{"id":102301,"date":"2021-11-16T21:36:47","date_gmt":"2021-11-16T19:36:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/blacksmith-novaya-ataka-na-pamyat-dram-i-chipy-ddr4"},"modified":"2021-11-16T21:36:47","modified_gmt":"2021-11-16T19:36:47","slug":"blacksmith-novaya-ataka-na-pamyat-dram-i-chipy-ddr4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/blacksmith-novaya-ataka-na-pamyat-dram-i-chipy-ddr4","title":{"rendered":"Blacksmith \u2014 nov\u00fd \u00fatok na pam\u011b\u0165 DRAM a \u010dipy DDR4","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Skupina v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk\u016f ze \u0160v\u00fdcarsk\u00e9ho feder\u00e1ln\u00edho technologick\u00e9ho institutu v Curychu, Svobodn\u00e9 univerzity v Amsterdamu a spole\u010dnosti Qualcomm zve\u0159ejnila novou metodu \u00fatoku t\u0159\u00eddy RowHammer, kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje m\u011bnit obsah jednotliv\u00fdch bit\u016f dynamick\u00e9 opera\u010dn\u00ed pam\u011bti (DRAM). \u00datoku bylo p\u0159id\u011bleno k\u00f3dov\u00e9 jm\u00e9no Blacksmith a identifik\u00e1tor CVE-2021-42114. Na tuto probl\u00e9m jsou n\u00e1chyln\u00e9 mnoh\u00e9 \u010dipy DDR4, kter\u00e9 jsou chr\u00e1n\u011bny p\u0159ed d\u0159\u00edve zn\u00e1m\u00fdmi metodami t\u0159\u00eddy RowHammer. N\u00e1stroj pro testov\u00e1n\u00ed vlastn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f na zranitelnost byl publikov\u00e1n na GitHubu. <\/p>\n

P\u0159ipome\u0148me, \u017ee \u00fatoky t\u0159\u00eddy RowHammer umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed zkreslit obsah jednotliv\u00fdch bit\u016f pam\u011bti prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm cyklick\u00e9ho \u010dten\u00ed dat z sousedn\u00edch pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00fdch bun\u011bk. Proto\u017ee pam\u011b\u0165 DRAM p\u0159edstavuje dvourozm\u011brn\u00e9 pole bun\u011bk, z nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00e1 se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z kondenz\u00e1toru a tranzistoru, prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u00e9ho \u010dten\u00ed jedn\u00e9 a t\u00e9\u017ee oblasti pam\u011bti vede k fluktuac\u00edm nap\u011bt\u00ed a anom\u00e1li\u00edm, kter\u00e9 zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed drobn\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty n\u00e1boje sousedn\u00edch bun\u011bk. Pokud je intenzita \u010dten\u00ed vysok\u00e1, m\u016f\u017ee sousedn\u00ed bu\u0148ka ztratit dostate\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed n\u00e1boje a dal\u0161\u00ed cyklus regenerace nebude m\u00edt \u010das obnovit jej\u00ed po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed stav, co\u017e povede k zm\u011bn\u011b hodnoty ulo\u017een\u00fdch v bu\u0148ce dat. <\/p>\n

Pro ochranu proti RowHammer v\u00fdrobci \u010dip\u016f navrhli mechanismus TRR (Target Row Refresh), kter\u00fd chr\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed po\u0161kozen\u00edm bun\u011bk v sousedn\u00edch \u0159ad\u00e1ch. Av\u0161ak proto\u017ee tato ochrana byla zalo\u017eena na principu \"bezpe\u010dnost prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm nejasnosti\" (security by obscurity), ne\u0159e\u0161ila probl\u00e9m v j\u00e1dru, chr\u00e1nila jen p\u0159ed zn\u00e1m\u00fdmi specifick\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edpady, co\u017e umo\u017enilo snadno nal\u00e9zt cesty obch\u00e1zen\u00ed ochrany. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v kv\u011btnu spole\u010dnost Google navrhla metodu Half-Double, na kterou ochrana TRR ne\u00fa\u010dinkovala, proto\u017ee p\u0159i \u00fatoku byly zasa\u017eeny bu\u0148ky, kter\u00e9 nebyly p\u0159\u00edmo sousedn\u00ed s c\u00edlovou. <\/p>\n

Nov\u00e1 metoda Blacksmith nab\u00edz\u00ed jin\u00fd zp\u016fsob obch\u00e1zen\u00ed ochrany TRR, zalo\u017een\u00fd na nehomogenn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edstupu k r\u016fzn\u00fdm \u0159ad\u00e1m agresor\u016f s r\u016fznou frekvenc\u00ed za \u00fa\u010delem vyvol\u00e1n\u00ed \u00faniku n\u00e1boje. Pro ur\u010den\u00ed vzoru p\u0159\u00edstupu k pam\u011bti, kter\u00fd vede k \u00faniku n\u00e1boje, byl vyvinut speci\u00e1ln\u00ed fuzzer, kter\u00fd automaticky upravuje parametry \u00fatoku pro konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed \u010dip, variabiln\u011b upravuje po\u0159ad\u00ed, intenzitu a systemati\u010dnost p\u0159\u00edstupu k bu\u0148k\u00e1m. <\/p>\n

Podobn\u00e1 metoda, kter\u00e1 nen\u00ed spojena s dopadem na stejn\u00e9 bu\u0148ky, \u010din\u00ed st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed metody ochrany TRR neefektivn\u00edmi, proto\u017ee se ve sv\u00e9 podstat\u011b t\u00fdkaj\u00ed po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed opakovan\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstup\u016f k bu\u0148k\u00e1m, a p\u0159i dosa\u017een\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed spou\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed dob\u00edjen\u00ed sousedn\u00edch bun\u011bk. V Blacksmith se vzor p\u0159\u00edstupu rozprost\u00edr\u00e1 sou\u010dasn\u011b na n\u011bkolik bun\u011bk z n\u011bkolika stran od c\u00edlov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky, co\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje dos\u00e1hnout \u00faniku n\u00e1boje, ani\u017e by se dos\u00e1hlo prahov\u00fdch hodnot. <\/p>\n

Metoda se uk\u00e1zala b\u00fdt podstatn\u011b \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e d\u0159\u00edve navr\u017een\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby obch\u00e1zen\u00ed TRR \u2014 v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk\u016fm se poda\u0159ilo zp\u016fsobit po\u0161kozen\u00ed bit\u016f ve v\u0161ech 40 ned\u00e1vno zakoupen\u00fdch r\u016fzn\u00fdch DDR4 pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00fdch \u010dipech od v\u00fdrobc\u016f Samsung, Micron, SK Hynix a jednoho nezn\u00e1m\u00e9ho v\u00fdrobce (u 4 \u010dip\u016f nebyl v\u00fdrobce uveden). Pro srovn\u00e1n\u00ed, d\u0159\u00edve navr\u017een\u00e1 metoda TRRespass, kterou navrhli stejn\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci, byla \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1 pouze pro 13 z 42 testovan\u00fdch \u010dip\u016f v t\u00e9 dob\u011b. <\/p>\n

V obecn\u00e9m pojet\u00ed se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee metoda Blacksmith je aplikovateln\u00e1 na 94 % v\u0161ech DRAM \u010dip\u016f dostupn\u00fdch na trhu, ale podle prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk\u016f jsou n\u011bkter\u00e9 \u010dipy zraniteln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a snadn\u011bji se na n\u011b \u00fato\u010d\u00ed ne\u017e na jin\u00e9. Pou\u017eit\u00ed k\u00f3d\u016f pro opravy chyb (ECC) a dvojn\u00e1sobn\u00e9 frekvence obnovov\u00e1n\u00ed pam\u011bti nezaji\u0161\u0165uje \u00faplnou ochranu, ale zt\u011b\u017euje \u00fatok. Je pozoruhodn\u00e9, \u017ee probl\u00e9m nelze zablokovat na ji\u017e vydan\u00fdch \u010dipech a vy\u017eaduje implementaci nov\u00e9 ochrany na hardwarov\u00e9 \u00farovni, proto \u00fatok z\u016fstane relevantn\u00ed i mnoho let. <\/p>\n

Jako praktick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edklady byly uvedeny metody pou\u017eit\u00ed Blacksmith k \u00faprav\u011b obsahu z\u00e1znam\u016f v tabulce str\u00e1nek pam\u011bti (PTE, page table entry) k z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed privilegia j\u00e1dra, po\u0161kozen\u00ed ulo\u017een\u00e9ho ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho kl\u00ed\u010de RSA-2048 v OpenSSH (m\u016f\u017eeme p\u0159iv\u00e9st ve\u0159ejn\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d do souladu s \u00fato\u010dn\u00edkov\u00fdm soukrom\u00fdm kl\u00ed\u010dem pro p\u0159ipojen\u00ed k VM ob\u011bti) a obchodu s autentizac\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm modifikace pam\u011bti procesu sudo k z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1v root. V z\u00e1vislosti na \u010dipu vy\u017eaduje zm\u011bna jednoho c\u00edlov\u00e9ho bitu od 3 sekund do n\u011bkolika hodin prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed \u00fatoku. virtu\u00e1ln\u00edm stroji<\/a> k odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edmu soukrom\u00e9mu kl\u00ed\u010di \u00fato\u010dn\u00edka pro p\u0159ipojen\u00ed k VM ob\u011bti) a obchodu s ov\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00edm pomoc\u00ed modifikace pam\u011bti procesu sudo pro z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1v root. V z\u00e1vislosti na \u010dipu se pro zm\u011bnu jednoho c\u00edlov\u00e9ho bitu vy\u017eaduje od 3 sekund do n\u011bkolika hodin prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed \u00fatoku.

\r\n \"P\u0159ehr\u00e1t\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center> <\/p>\n

D\u00e1le bychom mohli zm\u00ednit publikaci otev\u0159en\u00e9ho r\u00e1mce LiteX Row Hammer Tester, kter\u00fd slou\u017e\u00ed k testov\u00e1n\u00ed metod ochrany pam\u011bti proti \u00fatok\u016fm typu RowHammer, vyvinut\u00e9ho spole\u010dnost\u00ed Antmicro na zak\u00e1zku Googlu. R\u00e1mec je zalo\u017een na vyu\u017eit\u00ed FPGA pro plnou kontrolu nad p\u0159\u00edkazy, kter\u00e9 jsou p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1ny p\u0159\u00edmo do \u010dipu DRAM, co\u017e vylu\u010duje vliv pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9ho \u0159adi\u010de. Pro interakci s FPGA je nab\u00edzen n\u00e1strojov\u00fd bal\u00ed\u010dek v jazyce Python. Br\u00e1na na b\u00e1zi FPGA zahrnuje modul pro hromadn\u00fd p\u0159enos dat (ur\u010duje vzory p\u0159\u00edstupu k pam\u011bti), Payload Executor, \u0159adi\u010d na b\u00e1zi LiteDRAM (zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1 ve\u0161kerou po\u017eadovanou logiku pro DRAM, v\u010detn\u011b aktivace \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f a aktualizace pam\u011bti) a CPU VexRiscv. V\u00fdstupy projektu se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed pod licenc\u00ed Apache 2.0. Podporov\u00e1no je vyu\u017eit\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch platforem FPGA, v\u010detn\u011b Lattice ECP5, Xilinx Series 6, 7, UltraScale a UltraScale+.
\n
Zdroj: opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0413\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0428\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0426\u044e\u0440\u0438\u0445\u0430, \u0410\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 Qualcomm \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430 RowHammer, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 (DRAM). \u0410\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u044f Blacksmith \u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 CVE-2021-42114. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u043f\u044b DDR4, \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0431\u0436\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430 RowHammer. \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-102301","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Blacksmith \u2014 nov\u00fd \u00fatok na pam\u011b\u0165 DRAM a \u010dipy DDR4 | ProHoster","description":"Skupina v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk\u016f z Cury\u0161sk\u00e9 univerzity techniky, Amsterdamsk\u00e9 svobodn\u00e9 univerzity a spole\u010dnosti Qualcomm publikovala novou metodu \u00fatoku typu RowHammer, kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje zm\u011bnu obsahu.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/blacksmith-novaya-ataka-na-pamyat-dram-i-chipy-ddr4","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"cs_CZ","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47Blacksmith \u2014 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 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