl\u0259rini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn t\u0259tbiq d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259si m\u0259\u015f\u011ful ets\u0259ydi, bu olmazd\u0131. Bu b\u00f6y\u00fck ustalar, y\u0259ni aliml\u0259r v\u0259 bakterioloqlar, laboratoriyalarda hakim olan atmosferi yaratd\u0131lar ki, burada onlar yaln\u0131z t\u0259bii maraqlar\u0131n\u0131 izl\u0259dil\u0259r. M\u0259n m\u00fch\u0259ndislik m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259ri v\u0259 ya h\u00fcquq fak\u00fclt\u0259l\u0259ri kimi m\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259l\u0259ri t\u0259nqid etmir\u0259m, burada faydal\u0131l\u0131q qa\u00e7\u0131lmaz olaraq dominantd\u0131r. \u00c7ox vaxt v\u0259ziyy\u0259t d\u0259yi\u015fir v\u0259 s\u0259naye v\u0259 ya laboratoriyalardak\u0131 praktiki \u00e7\u0259tinlikl\u0259r, n\u0259z\u0259ri t\u0259dqiqatlar\u0131n meydana g\u0259lm\u0259sini stimulla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131r ki, bu da m\u00fcvafiq problemi h\u0259ll ed\u0259 bil\u0259r ya da etm\u0259y\u0259 bil\u0259r, lakin probleml\u0259r\u0259 yeni bax\u0131\u015flar t\u0259qdim ed\u0259 bil\u0259r. Bu bax\u0131\u015flar o an \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn yarars\u0131z olsa da, g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259k nailiyy\u0259tl\u0259rin t\u0259m\u0259li ola bil\u0259r, h\u0259m praktiki, h\u0259m d\u0259 n\u0259z\u0259ri m\u0259nada.<\/p>\n

Teorik bilikl\u0259rin \"nada\" birikm\u0259si il\u0259 praktiki probleml\u0259rin elmi yana\u015fma il\u0259 h\u0259llin\u0259 ba\u015flamaq m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan bir v\u0259ziyy\u0259t yarand\u0131. T yaln\u0131z ixtira\u00e7\u0131lar deyil, h\u0259m d\u0259 \"h\u0259qiqi\" aliml\u0259r buna meyilli olurlar. M\u0259n Marconi haqq\u0131nda, insanl\u0131q \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bir leytinatl\u0131 olan, \u0259slind\u0259 is\u0259 yaln\u0131z ba\u015fqalar\u0131n\u0131n beyinl\u0259rind\u0259n faydalanan ixtira\u00e7\u0131n\u0131 qeyd etdim. Edisondan da eyni kateqoriyadad\u0131r. Ancaq Paster ba\u015fqad\u0131r. O, b\u00f6y\u00fck bir alim olsa da, Frans\u0131z \u00fcz\u00fcml\u0259rinin v\u0259ziyy\u0259ti v\u0259 piv\u0259 istehsal\u0131 kimi praktiki m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n uzaqla\u015fmad\u0131. Paster t\u0259kc\u0259 f\u00f6vq\u0259lad\u0259 \u00e7\u0259tinlikl\u0259rl\u0259 ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131xmad\u0131, eyni zamanda praktiki m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n bir s\u0131ra perspektivli n\u0259z\u0259ri n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259r \u00e7\u0131xard\u0131 ki, o an \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \"nada\" g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrd\u00fc, amma g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259kd\u0259 b\u0259lk\u0259 d\u0259 g\u00f6zl\u0259nilm\u0259z bir \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 \"faydaland\u0131\". \u018frli\u0445, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u0259n biri olaraq, sifilis problemin\u0259 d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259nlikl\u0259 yana\u015fd\u0131 v\u0259 bu problemin praktik t\u0259tbiqi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm tapana q\u0259d\u0259r t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259 il\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fd\u0131 (\"Salfarsan\" haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131). Bantinqin diabet m\u00fcalic\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn insulin k\u0259\u015ffi il\u0259, habel\u0259 Maynot v\u0259 Uippin birg\u0259 i\u015finin n\u0259tic\u0259si olaraq, pernisiyoz anemiyas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcalic\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn qaraciy\u0259r ekstrakt\u0131 aras\u0131nda eyni kateqoriyaya aiddirl\u0259r: H\u0259r iki k\u0259\u015ffi, ard\u0131c\u0131l elmi diltl\u0259rl\u0259 konkret suallar verm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flayanda, \"nada\" bilikl\u0259rinin n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r \u00e7ox birikdiyini ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015f\u0259n aliml\u0259r etdi.<\/p>\n

Bel\u0259likl\u0259, elmi k\u0259\u015ffl\u0259r tamamil\u0259 bir \u015f\u0259xs\u0259 m\u0259nims\u0259nils\u0259, ehtiyatl\u0131 olmaq laz\u0131m oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131qd\u0131r. Dem\u0259k olar ki, h\u0259r bir k\u0259\u015ffin uzun bir tarixi var. Kimins\u0259 burada bir \u015fey tapd\u0131, ba\u015fqas\u0131n\u0131n is\u0259 orada. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc add\u0131mda u\u011fur \u0259ld\u0259 olunur, bel\u0259 davam edir, t\u0259k bir dahi h\u0259r \u015feyi bir yer\u0259 toplay\u0131b \u00f6z m\u00fcst\u0259sna t\u00f6hf\u0259sini verir. Elm, Missisipi \u00e7ay\u0131 kimi, uzaq bir me\u015f\u0259d\u0259n ki\u00e7ik \u00e7ayla ba\u015flay\u0131r. T\u0259dric\u0259n, dig\u0259r ax\u0131nlar onun h\u0259cmini art\u0131r\u0131r. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, sonsuz sayda m\u0259nb\u0259d\u0259n, gur qala \u00e7ay\u0131 formala\u015f\u0131r ki, o da bardaklar\u0131 s\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu m\u00f6vzunu tam \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 i\u015f\u0131qland\u0131ra bilmir\u0259m, amma dey\u0259 bil\u0259r\u0259m ki, pe\u015f\u0259 m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259rinin m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n f\u0259aliyy\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259 rolu, ehtimal ki, insanlar\u0131 m\u00fct\u0259x\u0259ssis m\u00fch\u0259ndisl\u0259r\u0259, h\u00fcquq\u015f\u00fcnaslara v\u0259 ya h\u0259kiml\u0259r\u0259 \u00e7evirm\u0259kd\u0259n daha \u00e7ox, yaln\u0131z praktiki m\u0259qs\u0259dl\u0259r\u0259 y\u00f6n\u0259lmi\u015f olduqda, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr ki, b\u00f6y\u00fck \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259ti olan i\u015fl\u0259r g\u00f6rm\u0259kd\u0259n ibar\u0259t olacaq. Bu faydas\u0131z f\u0259aliyy\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259n bel\u0259 axtar\u0131\u015flar ortaya \u00e7\u0131x\u0131r ki, onlar insan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259si v\u0259 ruhu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fctl\u0259q daha vacib ola bil\u0259r, n\u0259inki m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259rin t\u0259sis edilm\u0259si m\u0259qs\u0259di olan faydal\u0131 m\u0259qs\u0259dl\u0259rin \u0259ld\u0259 edilm\u0259si.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6st\u0259rdiyim amill\u0259r \u0259g\u0259r bu x\u00fclas\u0259 z\u0259ruridirs\u0259, m\u0259n\u0259vi v\u0259 intellektual azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131n q\u0259hr\u0259mancas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6n\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131r. M\u0259n eksperimental elml\u0259r v\u0259 riyaziyyatdan b\u0259hs etmi\u015fdim, amma s\u00f6zl\u0259rim musiqi, inc\u0259s\u0259n\u0259t v\u0259 insani ruhun dig\u0259r ifad\u0259 yollar\u0131 m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 d\u0259 eyni d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 do\u011frudur. Bunun ruhu t\u0259mizl\u0259m\u0259k v\u0259 y\u00fcks\u0259ltm\u0259k ist\u0259y\u0259n birl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259 \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 m\u00fctl\u0259q z\u0259rur\u0259ti var. Bu yolla, faydal\u0131l\u0131\u011fa a\u00e7\u0131q ya da gizli olaraq istinad etm\u0259d\u0259n, kollec, universitet v\u0259 t\u0259dqiqat institutlar\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n s\u0259b\u0259bl\u0259rini m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edirik. N\u00f6vb\u0259ti n\u0259sil insan ruhlar\u0131n\u0131 azad ed\u0259n institutlar, bu ya da dig\u0259r m\u0259zunun insan bilikl\u0259rin\u0259 faydal\u0131 bir t\u00f6hf\u0259 verdiyi il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 olmas\u0131n, tam h\u00fcquqa malikdir.<\/p>\n

Bu an m\u00fczakir\u0259 olunan m\u00f6vzu x\u00fcsusi bir \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t k\u0259sb edir. M\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n sah\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 (x\u00fcsus\u0259n Almaniya v\u0259 \u0130taliyada) insan ruhunun azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131rma\u011fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. Universitetl\u0259r, m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n siyasi, iqtisadi v\u0259 ya irqi inanc sahibl\u0259rinin \u0259lin\u0259 vasit\u0259 olaraq t\u0259hlil edilib. Zaman-zaman, bu d\u00fcnyada qalan az sayda demokratiyalardan birind\u0259, h\u0259r hans\u0131 bir ehtiyats\u0131z insan h\u0259tta m\u00fctl\u0259q akademik azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u0259sas \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tini m\u00fcbahis\u0259 ed\u0259c\u0259k. \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n h\u0259qiqi d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259ni, c\u0259sar\u0259tli v\u0259 m\u0259suliyy\u0259tsiz d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259y\u0259 malik olan \u015f\u0259xs deyil, o \u015f\u0259xsdir ki, insan ruhunu qapatmaq ist\u0259yir ki, onun qanadlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7mas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn c\u00fczi bir \u015f\u0259rait bel\u0259 olmas\u0131n, bu, bir vaxtlar \u0130taliyada, Almaniyada, habel\u0259 Britaniya v\u0259 AB\u015e-da ba\u015f vermi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

Bu fikir yeni deyil. O, Humboldt fondu t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n Almaniyaya Napoleon t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n i\u015fgal olundu\u011fu zaman Berlin Universitetinin yarad\u0131lmas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b oldu. O, Prezidenti Gilman\u0131 Jones Hopkins Universitetini a\u00e7ma\u011fa t\u0259\u015fviq etdi, bundan sonra bu \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259ki h\u0259r bir universitet daha \u00e7ox v\u0259 ya az d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 yenid\u0259n formala\u015fma\u011fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Bu ideyaya \u0259b\u0259dilik qiym\u0259t ver\u0259n h\u0259r bir insan, he\u00e7 bir \u015fey\u0259 baxmayaraq, sadiq olacaq. Ancaq ruh azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n s\u0259b\u0259bl\u0259ri yaln\u0131z bir autentiklikl\u0259 m\u0259hdudla\u015fm\u0131r; bu, elmin ya da humanizmin sah\u0259sind\u0259 insan m\u00fcxt\u0259lifliyinin b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7e\u015fidl\u0259rin\u0259 d\u00f6z\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck axtarma\u011f\u0131 t\u0259l\u0259b edir. B\u0259\u015f\u0259riyy\u0259t tarixind\u0259 irqi ya da dini \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u0259r\u0259 v\u0259 antipatiyalara \u0259saslanan \u015feyl\u0259rd\u0259n n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r g\u00fcl\u00fcnc v\u0259 ya m\u0259nas\u0131z ola bil\u0259r? \u0130nsanlar\u0131n simfoniyalara, tablolar\u0131n v\u0259 d\u0259rin elmi h\u0259qiq\u0259tl\u0259r\u0259 ehtiyac\u0131 varm\u0131, ya da onlara xristian simfoniyalar\u0131, tablolar v\u0259 elml\u0259r, ya da y\u0259hudi, ya da m\u00fcs\u0259lman? B\u0259lk\u0259 Misir, Yaponiya, \u00c7in, Amerika, Almaniya, Rusiya, kommunist v\u0259 ya konservativ insan ruhunun sonsuz z\u0259nginlikl\u0259rinin n\u00fcmayi\u015fl\u0259ri?<\/p>\n

IV<\/h3>\n

\nM\u0259n hesab edir\u0259m ki, h\u0259r \u015fey\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fcy\u00fcn \u0259n t\u0259sirli v\u0259 ani n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n biri, 1930-cu ild\u0259 Luis Bamberger v\u0259 bac\u0131s\u0131 Felix Fuld t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n New Jersey \u015ftat\u0131n\u0131n Princeton \u015f\u0259h\u0259rind\u0259 yarad\u0131lm\u0131\u015f perspektivli t\u0259dqiqatlar institutunun s\u00fcr\u0259tli inki\u015faf\u0131d\u0131r. O, bir hiss\u0259si t\u0259sis\u00e7il\u0259rinin \u015ftata ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, lakin bildiyimiz q\u0259d\u0259r d\u0259 \u015f\u0259h\u0259rd\u0259ki ki\u00e7ik, lakin yax\u015f\u0131 bir magistratura \u015f\u00f6b\u0259si il\u0259 s\u0131x \u0259m\u0259kda\u015fl\u0131q ehtimal\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 Prinstonda yerl\u0259\u015firdi. \u0130nstitut, Princeton Universitetin\u0259 o q\u0259d\u0259r borcludur ki, bunun qiym\u0259ti he\u00e7 vaxt d\u00fczg\u00fcn qiym\u0259tl\u0259ndirilm\u0259y\u0259c\u0259k. \u0130nstitut, i\u015f\u00e7i hey\u0259tinin \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli bir hiss\u0259si topland\u0131qdan sonra, 1933-c\u00fc ild\u0259n f\u0259aliyy\u0259t\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131. Burada Amerikan\u0131n tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f aliml\u0259ri \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rd\u0131: riyaziyyat\u00e7\u0131lar Veblen, Aleksander v\u0259 Mors; humanitar\u00e7\u0131lar Merritt, Levi v\u0259 Miss Goldman; jurnalistl\u0259r v\u0259 iqtisad\u00e7\u0131lar St\u00fcart, Rifel\u0259r, Warren, Earl v\u0259 Mitrani. Buraya Princeton Universitetind\u0259, kitabxanas\u0131nda v\u0259 laboratoriyalar\u0131nda meydana g\u0259lmi\u015f olan, az\u0131 eyni d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli olan aliml\u0259ri d\u0259 \u0259lav\u0259 etm\u0259k laz\u0131md\u0131r. Ancaq perspektivli t\u0259dqiqatlar institutu, Einstein, Weyl v\u0259 von Neumann'\u0131n riyaziyyat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131na; humanitar elml\u0259r sah\u0259sind\u0259 Hertzfeld v\u0259 Panofsky n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259; el\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259 son alt\u0131 ild\u0259 bu \u0259lam\u0259tdar qrupun t\u0259sirin\u0259 m\u0259ruz qalan g\u0259nc insanlar\u0131n bir s\u0131ra kollektividir v\u0259 art\u0131q \u00f6lk\u0259nin h\u0259r k\u00fcnc\u00fcnd\u0259 Amerika t\u0259hsilinin m\u00f6vqel\u0259rini g\u00fccl\u0259ndirirl\u0259r.<\/p>\n

T\u0259\u015fkilat bax\u0131m\u0131ndan institut, hans\u0131 ki, yaln\u0131z t\u0259s\u0259vv\u00fcr edil\u0259 bil\u0259n \u0259n sad\u0259 v\u0259 \u0259n az r\u0259smi qurumdur. O, \u00fc\u00e7 fak\u00fclt\u0259d\u0259n ibar\u0259tdir: riyaziyyat, humanitar elml\u0259r fak\u00fclt\u0259si v\u0259 iqtisadiyyat v\u0259 siyasi elml\u0259r fak\u00fclt\u0259si. H\u0259r birind\u0259 daimi professorlar qrupu v\u0259 illik olaraq d\u0259yi\u015f\u0259n i\u015f\u00e7i hey\u0259ti var. H\u0259r fak\u00fclt\u0259 \u00f6z i\u015fl\u0259rini ist\u0259diyi kimi apar\u0131r. Qrup daxilind\u0259 h\u0259r bir \u015f\u0259xs \u00f6z vaxt\u0131n\u0131 nec\u0259 s\u0259rf ed\u0259c\u0259yini v\u0259 g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc nec\u0259 b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u0259c\u0259yini \u00f6z\u00fc q\u0259rarla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131r. 22 \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259n v\u0259 39 universitetd\u0259n g\u0259lmi\u015f, uy\u011fun g\u00f6r\u00fcls\u0259, AB\u015e-a q\u0259bul olunmu\u015f i\u015f\u00e7il\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bir ne\u00e7\u0259 qrup yarad\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Onlara professorlar q\u0259d\u0259r eyni s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259 azadl\u0131q verilmi\u015fdi. Onlar m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n bir professorla raz\u0131la\u015fma \u0259sas\u0131nda i\u015fl\u0259y\u0259 bil\u0259rdil\u0259r; t\u0259k ba\u015f\u0131na f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259y\u0259 icaz\u0259l\u0259ri var idi, lakin b\u0259z\u0259n k\u00f6m\u0259k ed\u0259 bil\u0259c\u0259k \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259 m\u0259sl\u0259h\u0259tl\u0259\u015fm\u0259y\u0259 icaz\u0259 verilirdi.<\/p>\n

He\u00e7 bir g\u00fcnd\u0259lik i\u015f, professorlar, institut \u00fczv\u0259ri v\u0259 ya ziyar\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259r aras\u0131nda he\u00e7 bir ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kilik yoxdur. Princeton Universitetinin t\u0259l\u0259b\u0259l\u0259ri v\u0259 professorlar\u0131, el\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259 perspektivli ara\u015fd\u0131rmalar institutunun \u00fczvl\u0259ri v\u0259 professorlar\u0131 o q\u0259d\u0259r asanl\u0131qla birl\u0259\u015firdil\u0259r ki, dem\u0259k olar ki, ay\u0131rd edil\u0259 bilmirdi. \u00d6yr\u0259nm\u0259 prosesinin \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc inki\u015faf etdirm\u0259k t\u0259\u015fviq edilirdi. F\u0259rdi v\u0259 c\u0259miyy\u0259t \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259r maraq dair\u0259sin\u0259 daxil olmurdu. He\u00e7 bir iclas, he\u00e7 bir komit\u0259 olmurdu. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, ideyalar\u0131 olan insanlar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u0259k v\u0259 m\u00fczakir\u0259 etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259lveri\u015fli \u015f\u0259raitd\u0259n yararlan\u0131rd\u0131lar. Riyaziyyat\u00e7\u0131, he\u00e7 bir \u015fey\u0259 diqq\u0259tini da\u011f\u0131tmadan riyaziyyatla m\u0259\u015f\u011ful ola bil\u0259r. Eyni \u015fey humanitar elml\u0259r, iqtisadiyyat v\u0259 siyasi elml\u0259r \u00fczr\u0259 m\u00fct\u0259x\u0259ssisl\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn d\u0259 do\u011frudur. \u0130dar\u0259etm\u0259 departamentinin say\u0131 v\u0259 \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259ti minimuma endirilmi\u015fdi. \u0130deyas\u0131 olmayan, onlara fokuslana bilm\u0259y\u0259n insanlar bu institutda narahat olard\u0131lar.
\nB\u0259lk\u0259, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131 sitatlarla q\u0131sa bir a\u00e7\u0131qlama ver\u0259 bil\u0259r\u0259m. Harvarddan bir professoru Princeton-da i\u015fl\u0259m\u0259y\u0259 c\u0259lb etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn maa\u015f ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131 v\u0259 o, yazm\u0131\u015fd\u0131: \"M\u0259nim v\u0259zif\u0259l\u0259rim n\u0259l\u0259rdir?\" M\u0259n cavab verdim: \"He\u00e7 bir v\u0259zif\u0259niz yoxdur, yaln\u0131z imkanlar\u0131n\u0131z var.\"
\nBacar\u0131ql\u0131 g\u0259nc riyaziyyat\u00e7\u0131, Princeton Universitetind\u0259 bir il ke\u00e7irdikd\u0259n sonra m\u0259niml\u0259 vidala\u015fma\u011fa g\u0259ldi. O, getm\u0259k \u00fczr\u0259 ik\u0259n dedi:
\n \u2014 Ola bilsin, bu il m\u0259nim \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn n\u0259 m\u0259naya g\u0259ldiyini bilm\u0259k ist\u0259rdiniz.
\n \u2014 B\u0259li, \u2014 m\u0259n cavab verdim.
\n \u2014 Riyaziyyat, \u2014 davam etdi o. \u2014 s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259 inki\u015faf edir; \u0259d\u0259biyyat \u00e7oxdur. Art\u0131q 10 il oldu ki, m\u0259n\u0259 doktor d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259si verilib. Bir m\u00fcdd\u0259t \u00f6z ara\u015fd\u0131rma m\u00f6vzuma yeti\u015f\u0259 bilirdim, amma son vaxtlar bunu etm\u0259k xeyli \u00e7\u0259tinl\u0259\u015fdi v\u0259 qeyri-m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nlik hissi yarand\u0131. \u0130ndi is\u0259, burada ke\u00e7irdiyim bir ild\u0259n sonra, g\u00f6zl\u0259rl\u0259 a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130\u015f\u0131q i\u015f\u0131qland\u0131 v\u0259 n\u0259f\u0259s almaq asanla\u015fd\u0131. \u0130ki m\u0259qal\u0259 \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u0259m, tezlikl\u0259 d\u0259rc etdirm\u0259k ist\u0259yir\u0259m.
\n \u2014 Bu n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r davam ed\u0259c\u0259k? \u2014 soru\u015fdum.
\n \u2014 Be\u015f il, b\u0259lk\u0259 d\u0259 on.
\n \u2014 B\u0259s sonra?
\n \u2014 Yenid\u0259n bura qay\u0131daca\u011fam.
\nV\u0259 son bir n\u00fcmun\u0259. Bir n\u00fcfuzlu q\u0259rb universitetinin professoru ke\u00e7\u0259n ilin dekabr\u0131nda Prinstona g\u0259ldi. O, Princeton Universitetind\u0259n professor Morey il\u0259 i\u015f\u0259 davam etm\u0259yi planla\u015fd\u0131rd\u0131. Amma o, Panofski v\u0259 Sva\u017eenskiy\u0259 (G\u0259l\u0259c\u0259k Ara\u015fd\u0131rmalar \u0130nstitutundan) m\u00fcraci\u0259t etm\u0259y\u0259 t\u00f6vsiy\u0259 etdi. V\u0259 indi o, onlar\u0131n ham\u0131s\u0131 il\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.
\n \u2014 M\u0259n burda qalmal\u0131yam, \u2014 \u0259lav\u0259 etdi. \u2014 N\u00f6vb\u0259ti oktyabra q\u0259d\u0259r.
\n \u2014 Yayda burada isti olacaq, \u2014 dedim.
\n \u2014 M\u0259n \u00e7ox m\u0259\u015f\u011ful v\u0259 \u00e7ox xo\u015fb\u0259xt olaca\u011fam ki, buna fikir verm\u0259y\u0259c\u0259y\u0259m.
\nBel\u0259likl\u0259, azadl\u0131q dur\u011funlu\u011fa s\u0259b\u0259b olmur, amma art\u0131q i\u015f t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sind\u0259n x\u0259b\u0259r verir. Ke\u00e7\u0259n g\u00fcn bir ingilis institutun bir \u00fczv\u00fcn\u00fcn arvad\u0131 soru\u015fdu: \u00abH\u0259qiq\u0259t\u0259n d\u0259 h\u0259r k\u0259s gec\u0259 iki rad\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259yir?\u00bb<\/p>\n

\u0130nstitutun indiy\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r \u00f6z binalar\u0131 olmay\u0131b. Hal-haz\u0131rda riyaziyyat\u00e7\u0131lar Prinston riyaziyyat b\u00f6lm\u0259sinin Fayn-Hall-da, humanitar elml\u0259rd\u0259n bir ne\u00e7\u0259si is\u0259 MakCormik-Hall-da qonaqd\u0131r; dig\u0259rl\u0259ri is\u0259 \u015f\u0259h\u0259rin m\u00fcxt\u0259lif gu\u015f\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. \u0130qtisad\u00e7\u0131lar haz\u0131rda Prinston otelinin zal\u0131n\u0131 tuturlar. M\u0259nim kabinetim Nassau k\u00fc\u00e7\u0259sind\u0259ki ofis binas\u0131nda yerl\u0259\u015fir, d\u00fckan sahibl\u0259ri, di\u015f h\u0259kiml\u0259ri, v\u0259kill\u0259r,iropraktikaya maraql\u0131 olanlar v\u0259 Prinston universitetinin yerli hakimiyy\u0259t v\u0259 \u0259halinin t\u0259dqiqat\u0131n\u0131 aparan aliml\u0259ri aras\u0131nda. K\u0259rpic v\u0259 taxtalar he\u00e7 bir rol oynam\u0131r, bunu 60 il \u0259vv\u0259l Baltimorda prezident Gilman art\u0131q s\u00fcbut edib. Yine d\u0259, bir-birimizl\u0259 \u00fcnsiyy\u0259timiz \u00e7at\u0131\u015fm\u0131r. Bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmazl\u0131q, bizim \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn Fuld-Hall ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda ayr\u0131 bir bina tikil\u0259nd\u0259 aradan qald\u0131r\u0131lacaq, bununla da institutun qurucular\u0131 m\u0259\u015f\u011fuldurlar. Amma burada r\u0259smi m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259r sona \u00e7atmal\u0131d\u0131r. Institut ki\u00e7ik bir m\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259 olaraq qalmal\u0131d\u0131r v\u0259 institut kollektivinin s\u0259rb\u0259st vaxt ke\u00e7irm\u0259k, qorunma hissi ya\u015famaq, t\u0259\u015fkilati m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n v\u0259 g\u00fcnd\u0259lik h\u0259yatdan uzaq olmaq ist\u0259diyin\u0259 inanacaq. N\u0259hay\u0259t, Prinston universitetinin aliml\u0259ri il\u0259 v\u0259 zaman-zaman Prinstona g\u0259l\u0259n uzaq b\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n insanlarla qeyri-formal \u00fcnsiyy\u0259t \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u015f\u0259rait d\u0259 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bel\u0259 insanlardan b\u0259zil\u0259ri Kopenhagend\u0259n Nils Bohr, Bernd\u0259n von Laue, Romadan Levi-Civita, Strasburqd\u0259n Andr\u00e9 Weil, Kembricd\u0259n Dirac v\u0259 G. H. Hardy, C\u00fcrixd\u0259n Pauli, L\u00f6vend\u0259n Lemaitre, Oksforddan Wade-Jerry v\u0259 Harvard, Yale, Kolumbiya, Kornell, \u00c7ikaqo, Kaliforniya, John Hopkins universiteti v\u0259 dig\u0259r maarif m\u0259rk\u0259zl\u0259rind\u0259n amerikanlar idi.<\/p>\n

\u00d6z\u00fcm\u00fcz\u0259 v\u0259d vermirik, amma bo\u015f yer\u0259 bilikl\u0259rin ard\u0131nca s\u00fcr\u00fckl\u0259nm\u0259yin h\u0259m g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259yi, h\u0259m d\u0259 ke\u00e7mi\u015f \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 t\u0259siri olaca\u011f\u0131na \u00fcmid edirik. Ancaq bu arqumenti institutun m\u00fcdafi\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn istifad\u0259 etmirik. O, \u015fairl\u0259r v\u0259 musiqi\u00e7il\u0259r kimi, h\u0259r \u015feyi ist\u0259dikl\u0259ri kimi etm\u0259y\u0259 haqq qazanan aliml\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bir c\u0259nn\u0259t\u0259 \u00e7evrilib. Onlar buna imkan verildikd\u0259 daha b\u00f6y\u00fck nailiyy\u0259tl\u0259r \u0259ld\u0259 edirl\u0259r.<\/p>\n

T\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259: \u015e\u00e7ekotova Yana<\/i>
\n
M\u0259nb\u0259: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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