{"id":102933,"date":"2022-01-10T15:36:38","date_gmt":"2022-01-10T13:36:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%bb%d0%b8%d0%b7-%d1%8f%d0%b4%d1%80%d0%b0-linux-5-16"},"modified":"2022-01-10T15:36:38","modified_gmt":"2022-01-10T13:36:38","slug":"reliz-yadra-linux-5-16","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/reliz-yadra-linux-5-16","title":{"rendered":"Vyd\u00e1n\u00ed j\u00e1dra Linux 5.16","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Po dvou m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch v\u00fdvoje Linus Torvalds p\u0159edstavil vyd\u00e1n\u00ed j\u00e1dra Linux 5.16. Mezi nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi zm\u011bnami nalezneme syst\u00e9mov\u00fd vol\u00e1n\u00ed futex_waitv pro zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed v\u00fdkonnosti Windows her pod Wine, sledov\u00e1n\u00ed chyb v FS pomoc\u00ed fanotify, koncept foliant\u016f v syst\u00e9mu spr\u00e1vy pam\u011bti, podporu instrukc\u00ed procesoru AMX, mo\u017enost rezervace pam\u011bti pro s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9 sokety, podporu v netfilter pro klasifikaci paket\u016f ve f\u00e1zi \u201eegress\u201c, zapojen\u00ed subsyst\u00e9mu DAMON pro proaktivn\u00ed uvol\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed nepou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch oblast\u00ed pam\u011bti, zlep\u0161en\u00ed zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00ed p\u0159i vysok\u00e9m objemu z\u00e1pisov\u00fdch operac\u00ed a podporu v\u00edce diskov\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f.    <\/p>\n<p>Nov\u00e1 verze obsahuje 15415 oprav od 2105 v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159\u016f, velikost patche je 45 MB (zm\u011bny se dotkly 12023 soubor\u016f, bylo p\u0159id\u00e1no 685198 \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du, 263867 \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f bylo odstran\u011bno). P\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 44 % v\u0161ech zm\u011bn v 5.16 se t\u00fdk\u00e1 ovlada\u010d\u016f za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 16 % zm\u011bn m\u00e1 vztah k aktualizaci k\u00f3du specifick\u00e9ho pro hardwarov\u00e9 architektury, 16 % je spojeno se s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00fdm stekem, 4 % s filesyst\u00e9my a 4 % s vnit\u0159n\u00edmi subsyst\u00e9my j\u00e1dra.    <\/p>\n<p>  Hlavn\u00ed novinky v j\u00e1d\u0159e 5.16:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Diskov\u00fd subsyst\u00e9m, vstup\/v\u00fdstup a souborov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Do mechanismu fanotify byly p\u0159id\u00e1ny prost\u0159edky pro sledov\u00e1n\u00ed stavu souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu a sledov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdskytu chyb. Informace o chyb\u00e1ch jsou p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161eny pomoc\u00ed nov\u00e9ho typu ud\u00e1lost\u00ed \u2014 FAN_FS_ERROR, kter\u00e9 mohou b\u00fdt zachyceny v u\u017eivatelsk\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed pro okam\u017eit\u00e9 informov\u00e1n\u00ed administr\u00e1tora nebo spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed proces\u016f obnovy. P\u0159i kask\u00e1dov\u00e9m v\u00fdskytu s\u00e9rie chyb fanotify zaji\u0161\u0165uje doru\u010den\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy o prvn\u00ed chyb\u011b spolu s celkov\u00fdm po\u010ditadlem probl\u00e9m\u016f pro usnadn\u011bn\u00ed n\u00e1sledn\u00e9ho rozboru p\u0159\u00ed\u010din selh\u00e1n\u00ed. Podpora sledov\u00e1n\u00ed chyb je zat\u00edm implementov\u00e1na pouze pro FS Ext4.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla vylep\u0161ena spr\u00e1va p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00ed p\u0159i prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed zapisovac\u00edch operac\u00ed (write congestion), kter\u00e9 vznikaj\u00ed, kdy\u017e objem zapisovac\u00edch operac\u00ed p\u0159ekra\u010duje propustnost \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b a syst\u00e9m mus\u00ed blokovat po\u017eadavky procesu na z\u00e1pis do dokon\u010den\u00ed u\u017e p\u0159ijat\u00fdch po\u017eadavk\u016f. V nov\u00e9 verzi byl z\u00e1sadn\u011b p\u0159epracov\u00e1n mechanismus j\u00e1dra pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd k z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed o vzniku p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00ed a blokov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00faloh, proto\u017ee ve star\u00e9 realizaci byly pozorov\u00e1ny probl\u00e9my s p\u00e1rov\u00e1n\u00edm zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00ed z\u00e1pisu se str\u00e1nkov\u00e1n\u00edm pam\u011bti do swapu p\u0159i nedostatku pam\u011bti v syst\u00e9mu.\n<li class=\"l\"> V Btrfs byla zavedena podpora technologie z\u00f3nov\u00e1n\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed (Zoned Namespace), pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 u pevn\u00fdch disk\u016f a NVMe SSD pro rozd\u011blen\u00ed \u00falo\u017en\u00e9ho prostoru na z\u00f3ny, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed skupiny blok\u016f nebo sektor\u016f, do kter\u00fdch je povoleno pouze sekven\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed dat p\u0159i kompletn\u00ed aktualizaci cel\u00e9 skupiny blok\u016f. D\u00e1le byly provedeny drobn\u00e9 optimalizace logov\u00e1n\u00ed inode, kter\u00e9 p\u0159isp\u011bly ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed propustnosti v testu dbench o 3 % a sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed latence o 11 %. Byl p\u0159epracov\u00e1n mechanismus logov\u00e1n\u00ed adres\u00e1\u0159\u016f, v n\u011bm\u017e bylo pro zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed efektivity sn\u00ed\u017eeno mno\u017estv\u00ed operac\u00ed vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a z\u00e1mk\u016f ve stromu. Zrychleno bylo vkl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed prvk\u016f do struktury btree v d\u00e1vkov\u00e9m re\u017eimu (\u010das pro hromadn\u00e9 vlo\u017een\u00ed prvk\u016f se sn\u00ed\u017eil o 4 %, a pro maz\u00e1n\u00ed o 12 %). Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na omezen\u00e1 podpora pro pou\u017eit\u00ed komprese p\u0159i zapisov\u00e1n\u00ed ne\u00fapln\u00fdch str\u00e1nek, stejn\u011b jako mo\u017enost defragmentace substr\u00e1nek. Byla provedena p\u0159\u00edprava pro za\u0159azen\u00ed podpory druh\u00e9 verze protokolu pro p\u0159\u00edkaz &#171;send&#187;.\n<li class=\"l\"> Ve \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u00e9 syst\u00e9mu XFS do\u0161lo ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed spot\u0159eby pam\u011bti d\u00edky pou\u017eit\u00ed samostatn\u00fdch slab k\/cache pro \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 prvky a zmen\u0161en\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch datov\u00fdch struktur.\n<li class=\"l\"> Ve \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u00e9 syst\u00e9mu Ext4 byla zaznamen\u00e1na pouze oprava chyb a p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdpo\u010det parametr\u016f odlo\u017een\u00e9 inicializace tabulky inode.\n<li class=\"l\"> Na \u00farovni blokov\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed byly implementov\u00e1ny optimalizace, kter\u00e9 v\u00fdznamn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161ily efektivitu spojov\u00e1n\u00ed operac\u00ed s j\u00e1dry CPU.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na z\u00e1kladn\u00ed podpora pevn\u00fdch disk\u016f s v\u00edce nez\u00e1visl\u00fdmi pohony (multi-actuator), co\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje sou\u010dasn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k n\u011bkolika sektor\u016fm v r\u016fzn\u00fdch z\u00f3n\u00e1ch magnetick\u00e9ho disku.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na nov\u00e1 ioctl-veli\u010dina CDROM_TIMED_MEDIA_CHANGE pro detekci ud\u00e1lost\u00ed v\u00fdm\u011bny m\u00e9dia v optick\u00fdch disc\u00edch.\n<li class=\"l\"> Do souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu EROFS (Enhanced Read-Only File System) byla p\u0159id\u00e1na mo\u017enost fungov\u00e1n\u00ed nad v\u00edce \u00falo\u017en\u00fdmi za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edmi. R\u016fzn\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed mohou b\u00fdt mapov\u00e1na do jednoho 32bitov\u00e9ho adresn\u00edho prostoru blok\u016f. Tak\u00e9 byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora komprese s vyu\u017eit\u00edm algoritmu LZMA.\n<li class=\"l\"> Do souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu F2FS byly p\u0159id\u00e1ny mo\u017enosti p\u0159ipojen\u00ed pro \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed fragmentace soubor\u016f p\u0159i jejich ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed (nap\u0159\u00edklad pro lad\u011bn\u00ed optimalizac\u00ed pr\u00e1ce s fragmentovan\u00fdmi \u00falo\u017ei\u0161ti).\n<li class=\"l\"> V CEPH byly v\u00fdchoz\u00ed hodnoty zm\u011bn\u011bny tak, aby operace vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed a odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed adres\u00e1\u0159\u016f prob\u00edhaly asynchronn\u011b (pro vr\u00e1cen\u00ed star\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed je t\u0159eba p\u0159i montov\u00e1n\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edt p\u0159\u00edznak &#8216;-o wsync&#8217;). Bylo p\u0159id\u00e1no sledov\u00e1n\u00ed metrik, kter\u00e9 zaznamen\u00e1vaj\u00ed operace kop\u00edrov\u00e1n\u00ed extern\u00edch objekt\u016f.\n<li class=\"l\"> Do CIFS byla p\u0159id\u00e1na mo\u017enost p\u0159ipojen\u00ed tcpnodelay, kdy je pro s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00fd socket nastaven re\u017eim tcp_sock_set_nodelay, kter\u00fd zakazuje \u010dek\u00e1n\u00ed na zapln\u011bn\u00ed fronty v TCP z\u00e1sobn\u00edku. Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora vno\u0159en\u00fdch DFS odkaz\u016f (Distributed File System) p\u0159i op\u011btovn\u00e9m p\u0159ipojen\u00ed.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora hromadn\u00e9ho ukon\u010den\u00ed po\u017eadavk\u016f na blokov\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Testov\u00e1n\u00ed zm\u011bny uk\u00e1zalo n\u00e1r\u016fst intenzity prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed operac\u00ed n\u00e1hodn\u00e9ho \u010dten\u00ed z disku Optane z 6.1 na 6.6 milionu IOPS na jedno j\u00e1dro CPU.                            <\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Pam\u011b\u0165 a syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 slu\u017eby<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Byl p\u0159id\u00e1n nov\u00fd syst\u00e9mov\u00fd vol\u00e1n\u00ed futex_waitv, kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje sledovat stav v\u00edce futex\u016f prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm jednoho syst\u00e9mov\u00e9ho vol\u00e1n\u00ed. Tato funkcionalita p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 dostupnou ve Windows funk\u010dnost WaitForMultipleObjects, jej\u00ed\u017e emulace pomoc\u00ed futex_waitv m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1 pro zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed v\u00fdkonu Windows her b\u011b\u017e\u00edc\u00edch pod Wine nebo Proton. Krom\u011b toho m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt sou\u010dasn\u00e9 \u010dek\u00e1n\u00ed na futexy tak\u00e9 pou\u017eito pro optimalizaci v\u00fdkonu nativn\u00edch verz\u00ed her pro Linux.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla implementov\u00e1na koncepce str\u00e1nek pam\u011bti (page folios), jej\u00ed\u017e pou\u017eit\u00ed v n\u011bkter\u00fdch subsyst\u00e9mech j\u00e1dra umo\u017en\u00ed urychlit spr\u00e1vu pam\u011bti p\u0159i typick\u00fdch z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e\u00edch. V sou\u010dasnosti byla na folia ji\u017e p\u0159evedena hlavn\u00ed subsyst\u00e9m spr\u00e1vy pam\u011bti v j\u00e1d\u0159e a implementace str\u00e1nkov\u00e9ho cache, a v budoucnu je napl\u00e1nov\u00e1n p\u0159evod souborov\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f. D\u00e1le se v j\u00e1d\u0159e pl\u00e1nuje tak\u00e9 p\u0159idat podpora v\u00edcestr\u00e1nkov\u00fdch foliant\u016f.\n<p> Folianty p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed slou\u010den\u00e9 str\u00e1nky pam\u011bti (compound pages), ale li\u0161\u00ed se vylep\u0161enou s\u00e9mantikou a p\u0159ehledn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed organizac\u00ed pr\u00e1ce. Pro spr\u00e1vu syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 pam\u011bti je dostupn\u00e1 RAM rozd\u011blena na str\u00e1nky pam\u011bti, jejich\u017e velikost z\u00e1vis\u00ed na architektu\u0159e, ale na syst\u00e9mech x86 se po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 v kilobytech (obvykle 4096 bajt\u016f). Modern\u00ed syst\u00e9my jsou vybaveny des\u00edtkami gigabajt\u016f RAM, co\u017e komplikuje spr\u00e1vu pam\u011bti kv\u016fli pot\u0159eb\u011b zpracov\u00e1vat obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed str\u00e1nek pam\u011bti. Pro sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed po\u010dtu str\u00e1nek byla d\u0159\u00edve v j\u00e1d\u0159e zavedena koncepce slou\u010den\u00fdch str\u00e1nek s strukturami pokr\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edmi v\u00edce ne\u017e jednu fyzickou str\u00e1nku pam\u011bti. Ale API pro manipulaci se slou\u010den\u00fdmi str\u00e1nkami pam\u011bti zanech\u00e1valo mnoho p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed a vedlo k dal\u0161\u00edm re\u017eijn\u00edm n\u00e1klad\u016fm.    <\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Do pl\u00e1nova\u010de \u00faloh byl p\u0159id\u00e1n zpracovatel, kter\u00fd zohled\u0148uje klastrovanou cache v CPU. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch procesorech, jako jsou Kunpeng 920 (ARM) a Intel Jacobsville (x86), m\u016f\u017ee ur\u010dit\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed jader CPU, obvykle 4, sd\u00edlet L3 nebo L2 cache. Zohledn\u011bn\u00ed t\u011bchto topologi\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee v\u00fdznamn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161it efektivitu rozd\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00faloh mezi j\u00e1dra CPU v pl\u00e1nova\u010di \u00faloh, proto\u017ee p\u0159esun \u00faloh uvnit\u0159 jednoho clusteru CPU umo\u017e\u0148uje zv\u00fd\u0161it propustnost p\u0159\u00edstupu k pam\u011bti a sn\u00ed\u017eit konkurenci v cache.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora instrukc\u00ed AMX (Advanced Matrix Extensions), implementovan\u00fdch v nadch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch serverov\u00fdch procesorech Intel Xeon Scalable, vyv\u00edjen\u00fdch pod k\u00f3dov\u00fdm n\u00e1zvem Sapphire Rapids. AMX nab\u00edz\u00ed nov\u00e9 konfigurovateln\u00e9 registry TMM &#171;TILE&#187; a instrukce pro manipulaci s daty v t\u011bchto registrech, jako je TMUL (Tile matrix MULtiply) pro n\u00e1soben\u00ed matic.\n<li class=\"l\"> Bylo realizov\u00e1no n\u011bkolik nov\u00fdch funkc\u00ed zalo\u017een\u00fdch na p\u0159idan\u00e9 subsyst\u00e9mu DAMON (Data Access MONitor) v minul\u00e9m vyd\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje sledovat p\u0159\u00edstup k dat\u016fm v opera\u010dn\u00ed pam\u011bti ve vztahu k vybran\u00e9mu procesu b\u011b\u017e\u00edc\u00edmu v u\u017eivatelsk\u00e9m prostoru. Nap\u0159\u00edklad subsyst\u00e9m poskytuje mo\u017enost analyzovat, ke kter\u00fdm konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm oblastem pam\u011bti se proces b\u011bhem sv\u00e9 \u010dinnosti dostal, a kter\u00e9 oblasti pam\u011bti z\u016fstaly nevyu\u017eity.\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> DAMON_RECLAIM pro identifikaci a uvoln\u011bn\u00ed pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00fdch oblast\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nebyly p\u0159\u00edstupny. Mechanismus lze pou\u017e\u00edt pro proaktivn\u00ed m\u011bkk\u00e9 uvoln\u011bn\u00ed str\u00e1nek pam\u011bti p\u0159i p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed se k vy\u010derp\u00e1n\u00ed voln\u00e9 pam\u011bti.\n<li class=\"l\"> DAMOS (Data Access Monitoring-based Operation Schemes) pro aplikaci zadan\u00fdch operac\u00ed madvise(), jako je uvoln\u011bn\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed voln\u00e9 pam\u011bti, na pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9 oblasti procesu, pro kter\u00e9 je sledov\u00e1na ur\u010dit\u00e1 frekvence p\u0159\u00edstupu. Nastaven\u00ed parametr\u016f DAMOS se prov\u00e1d\u00ed p\u0159es debugfs.\n<li class=\"l\"> Mo\u017enost monitorovat fyzick\u00fd adresn\u00ed prostor pam\u011bti (d\u0159\u00edve bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 sledovat pouze virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed adresy).  <\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Realizace algoritmu komprese zstd byla aktualizov\u00e1na na verzi 1.4.10, co\u017e v\u00fdrazn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161ilo v\u00fdkon r\u016fzn\u00fdch subsyst\u00e9m\u016f j\u00e1dra, kde je komprese pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na (nap\u0159\u00edklad dekomprese obrazu j\u00e1dra byla zrychlena o 35 %, v\u00fdkon dekomprese komprimovan\u00fdch dat v Btrfs a SquashFS se zv\u00fd\u0161il o 15 %, a v ZRAM \u2014 o 30 %). P\u016fvodn\u011b bylo v j\u00e1d\u0159e pou\u017eito samostatn\u00e9 proveden\u00ed zstd, zalo\u017een\u00e9 na verzi 1.3.1, kter\u00e1 byla vyd\u00e1na p\u0159ed v\u00edce ne\u017e t\u0159emi lety a neobsahovala mnoh\u00e9 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 optimalizace. Krom\u011b p\u0159echodu na aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed verzi, p\u0159idan\u00fd patch tak\u00e9 zjednodu\u0161uje synchronizaci s upstream v\u011btv\u00ed zstd, co\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje generovat k\u00f3d pro zahrnut\u00ed do j\u00e1dra p\u0159\u00edmo z hlavn\u00edho repozit\u00e1\u0159e zstd. V budoucnu pl\u00e1nuj\u00ed aktualizovat k\u00f3d zstd v j\u00e1d\u0159e, jakmile vyjdou nov\u00e9 verze knihovny zstd.\n<li class=\"l\"> Bylo zavedeno mnoho vylep\u0161en\u00ed do subsyst\u00e9mu eBPF. Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na mo\u017enost vol\u00e1n\u00ed funkc\u00ed modul\u016f j\u00e1dra z BPF program\u016f. Byla realizov\u00e1na funkce bpf_trace_vprintk(), kter\u00e1 na rozd\u00edl od bpf_trace_printk() umo\u017e\u0148uje vypsat najednou v\u00edce ne\u017e t\u0159i argumenty. Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na nov\u00e1 struktura pro ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed dat (BPF map) bloom filter, kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje vyu\u017e\u00edvat toto\u017enou pravd\u011bpodobnostn\u00ed strukturu dat pro ur\u010den\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtomnosti prvku v mno\u017ein\u011b. Byl p\u0159id\u00e1n nov\u00fd atribut BTF_KIND_TAG, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pou\u017eit v BPF programech pro p\u0159i\u0159azen\u00ed tag\u016f k parametr\u016fm funkc\u00ed, co\u017e usnad\u0148uje odhalov\u00e1n\u00ed chyb v u\u017eivatelsk\u00fdch programech. V libbpf bylo povoleno vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed vlastn\u00edch sekc\u00ed .rodata.* \/ .data.*, byla implementov\u00e1na podpora ud\u00e1lost\u00ed sledov\u00e1n\u00ed uprobe a kprobe, a byl p\u0159id\u00e1n API pro kop\u00edrov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161ech typ\u016f BTF z jednoho objektu do druh\u00e9ho. Podpora AF_XDP byla p\u0159enesena z libbpf do samostatn\u00e9 knihovny libxdp. Pro architekturu MIPS byl implementov\u00e1n JIT kompil\u00e1tor pro virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed stroj BPF.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pro architekturu ARM64 byla implementov\u00e1na podpora roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed ARMv8.6 pro \u010dasova\u010d, v\u010detn\u011b t\u011bch, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed samo-synchronizace zobrazen\u00ed syst\u00e9mov\u00fdch registr\u016f bez pou\u017eit\u00ed instrukc\u00ed ISB.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pro architekturu PA-RISC byla implementov\u00e1na mo\u017enost aplikace mechanismu KFENCE pro odhalov\u00e1n\u00ed chyb p\u0159i pr\u00e1ci s pam\u011bt\u00ed a byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora detektoru stav\u016f z\u00e1vod\u016f KCSAN.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla poskytnuta mo\u017enost nastaven\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupov\u00fdch pr\u00e1v k tracefs na \u00farovni jednotliv\u00fdch u\u017eivatel\u016f a skupin, nap\u0159\u00edklad nyn\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e9 povolit p\u0159\u00edstup k prost\u0159edk\u016fm sledov\u00e1n\u00ed pouze \u010dlen\u016fm ur\u010dit\u00e9 skupiny.                        <\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Virtualizace a bezpe\u010dnost<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> V subsyst\u00e9mech io_uring a device-mapper byla implementov\u00e1na podpora generov\u00e1n\u00ed auditn\u00edch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed. V io_uring byla p\u0159ijata mo\u017enost \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupu prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm modul\u016f LSM. Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na mo\u017enost auditu syst\u00e9mov\u00e9ho vol\u00e1n\u00ed openat2().\n<li class=\"l\"> K\u00f3d j\u00e1dra byl zcela zbaven nep\u0159eru\u0161en\u00fdch v\u00fdraz\u016f case v switch (bez return nebo break po ka\u017ed\u00e9m bloku case). P\u0159i sestaven\u00ed j\u00e1dra nyn\u00ed bude mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt re\u017eim \u201e-Wimplicit-fallthrough\u201c.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byly zahrnuty zm\u011bny pro zp\u0159\u00edsn\u011bn\u00ed kontrol hranic p\u0159i prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed funkce memcpy().\n<li class=\"l\"> V rozhran\u00ed pro asynchronn\u00ed vstup\/v\u00fdstup io_uring byla implementov\u00e1na mo\u017enost aplikovat na operace vstupu\/v\u00fdstupu bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed politiky definovan\u00e9 moduly SELinux a Smack.\n<li class=\"l\"> V subsyst\u00e9mu IMA (Integrity Measurement Architecture), kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje extern\u00edmu servisu ov\u011b\u0159it stav subsyst\u00e9m\u016f j\u00e1dra, aby zajistil jejich autenticitu, byla implementov\u00e1na mo\u017enost aplikace pravidel zalo\u017een\u00fdch na identifik\u00e1toru skupiny (GID), ke kter\u00e9 soubor pat\u0159\u00ed, nebo do kter\u00e9 pat\u0159\u00ed u\u017eivatel, kter\u00fd se sna\u017e\u00ed p\u0159istoupit k souboru.\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u011bkter\u00e9 pokro\u010dil\u00e9 mechanismy ochrany sekvenc\u00ed seccomp() p\u0159ed \u00fatoky t\u0159\u00eddy Spectre jsou ve v\u00fdchoz\u00edm nastaven\u00ed deaktivov\u00e1ny, proto\u017ee byly pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za nadbyte\u010dn\u00e9 a nepatrn\u011b nezvy\u0161ovaly bezpe\u010dnost, ale negativn\u011b ovliv\u0148ovaly v\u00fdkon. Bylo revidov\u00e1no pou\u017eit\u00ed ochrany Retpoline.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla odstran\u011bna implementace mechanismu cryptoloop, kterou v roce 2004 nahradil dm-crypt, jen\u017e v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pot\u0159eby podporuje stejn\u00e9 algoritmy.\n<li class=\"l\"> Ve v\u00fdchoz\u00edm nastaven\u00ed je zak\u00e1z\u00e1n nep\u0159 privileged access k subsyst\u00e9mu eBPF. Zm\u011bna byla u\u010din\u011bna pro zabr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed BPF program\u016f k obch\u00e1zen\u00ed ochrany p\u0159ed \u00fatoky p\u0159es extern\u00ed kan\u00e1ly. Pokud je to \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee administr\u00e1tor obnovit mo\u017enost pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed eBPF nep\u0159 privilegedn\u00edmi u\u017eivateli.\n<li class=\"l\"> Do hyperv\u00edzoru ACRN, ur\u010den\u00e9ho pro pln\u011bn\u00ed \u00faloh re\u00e1ln\u00e9ho \u010dasu a pou\u017eit\u00ed v kritick\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech, byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora pro vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed\/maz\u00e1n\u00ed virtu\u00e1ln\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a p\u0159ed\u00e1n\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed MMIO.\n<li class=\"l\"> Do kryptografick\u00e9ho enginu byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora definic KPP (Key-agreement Protocol Primitives), kter\u00e9 zjednodu\u0161uj\u00ed logiku v\u00fdvoje ovlada\u010d\u016f pro kryptosyst\u00e9my.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pro hyperv\u00edzor Hyper-V byla realizov\u00e1na podpora re\u017eimu izolace, <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/vps\/\"   title=\"virtu\u00e1ln\u00edch stroj\u016f\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"2084\">virtu\u00e1ln\u00edch stroj\u016f<\/a>kter\u00fd zahrnuje \u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed obsahu pam\u011bti.\n<li class=\"l\"> V hypervizoru <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/vps\/abuzoustojchivye-vps\/\"   title=\"KVM\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"4404\">KVM<\/a> byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora architektury RISC-V. Byla implementov\u00e1na mo\u017enost migrace uvnit\u0159 hostitelsk\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed virtu\u00e1ln\u00edch stroj\u016f, kter\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed AMD SEV a SEV-ES. P\u0159id\u00e1n API pro live migraci hostitelsk\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f \u0161ifrovan\u00fdch pomoc\u00ed AMD SEV (Secure Encrypted Virtualization).\n<li class=\"l\"> Pro architekturu PowerPC je ve v\u00fdchoz\u00edm nastaven\u00ed povolen re\u017eim STRICT_KERNEL_RWX, kter\u00fd blokuje pou\u017eit\u00ed str\u00e1nek pam\u011bti, kter\u00e9 jsou sou\u010dasn\u011b p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00e9 pro z\u00e1pis a vykon\u00e1n\u00ed.\n<li class=\"l\"> Na 32bitov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech x86 byla zastavena podpora tepl\u00e9ho p\u0159ipojen\u00ed pam\u011bti (Memory hotplug), kter\u00e1 v\u00edce ne\u017e rok nebyla funk\u010dn\u00ed.\n<li class=\"l\"> Z j\u00e1dra byla vylou\u010dena knihovna liblockdep, kter\u00e1 nyn\u00ed bude podporov\u00e1na odd\u011blen\u011b od j\u00e1dra.                  <\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>S\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e1 subsyst\u00e9m<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Pro sokety byla implementov\u00e1na nov\u00e1 mo\u017enost SO_RESERVE_MEM, kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje rezervovat pro socket ur\u010dit\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed pam\u011bti, je\u017e z\u016fstane pro socket v\u017edy dostupn\u00e1 a nebude odebr\u00e1na. Pou\u017eit\u00ed t\u00e9to mo\u017enosti zvy\u0161uje v\u00fdkon d\u00edky sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed operac\u00ed alokace a uvoln\u011bn\u00ed pam\u011bti v s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9m z\u00e1sobn\u00edku, zejm\u00e9na p\u0159i nedostatku pam\u011bti v syst\u00e9mu.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora protokolu automatick\u00e9ho tunelov\u00e1n\u00ed multicastov\u00e9ho provozu (Automatic Multicast Tunneling, RFC 7450), kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje doru\u010dovat multicastov\u00fd provoz z s\u00edt\u00ed, kter\u00e9 podporuj\u00ed multicast, p\u0159\u00edjemc\u016fm v s\u00edt\u00edch bez multicastu. Protokol funguje prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm enkapsulace do UDP paket\u016f.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla vylep\u0161ena enkapsulace IOAM (In-situ Operations, Administration, and Maintenance) dat do p\u0159echodov\u00fdch paket\u016f.\n<li class=\"l\"> Do ethtool netlink API byla p\u0159id\u00e1na mo\u017enost spr\u00e1vy re\u017eim\u016f spot\u0159eby energie pro p\u0159enosov\u00e9 a p\u0159\u00edjmov\u00e9 jednotky.\n<li class=\"l\"> V subsyst\u00e9mu netfilter byla implementov\u00e1na mo\u017enost klasifikace paket\u016f na \u00farovni egress, tedy ve f\u00e1zi, kdy ovlada\u010d p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1 paket ze s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9ho z\u00e1sobn\u00edku j\u00e1dra. V nftables byla podpora odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edch filtr\u016f p\u0159id\u00e1na ve verzi 1.0.1. V netfilter byla p\u0159id\u00e1na mo\u017enost porovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a zm\u011bny intern\u00edch z\u00e1hlav\u00ed a dat pro UDP a TCP (inner header \/ payload), kter\u00e1 n\u00e1sleduj\u00ed za transportn\u00edm z\u00e1hlav\u00edm (transport header).\n<li class=\"l\"> Byly p\u0159id\u00e1ny nov\u00e9 sysctl parametry arp_evict_nocarrier a ndisc_evict_nocarrier, p\u0159i jejich\u017e nastaven\u00ed se ARP cache a tabulka ndisc (neighbor discovery) vy\u010dist\u00ed v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00ed spojen\u00ed (NOCARRIER).\n<li class=\"l\"> Do mechanismu spr\u00e1vy s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00fdch front fq_codel (Controlled Delay) byly p\u0159id\u00e1ny re\u017eimy Low Latency, Low Loss a Scalable Throughput (L4S).                          <\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Hardware<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> V ovlada\u010di amdgpu byla implementov\u00e1na po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed podpora specifikace DP 2.0 (DisplayPort 2.0) a mo\u017enosti tunelov\u00e1n\u00ed DisplayPort p\u0159es USB4. Pro APU Cyan Skillfish (s GPU Navi 1x) byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora ovlada\u010d\u016f displeje. Byla roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ena podpora APU Yellow Carp (mobiln\u00ed procesory Ryzen 6000 \u201eRembrandt\u201c).\n<li class=\"l\"> V ovlada\u010di i915 byla stabilizov\u00e1na podpora \u010dip\u016f Intel Alderlake S a byla implementov\u00e1na podpora technologie Intel PXP (Protected Xe Path), kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje organizovat pr\u00e1ci s hardwarem chr\u00e1n\u011bnou grafickou relac\u00ed na syst\u00e9mech s \u010dipy Intel Xe.\n<li class=\"l\"> V ovlada\u010di nouveau byly provedeny opravy chyb a vylep\u0161en\u00ed stylu k\u00f3du.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora pro CPU Vortex kompatibiln\u00ed s x86 (Vortex86MX). Linux na t\u011bchto procesorech fungoval i d\u0159\u00edve, ale explicitn\u00ed identifikace uveden\u00fdch CPU byla pot\u0159eba pro vypnut\u00ed ochrany proti \u00fatok\u016fm Spectre\/Meltdown, kter\u00e9 se na tyto \u010dipy nevztahuj\u00ed.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed podpora pro x86 platformy Surface Pro 8 a Surface Laptop Studio.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byl p\u0159id\u00e1n ovlada\u010d pro podporu zvukov\u00fdch \u010dip\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch v APU AMD Yellow Carp, Van Gogh, byl tak\u00e9 p\u0159id\u00e1n podporovan\u00fd zvukov\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f a kodek\u016f Cirrus CS35L41, Maxim MAX98520\/MAX98360A, Mediatek MT8195, Nuvoton NAU8821, NVIDIA Tegra210, NXP i.MX8ULP, Qualcomm AudioReach, Realtek ALC5682I-VS, RT5682S, RT9120, Rockchip RV1126 a RK3568.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byl p\u0159id\u00e1n ovlada\u010d ishtp_eclite pro p\u0159\u00edstup k vestav\u011bn\u00fdm \u0159adi\u010d\u016fm Intel PSE (Programmable Service Engine) pomoc\u00ed protokolu ISHTP (Integrated Sensor Hub Transport Protocol), nap\u0159\u00edklad pro z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed dat o baterii, teplot\u011b a informac\u00edch souvisej\u00edc\u00edch s UCSI (USB Type-C Connector System Software Interface).\n<li class=\"l\"> Byl p\u0159id\u00e1n ovlada\u010d pro hern\u00ed ovlada\u010de Nintendo Switch, kter\u00fd podporuje za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed Switch Pro a Joy-Cons. Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora pro tablety Wacom Intuos BT (CTL-4100WL\/CTL-6100WL) a kl\u00e1vesnici Apple 2021 Magic Keyboard. Byla zlep\u0161ena podpora ovlada\u010d\u016f Sony PlayStation DualSense. Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora pro bo\u010dn\u00ed tla\u010d\u00edtka my\u0161i Xiaomi Mi.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byl p\u0159id\u00e1n ovlada\u010d RT89 s podporou bezdr\u00e1tov\u00fdch \u010dip\u016f Realtek 802.11ax a tak\u00e9 ovlada\u010de pro Ethernet adapt\u00e9ry Asix AX88796C-SPI a switch Realtek RTL8365MB-VC.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pro \u010dipy Apple M1 byly p\u0159id\u00e1ny ovlada\u010de pro PCI a PASemi i2c.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora pro ARM SoC, za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a desky Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4, Fairphone 4, Snapdragon 690, LG G Watch R, Sony Xperia 10 III, Samsung Galaxy S4 Mini Value Edition, Xiaomi MSM8996 (Mi 5, Mi Note 2, Mi 5s, Mi Mix, Mi 5s Plus a Xiaomi Mi 5), Sony Yoshino (Sony Xperia XZ1 a Sony Xperia XZ Premium), F(x)tec Pro1 QX1000, Microchip LAN966, CalAmp LMU5000, Exegin Q5xR5, sama7g5, Samsung ExynosAutov9, Rockchip RK3566, RK3399 ROCK Pi 4A+, RK3399 ROCK Pi 4B+, Firefly ROC-RK3328-PC, Firefly ROC-RK3399-PC-PLUS, ASUS Chromebook Tablet CT100, Pine64 Quartz64-A, Netgear GS110EMX, Globalscale MOCHAbin 7040, NXP S32G2, Renesas R8A779M*, Xilinx Kria, Radxa Zero, JetHub D1\/H1, Netronix E70K02.          <\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=56478\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u0422\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux 5.16. \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439: 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\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430 \u0432 netfilter \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0438 &#171;egress&#187;, \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-102933","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u0422\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux 5.16.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri 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