{"id":55308,"date":"2020-01-17T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-16T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/istoriya-knig-i-budushhee-bibliotek"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:03:24","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:03:24","slug":"istoriya-knig-i-budushhee-bibliotek","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/az\/blog\/news\/istoriya-knig-i-budushhee-bibliotek","title":{"rendered":"Kitaplar\u0131n tarihi ve k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerin gelece\u011fi","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Kitaplar\u0131n
\n
\nKitablar\u0131n bizim zihnimizde hayal etti\u011fimiz bi\u00e7imde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 \u00e7ok eskiye dayanmaz. Antik \u00e7a\u011flarda bilginin ana ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 papir\u00fcs idi, ancak ihracat\u0131n\u0131n yasaklanmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan bu alan\u0131 pergament devrald\u0131. Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu'nun \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle birlikte kitaplar, y\u0131lan ka\u011f\u0131tlardan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p katlanm\u0131\u015f pergament sayfalar\u0131 birle\u015ftirilerek tomlar haline getirilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 yava\u015f yava\u015f ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti; bir s\u00fcre y\u0131lan ka\u011f\u0131tlar ve kitaplar bir arada varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fcler, fakat yava\u015f yava\u015f, al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bi\u00e7imdeki kitaplar y\u0131lan ka\u011f\u0131tlar\u0131n yerini ald\u0131. <\/p>\n

Bu t\u00fcr kitaplar\u0131n \u00fcretimi olduk\u00e7a maliyetliydi; Orta \u00c7a\u011f'da genellikle kendi k\u00fct\u00fcphanesine sahip manast\u0131rlar taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Burada, uzmanl\u0131klar\u0131na g\u00f6re ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kopyalay\u0131c\u0131 rahiplerden olu\u015fan tam ekipler belirli bir kitab\u0131 nispeten h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde \u00e7o\u011faltabiliyordu. Elbette bu imkana sahip olmak herkesin harc\u0131 de\u011fildi. Zengin bir \u015fekilde s\u00fcslenmi\u015f bir kitap, bir evin veya hatta bir \u00e7iftli\u011fin fiyat\u0131na e\u015fit bir de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131yordu. Daha sonra, bu tekelle\u015fmeye \u00fcniversiteler meydan okumaya ba\u015flad\u0131 ve burada kopyalay\u0131c\u0131 olarak rahipler yerine \u00f6\u011frenciler \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nToplumun \u00fcst kesimlerinde okuma yazma oran\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131yla, kitaplara olan talep de artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kitaplar\u0131n daha ucuz hale getirilmesine olan ihtiya\u00e7 do\u011fmu\u015f ve yava\u015f yava\u015f ka\u011f\u0131t kullan\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ka\u011f\u0131t kitaplar, el yazmas\u0131 olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, pergament kitaplardan birka\u00e7 kat daha ucuzdu ve say\u0131lar\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bask\u0131 makinesinin icad\u0131, yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131kta bir sonraki at\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 tetikledi. 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda, kitap \u00fcretiminin maliyeti birka\u00e7 kat daha d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bunun sonucunda, kitap \u00fcretimi kitlelere ula\u015f\u0131labilir hale geldi ve ticari yay\u0131nevleri i\u00e7in elveri\u015fli oldu. Yay\u0131nlanan edebiyat miktar\u0131 h\u0131zla artt\u0131 ve bununla birlikte bilgi d\u00fczeyi de y\u00fckseldi.<\/p>\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde birikmi\u015f bilgilerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 tarih ve felsefeye aitti ve manast\u0131r, \u00fcniversite ya da \u00f6zel k\u00fct\u00fcphaneye eri\u015fim her birey i\u00e7in m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildi. Durum, 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru de\u011fi\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Devletin kamu k\u00fct\u00fcphaneleri kurulmaya ba\u015fland\u0131; bu k\u00fct\u00fcphanelere, yay\u0131nevleri taraf\u0131ndan bas\u0131lan t\u00fcm \u00f6rnekler ile birlikte i\u00e7eriklerine dair k\u0131sa a\u00e7\u0131klamalar g\u00f6nderiliyordu. \u00d6zellikle, Fransa Ulusal K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi'nde (eski Kraliyet K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi Biblioteque du Roi) k\u00fct\u00fcphaneci olarak Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1690'dan 1716'ya kadar) g\u00f6rev yap\u0131yordu. Devlet k\u00fct\u00fcphaneleri, kendi aralar\u0131nda konsorsiyumlar olu\u015fturarak \u015fubelerle b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. <\/p>\n

\u00c7ox sayda ictimai kitabxana yaratmaq maliyy\u0259 c\u0259h\u0259td\u0259n \u00e7\u0259tin oldu\u011fu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn XVIII-XIX \u0259srl\u0259rd\u0259 bir \u00e7ox monast\u0131rlar\u0131n konfiskasiya t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259si alt\u0131nda kitabxanalar\u0131n\u0131 ictimaiyy\u0259t\u0259 a\u00e7mas\u0131 laz\u0131m oldu. Eyni zamanda, d\u00f6vl\u0259t kitabxanalar\u0131n\u0131n doldurulmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn kils\u0259 v\u0259 icma kolleksiyalar\u0131ndan \u0259d\u0259biyyat konfiskasiyalar\u0131 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015fland\u0131, burada \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 nadir \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259r toplanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. M\u00fcxt\u0259lif \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 bu, f\u0259rqli varyasiyalarla v\u0259 qeyri-eyni zamanlarda ba\u015f verirdi, amma ba\u015f ver\u0259nl\u0259rin mahiyy\u0259ti yuxar\u0131da t\u0259svir edil\u0259n tendensiyaya v\u0259 zaman k\u0259sikl\u0259rin\u0259 uy\u011fun g\u0259lirdi. <\/p>\n

Niy\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r m\u00fc\u0259llif h\u00fcququnu g\u00f6rm\u0259zd\u0259n g\u0259ldi v\u0259 kils\u0259 il\u0259 birba\u015fa m\u00fcnaqi\u015f\u0259y\u0259 girdil\u0259r? D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u0259m ki, \u0259n inki\u015faf etmi\u015f \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin hakimiyy\u0259tl\u0259ri ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc ki, \u0259l\u00e7atan bilikl\u0259r strateji c\u0259h\u0259td\u0259n \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli bir resurs hal\u0131na g\u0259lir. Bir \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r bilik y\u0131\u011f\u0131larsa, n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r \u0259l\u00e7atan olarsa, o q\u0259d\u0259r \u00e7ox a\u011f\u0131ll\u0131 v\u0259 t\u0259hsilli insanlar olacaq, s\u0259naye, ticar\u0259t, m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259t daha s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259 inki\u015faf ed\u0259c\u0259k v\u0259 bel\u0259likl\u0259, bu \u00f6lk\u0259 daha r\u0259qab\u0259t qabiliyy\u0259tli olacaq.<\/p>\n

\u0130deal kitabxana maksimum bilik h\u0259cmin\u0259 malik olmal\u0131, m\u0259lumat \u0259ld\u0259 etm\u0259k ist\u0259y\u0259n h\u0259r k\u0259s\u0259 \u0259l\u00e7atan olmal\u0131, ona giri\u015f s\u00fcr\u0259tli, rahat v\u0259 effektiv \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 t\u0259min edilm\u0259lidir.<\/i> <\/p>\n

1995-ci il\u0259 g\u0259ldikd\u0259, h\u0259min Milli Kitabxanada art\u0131q 12 milyon n\u0259\u015fr saxlan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. \u018flb\u0259tt\u0259 ki, bu q\u0259d\u0259r kitab\u0131 t\u0259k ba\u015f\u0131na oxumaq m\u00fcmk\u00fcn deyil. Bir insan \u00f6mr\u00fc boyu t\u0259xmin\u0259n 8000 cild oxuya bil\u0259r (h\u0259ft\u0259d\u0259 2-3 kitab oxuma s\u00fcr\u0259ti il\u0259). \u018fks\u0259r hallarda, m\u0259qs\u0259d laz\u0131m olan konkret informasiyaya s\u00fcr\u0259tli \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f \u0259ld\u0259 etm\u0259kdir. Bunun \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u015f\u0259h\u0259r v\u0259 rayon kitabxanalar\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015f \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259sini yaratmaq kifay\u0259t etmir. <\/p>\n

Bu problemi uzun m\u00fcdd\u0259tdir ki, d\u0259rk edibl\u0259r v\u0259 insan bilikl\u0259rinin geni\u015f spektrini birl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259k v\u0259 asanla\u015fd\u0131rmaq m\u0259qs\u0259dil\u0259 XVIII \u0259srd\u0259, Denis Diderot v\u0259 riyaziyyat\u00e7\u0131 Jean d'Alembertin t\u0259\u015f\u0259bb\u00fcs\u00fc il\u0259 ensiklopediyan\u0131n yarad\u0131lmas\u0131 ba\u015f vermi\u015fdir. Ba\u015flan\u011f\u0131cda onlar\u0131n f\u0259aliyy\u0259ti yaln\u0131z kils\u0259 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n deyil, h\u0259m d\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t adamlar\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n t\u0259nqid olunmu\u015fdur, \u00e7\u00fcnki onlar\u0131n ideyalar\u0131 klerikalizm\u0259 v\u0259 \u00fcmumilikd\u0259 m\u00fchafiz\u0259karl\u0131\u011fa zidd idi. Ensiklopedistl\u0259rin ideyalar\u0131n\u0131n B\u00f6y\u00fck Fransa \u0130nqilab\u0131n\u0131n haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131nda m\u00fch\u00fcm rol oynamas\u0131n\u0131 n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 alsaq, bu, tamamil\u0259 ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u0259ndir. <\/p>\n

Bel\u0259likl\u0259, d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r bir t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n \u0259halinin aras\u0131nda bilikl\u0259rin geni\u015f yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda maraql\u0131, dig\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n is\u0259 hakimiyy\u0259tl\u0259rin arzuolunmaz hesab etdiyi kitablar \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n n\u0259zar\u0259ti saxlama\u011f\u0131 arzulay\u0131rlar (y\u0259ni senzura).
\nBu s\u0259b\u0259bd\u0259n, h\u0259tta d\u00f6vl\u0259t kitabxanalar\u0131nda da h\u0259r bir kitaba daxil olmaq m\u00fcmk\u00fcn deyil. V\u0259 bu fenomen yaln\u0131z h\u0259min n\u0259\u015frl\u0259rin k\u00f6hn\u0259lm\u0259si v\u0259 nadirliyi il\u0259 izah edilmir. <\/p>\n

D\u00f6vl\u0259tin n\u0259\u015friyyatlar v\u0259 kitabxanalar \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 n\u0259zar\u0259ti h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 m\u00f6vcuddur, internetin meydana \u00e7\u0131xmas\u0131 il\u0259 m\u0259bl\u0259\u011f artm\u0131\u015f, ziddiyy\u0259tl\u0259r is\u0259 daha da k\u0259skinl\u0259\u015fmi\u015fdir. Rusiyada 1994-c\u00fc ild\u0259 Maksim Mo\u015fkovun kitabxanas\u0131 yarand\u0131. Lakin, on il f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rdikd\u0259n sonra ilk m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 prosesl\u0259ri ba\u015flad\u0131, ard\u0131nca is\u0259 DoS h\u00fccumlar\u0131 izl\u0259nildi. H\u0259r \u015feyin y\u00fckl\u0259nm\u0259si m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayaca\u011f\u0131 ayd\u0131n oldu v\u0259 kitabxanan\u0131n sahibi \u201c\u00e7\u0259tin q\u0259rarlar\u201d q\u0259bul etm\u0259y\u0259 m\u0259cbur oldu. Bu q\u0259rarlar\u0131n q\u0259bul edilm\u0259si dig\u0259r kitabxanalar\u0131n yaranmas\u0131na, yeni m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 iddialar\u0131na, DoS h\u00fccumlar\u0131na, n\u0259zar\u0259t orqanlar\u0131n\u0131n (y\u0259ni, d\u00f6vl\u0259tin) bloklamalar\u0131na v\u0259 s. s\u0259b\u0259b oldu. <\/p>\n

\u0130nternet kitabxanalar\u0131n\u0131n yaranmas\u0131 il\u0259 internet kataloqlar\u0131 da ortaya \u00e7\u0131xd\u0131. 2001-ci ild\u0259 Vikipediya yarand\u0131. Orada da h\u0259r \u015fey al\u0131nm\u0131r, v\u0259 h\u0259r bir d\u00f6vl\u0259t v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131na \u201cdo\u011frulanmam\u0131\u015f m\u0259lumatlara\u201d (y\u0259ni, h\u0259min d\u00f6vl\u0259t t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n senzura edilm\u0259y\u0259nl\u0259r\u0259) giri\u015f imkan\u0131 vermir.<\/p>\n

\"Kitaplar\u0131n
\n
\nSSR\u0130 d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 BSE abun\u0259\u00e7il\u0259rin\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif naiv m\u0259ktublar g\u00f6nd\u0259rilirdi, onlardan xahi\u015f edilirdi ki, m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n bir s\u0259hif\u0259ni k\u0259ssinl\u0259r v\u0259 \u201c\u015f\u00fcurlu\u201d v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131n b\u0259zil\u0259rinin bu t\u0259limata \u0259m\u0259l ed\u0259c\u0259yini umurdular, lakin m\u0259rk\u0259zl\u0259\u015fdirilmi\u015f elektron kitabxana (ya da ensiklopediyan\u0131n) idar\u0259si ist\u0259diyi kimi, ist\u0259nm\u0259y\u0259n m\u0259tnl\u0259ri d\u00fcz\u0259ld\u0259 bil\u0259r. Bu, \u201cHeyvanlar fermas\u0131<\/a><\/noindex>\u201d Corc Oruell t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hekay\u0259d\u0259 yax\u015f\u0131 \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 \u0259ks olunmu\u015fdur \u2014 divarda yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f tezisl\u0259r gec\u0259 saatlar\u0131nda maraql\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259f\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u00fcz\u0259ldilir.<\/p>\n

Bel\u0259likl\u0259, insanlar\u0131n informasiya t\u0259minat\u0131, onlar\u0131n zehni inki\u015fafi, m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259ti, var-d\u00f6vl\u0259ti il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 ist\u0259yinin v\u0259 insanlar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259l\u0259rini n\u0259zar\u0259t alt\u0131nda saxlamaq, ondan daha \u00e7ox qazanc \u0259ld\u0259 etm\u0259k ist\u0259yinin m\u00fcbariz\u0259si h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 davam edir. D\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r kompromis axtar\u0131rlar, \u00e7\u00fcnki \u0259g\u0259r \u00e7ox \u015fey qada\u011fan edils\u0259, birinci n\u00f6vb\u0259d\u0259 alternativ qaynaqlar\u0131n yaranmas\u0131 qa\u00e7\u0131lmaz olacaq, daha maraql\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fidl\u0259r t\u0259qdim ed\u0259nl\u0259r (bunun n\u00fcmun\u0259sini torrentl\u0259r v\u0259 pirat kitabxanalarla m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 edirik). \u0130kincisi, uzunm\u00fcdd\u0259tli perspektivd\u0259 bu, d\u00f6vl\u0259tin imkanlar\u0131n\u0131 m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131racaq. <\/p>\n

\u0130deal bir d\u00f6vl\u0259t elektron kitabxanas\u0131 nec\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u0259lidir ki, b\u00fct\u00fcn maraqlar\u0131 birl\u0259\u015fdir\u0259 bilsin?<\/i> <\/p>\n

M\u0259nim t\u0259s\u0259vv\u00fcr\u00fcmd\u0259 o, b\u00fct\u00fcn n\u0259\u015fr olunmu\u015f kitablar\u0131, jurnallar\u0131 v\u0259 q\u0259zetl\u0259ri \u0259hat\u0259 etm\u0259li, m\u00fcmk\u00fcn q\u0259d\u0259r oxumaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn, habel\u0259 ki\u00e7ik bir gecikm\u0259 il\u0259 y\u00fckl\u0259m\u0259k imkan\u0131 yaratmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ki\u00e7ik bir gecikm\u0259 dedikd\u0259, roman \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn maksimum alt\u0131 ay-ild\u0259, jurnal \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bir ay, q\u0259zet \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bir-iki g\u00fcn n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutulur. O, yaln\u0131z n\u0259\u015friyyatlardan v\u0259 dig\u0259r d\u00f6vl\u0259t kitabxanalar\u0131ndan r\u0259q\u0259msalla\u015fm\u0131\u015f kitablarla doldurulmamal\u0131, h\u0259m d\u0259 oxucular\u0131n\/yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6nd\u0259rdiyi m\u0259tnl\u0259r il\u0259 d\u0259 t\u0259min olunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u018fks\u0259r kitablar v\u0259 dig\u0259r materiallar (Creative Commons lisenziyas\u0131 alt\u0131nda) tamamil\u0259 pulsuz olmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6z \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rinin y\u00fckl\u0259nm\u0259si v\u0259 izl\u0259nm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn pul almaq ist\u0259dikl\u0259rini \u015f\u0259xsen bildirmi\u015f m\u00fc\u0259llifl\u0259rin kitablar\u0131 \u00abTicar\u0259t \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131\u00bb adl\u0131 ayr\u0131 bir kateqoriyaya yerl\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259lidir. Bu b\u00f6lm\u0259d\u0259ki qiym\u0259tl\u0259r, h\u0259r k\u0259sin, b\u00fcdc\u0259si il\u0259 \u00e7ox da narahat olmadan, fayl\u0131 oxuyub y\u00fckl\u0259y\u0259 bilm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn minimal pensiyan\u0131n ki\u00e7ik bir hiss\u0259sin\u0259 (t\u0259xmin\u0259n 5-10 rubl h\u0259r bir kitab \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn) uy\u011fun m\u0259hsul qeyd edilm\u0259lidir. Bu m\u00fc\u0259llifin t\u0259l\u0259bin\u0259 \u0259sas\u0259n, \u00f6d\u0259ni\u015fl\u0259r yaln\u0131z m\u00fc\u0259llif\u0259 (t\u0259r\u0259fda\u015f, t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259\u00e7i) edilm\u0259li, onun n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259, n\u0259\u015friyyat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131na, qohumlar\u0131na, katibl\u0259rin\u0259 v\u0259 s. deyil.<\/p>\n

B\u0259s yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131?<\/h4>\n

\nTicar\u0259t n\u0259\u015frl\u0259rinin sat\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan g\u0259l\u0259n g\u0259lir b\u00f6y\u00fck olmayacaq, amma \u00e7oxlu y\u00fckl\u0259m\u0259 il\u0259 - kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r yax\u015f\u0131 ola bil\u0259r. Bundan \u0259lav\u0259, m\u00fc\u0259llifl\u0259r yaln\u0131z d\u00f6vl\u0259t deyil, h\u0259m d\u0259 \u00f6z\u0259l qrantlar v\u0259 m\u00fckafatlar ala bil\u0259rl\u0259r. D\u00f6vl\u0259t kitabxanas\u0131na \u0259sas\u0259n z\u0259ngin olmaq m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmasa da, onun \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcn\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n bir pul g\u0259tir\u0259c\u0259k ki, bu da \u00e7ox sayda insan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rin oxunmas\u0131na imkan ver\u0259c\u0259k. <\/p>\n

B\u0259s n\u0259\u015friyyat\u00e7\u0131?<\/h4>\n

\nN\u0259\u015friyyat\u00e7\u0131, m\u0259hsulu satma\u011f\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu d\u00f6vrl\u0259rd\u0259 meydana g\u0259ldi v\u0259 m\u00f6vcud oldu. \u018fn\u0259n\u0259vi m\u0259hsullardak\u0131 sat\u0131\u015f tamamil\u0259 yox olmayacaq v\u0259 h\u0259l\u0259 bir m\u00fcdd\u0259t g\u0259lir g\u0259tir\u0259c\u0259k. N\u0259\u015friyyat h\u0259min g\u0259lirl\u0259rd\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 olacaq.
\nElektron kitablar v\u0259 internet d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 n\u0259\u015friyyat xidm\u0259tl\u0259ri asanl\u0131qla \u0259v\u0259zl\u0259n\u0259 bil\u0259r - laz\u0131m g\u0259l\u0259rs\u0259, m\u00fc\u0259llif \u00f6z redaktoru, korrektorunu v\u0259 ya t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259\u00e7isini tapma\u011f\u0131 bacarar. <\/p>\n

B\u0259s d\u00f6vl\u0259t?<\/h4>\n

\nD\u00f6vl\u0259t m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tli v\u0259 b\u0259lli bir \u0259halini \u0259ld\u0259 edir ki, bu da \u201cb\u00f6y\u00fckl\u00fcy\u00fcn\u00fc v\u0259 \u015f\u00f6hr\u0259tini \u00f6z \u0259m\u0259ll\u0259ri il\u0259 art\u0131r\u0131r\u201d. Bundan \u0259lav\u0259, bu prosesin t\u0259nziml\u0259nm\u0259sin\u0259 imkan qazanar. T\u0259bii ki, bel\u0259 bir kitabxana yaln\u0131z bu t\u0259nziml\u0259m\u0259 s\u0131f\u0131ra b\u0259rab\u0259r v\u0259 ya ona yax\u0131n olduqda m\u0259nal\u0131 olacaq, \u0259ks halda tezlikl\u0259 alternativl\u0259r yaranacaq. <\/p>\n

Siz ideal kitabxanan\u0131z\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u0259, m\u0259nim versiyam\u0131 tamamlayar v\u0259 ya ona \u015f\u0259rh ed\u0259 bil\u0259rsiniz.
\n
M\u0259nb\u0259: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u041a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044b\u043a\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0436 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e. \u0412 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0441, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u043d\u0438\u0448\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u043b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442. \u041f\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u0438\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e, \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-55308","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Kitablar\u0131n tarixi v\u0259 kitabxanalar\u0131n g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259yi | ProHoster","description":"Kitablar bizim bildiyimiz formada.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/az\/blog\/news\/istoriya-knig-i-budushhee-bibliotek","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"az_AZ","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433 \u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a | ProHoster","og:description":"\u041a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044b\u043a\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435.","og:url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/az\/blog\/news\/istoriya-knig-i-budushhee-bibliotek","og:image":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:secure_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:width":350,"og:image:height":350,"article:published_time":"2020-01-16T21:00:00+00:00","article:modified_time":"2020-02-18T11:03:24+00:00","article:publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster","article:author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster"},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"55308","title":null,"description":null,"keywords":null,"keyphrases":null,"primary_term":null,"canonical_url":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_video":null,"og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":null,"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"schema_type":null,"schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":null,"robots_max_videopreview":null,"robots_max_imagepreview":"large","priority":null,"frequency":null,"local_seo":null,"seo_analyzer_scan_date":null,"breadcrumb_settings":null,"limit_modified_date":false,"reviewed_by":null,"ai":null,"created":"2021-02-28 19:46:28","updated":"2022-10-08 13:07:29","focus_keyword":null,"additional_keywords":null,"truseo_locale":null},"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"link","format":"url"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/55308","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=55308"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/55308\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=55308"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=55308"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=55308"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}