{"id":103824,"date":"2022-04-20T09:36:51","date_gmt":"2022-04-20T07:36:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/predvaritelnyj-vypusk-almalinux-9-osnovannyj-na-vetke-rhel-9"},"modified":"2022-04-20T09:36:51","modified_gmt":"2022-04-20T07:36:51","slug":"predvaritelnyj-vypusk-almalinux-9-osnovannyj-na-vetke-rhel-9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/predvaritelnyj-vypusk-almalinux-9-osnovannyj-na-vetke-rhel-9","title":{"rendered":"P\u0159edb\u011b\u017en\u00e9 vyd\u00e1n\u00ed AlmaLinux 9, zalo\u017een\u00e9 na v\u011btvi RHEL 9","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Bylo p\u0159edstaveno beta vyd\u00e1n\u00ed distribuce AlmaLinux 9, postaven\u00e9 s vyu\u017eit\u00edm bal\u00ed\u010dk\u016f z v\u011btve Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 a obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed v\u0161echny navr\u017een\u00e9 zm\u011bny tohoto vyd\u00e1n\u00ed. Sestaven\u00ed jsou p\u0159ipravena pro architektury x86_64, ARM64, s390x a ppc64le ve form\u011b zav\u00e1d\u011bc\u00edho (780 MB), minim\u00e1ln\u00edho (1,7 GB) a pln\u00e9ho obrazu (8 GB). Vyd\u00e1n\u00ed RHEL 9 a AlmaLinux 9 se o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 na za\u010d\u00e1tku kv\u011btna.    <\/p>\n<p>Distribuce je funkcionalitou shodn\u00e1 s RHEL, s v\u00fdjimkou zm\u011bn spojen\u00fdch s rebrandingem a odstran\u011bn\u00ed specifick\u00fdch bal\u00ed\u010dk\u016f pro RHEL, jako jsou redhat-*, insights-client a subscription-manager-migration*. AlmaLinux je zdarma pro v\u0161echny u\u017eivatele, vyv\u00edj\u00ed se s pomoc\u00ed komunity a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 model \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed podobn\u00fd organizaci projektu Fedora. Tv\u016frci AlmaLinux se sna\u017eili dos\u00e1hnout optim\u00e1ln\u00ed rovnov\u00e1hy mezi podnikatelskou podporou a z\u00e1jmy komunity - na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b je k v\u00fdvoji zapojena spole\u010dnost CloudLinux, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 bohat\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti s podporou fork\u016f RHEL, a na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b je projekt transparentn\u00ed a pod kontrolou komunity.     <\/p>\n<p>Distribuce AlmaLinux je zalo\u017eena firmou CloudLinux, kter\u00e1, a\u010dkoliv zapojila sv\u00e9 zdroje a v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159e, p\u0159edala projekt samostatn\u00e9 neziskov\u00e9 organizaci AlmaLinux OS Foundation pro v\u00fdvoj na neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed platform\u011b s \u00fa\u010dast\u00ed komunity. Na rozvoj projektu je vy\u010dlen\u011bno milion dolar\u016f ro\u010dn\u011b. V\u0161echny pr\u00e1ce AlmaLinux jsou publikov\u00e1ny pod svobodn\u00fdmi licencemi.     <\/p>\n<p>Hlavn\u00ed zm\u011bny v AlmaLinux 9 a RHEL 9 ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s v\u011btv\u00ed RHEL 8:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Bylo aktualizov\u00e1no syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed a n\u00e1stroje pro sestavov\u00e1n\u00ed. Pro sestavov\u00e1n\u00ed bal\u00ed\u010dk\u016f byl vyu\u017eit GCC 11. Standardn\u00ed C knihovna byla aktualizov\u00e1na na glibc 2.34. Bal\u00ed\u010dek s j\u00e1drem Linux je postaven na z\u00e1klad\u011b vyd\u00e1n\u00ed 5.14. Spr\u00e1vce bal\u00ed\u010dk\u016f RPM byl aktualizov\u00e1n na verzi 4.16 s podporou kontroly integrity pomoc\u00ed fapolicyd.  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla dokon\u010dena migrace distribuce na Python 3. V\u00fdchoz\u00ed verze je Python 3.9. Dod\u00e1vky Python 2 byly ukon\u010deny.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">  Pracovn\u00ed plocha je postavena na GNOME 40 (v RHEL 8 byl dod\u00e1v\u00e1n GNOME 3.28) a knihovn\u011b GTK 4. V GNOME 40 jsou virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed pracovn\u00ed plochy v re\u017eimu p\u0159ehledu (Activities Overview) p\u0159evedeny na horizont\u00e1ln\u00ed orientaci a zobrazeny jako nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u011b proch\u00e1zen\u00fd \u0159et\u011bzec zleva doprava. Na ka\u017ed\u00e9 pracovn\u00ed plo\u0161e, kter\u00e1 se zobrazuje v re\u017eimu p\u0159ehledu, jsou n\u00e1zorn\u011b p\u0159edstaveny otev\u0159en\u00e9 okna, pro kter\u00e1 je aplikov\u00e1no dynamick\u00e9 posouv\u00e1n\u00ed a p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed p\u0159i interakci u\u017eivatele. Je zaji\u0161t\u011bn plynul\u00fd p\u0159echod mezi seznamem program\u016f a virtu\u00e1ln\u00edmi pracovn\u00edmi plochami.  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> V GNOME je vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n zpracovatel power-profiles-daemon, kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje p\u0159ep\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed mezi re\u017eimem \u00faspory energie, re\u017eimem vyv\u00e1\u017een\u00e9 spot\u0159eby energie a re\u017eimem maxim\u00e1ln\u00edho v\u00fdkonu na vy\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed.     <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> V\u0161echny zvukov\u00e9 toky byly p\u0159evedeny na multimedi\u00e1ln\u00ed server PipeWire, kter\u00fd je nyn\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n jako v\u00fdchoz\u00ed m\u00edsto PulseAudio a JACK. Pou\u017eit\u00ed PipeWire umo\u017e\u0148uje v b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 desktopov\u00e9 edici poskytnout mo\u017enosti profesion\u00e1ln\u00edho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed zvuku, odstranit fragmentaci a zjednotit zvukovou infrastrukturu pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 aplikace.      <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Ve v\u00fdchoz\u00edm nastaven\u00ed je skryto zav\u00e1d\u011bc\u00ed menu GRUB, pokud je RHEL jedinou nainstalovanou distribuc\u00ed v syst\u00e9mu a pokud minul\u00fd start prob\u011bhl bez probl\u00e9m\u016f. Pro zobrazen\u00ed menu b\u011bhem spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed sta\u010d\u00ed podr\u017eet kl\u00e1vesu Shift nebo n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t stisknout kl\u00e1vesu Esc nebo F8. Mezi zm\u011bnami v zav\u00e1d\u011b\u010di je tak\u00e9 um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed konfigura\u010dn\u00edch soubor\u016f GRUB pro v\u0161echny architektury v jednom adres\u00e1\u0159i \/boot\/grub2\/ (soubor \/boot\/efi\/EFI\/redhat\/grub.cfg je nyn\u00ed symbolick\u00fdm odkazem na \/boot\/grub2\/grub.cfg), tzn. stejn\u00fd nainstalovan\u00fd syst\u00e9m lze spou\u0161t\u011bt jak pomoc\u00ed EFI, tak BIOS.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Komponenty pro podporu r\u016fzn\u00fdch jazyk\u016f jsou rozd\u011bleny do bal\u00ed\u010dk\u016f langpacks, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed variabiln\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 jazykov\u00e9 podpory. Nap\u0159\u00edklad bal\u00ed\u010dek langpacks-core-font nab\u00edz\u00ed pouze p\u00edsma, bal\u00ed\u010dek langpacks-core poskytuje lokalizaci pro glibc, z\u00e1kladn\u00ed p\u00edsmo a vstupn\u00ed metodu, zat\u00edmco v bal\u00ed\u010dku langpacks jsou nab\u00eddnuty p\u0159eklady, dal\u0161\u00ed p\u00edsma a slovn\u00edky pro kontrolu pravopisu.      <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Byly aktualizov\u00e1ny komponenty zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost. V distribuci je zapojena nov\u00e1 v\u011btev kryptografick\u00e9 knihovny OpenSSL 3.0. Ve v\u00fdchoz\u00edm nastaven\u00ed jsou zahrnuty modern\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a spolehliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kryptografick\u00e9 algoritmy (nap\u0159\u00edklad je zak\u00e1z\u00e1no pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed SHA-1 v TLS, DTLS, SSH, IKEv2 a Kerberos, byly deaktivov\u00e1ny TLS 1.0, TLS 1.1, DTLS 1.0, RC4, Camellia, DSA, 3DES a FFDHE-1024). Bal\u00ed\u010dek OpenSSH byl aktualizov\u00e1n na verzi 8.6p1. Cyrus SASL byl p\u0159eveden na backend GDBM m\u00edsto Berkeley DB. V knihovn\u00e1ch NSS (Network Security Services) byla ukon\u010dena podpora form\u00e1tu DBM (Berkeley DB). GnuTLS byl aktualizov\u00e1n na verzi 3.7.2.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> V\u00fdrazn\u011b byla zv\u00fd\u0161ena v\u00fdkonnost SELinux a sn\u00ed\u017eena spot\u0159eba pam\u011bti. V \/etc\/selinux\/config byla odstran\u011bna podpora pro nastaven\u00ed \u201eSELINUX=disabled\u201c k vypnut\u00ed SELinux (uveden\u00e9 nastaven\u00ed nyn\u00ed pouze vyp\u00edn\u00e1 na\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed politik, a pro skute\u010dn\u00e9 vypnut\u00ed funk\u010dnosti SELinux je nyn\u00ed pot\u0159eba p\u0159edat j\u00e1dru parametr \u201eselinux=0\u201c).    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed podpora <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/vpn\/\"   title=\"VPN\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"208\">VPN<\/a> WireGuard.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Ve v\u00fdchoz\u00edm nastaven\u00ed je zak\u00e1z\u00e1n p\u0159\u00edstup p\u0159es SSH pod u\u017eivatelsk\u00fdm \u00fa\u010dtem root.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Byly ozna\u010deny za zastaral\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje pro spr\u00e1vu filtr\u016f bal\u00ed\u010dk\u016f iptables-nft (n\u00e1stroje iptables, ip6tables, ebtables a arptables) a ipset. Pro spr\u00e1vu firewallu se nyn\u00ed doporu\u010duje pou\u017e\u00edvat nftables.      <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Byl zahrnut nov\u00fd d\u00e9mon mptcpd pro konfiguraci MPTCP (MultiPath TCP), roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed protokolu TCP pro organizaci provozu TCP spojen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee doru\u010dovat pakety sou\u010dasn\u011b po n\u011bkolika cest\u00e1ch p\u0159es r\u016fzn\u00e9 s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9 rozhran\u00ed, v\u00e1zan\u00e1 na r\u016fzn\u00e9 IP adresy. Pou\u017eit\u00ed mptcpd usnad\u0148uje nastaven\u00ed MPTCP bez pou\u017eit\u00ed n\u00e1stroje iproute2.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Byl odstran\u011bn bal\u00ed\u010dek network-scripts, pro konfiguraci s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00fdch p\u0159ipojen\u00ed se doporu\u010duje pou\u017e\u00edvat NetworkManager. Podpora form\u00e1tu nastaven\u00ed ifcfg byla zachov\u00e1na, ale NetworkManager ve v\u00fdchoz\u00edm nastaven\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 form\u00e1t na z\u00e1klad\u011b souboru keyfile.          <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Byly zahrnuty nov\u00e9 verze kompil\u00e1tor\u016f a n\u00e1stroj\u016f pro v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159e: GCC 11.2, LLVM\/Clang 12.0.1, Rust 1.54, Go 1.16.6, Node.js 16, OpenJDK 17, Perl 5.32, PHP 8.0, Python 3.9, Ruby 3.0, Git 2.31, Subversion 1.14, binutils 2.35, CMake 3.20.2, Maven 3.6, Ant 1.10.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Byly aktualizov\u00e1ny serverov\u00e9 bal\u00ed\u010dky Apache HTTP Server 2.4.48, nginx 1.20, Varnish Cache 6.5, Squid 5.1.  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Byly aktualizov\u00e1ny datab\u00e1zov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my MariaDB 10.5, MySQL 8.0, PostgreSQL 13, Redis 6.2.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Pro sestaven\u00ed emul\u00e1toru QEMU je ve v\u00fdchoz\u00edm nastaven\u00ed pou\u017eit Clang, co\u017e umo\u017enilo uplatnit v hypervizoru KVM n\u011bkter\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed mechanismy ochrany, jako je SafeStack, pro ochranu proti exploita\u010dn\u00edm metod\u00e1m zalo\u017een\u00fdm na n\u00e1vratov\u011b orientovan\u00e9m programov\u00e1n\u00ed (ROP - Return-Oriented Programming).        <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> V SSSD (System Security Services Daemon) byla zv\u00fd\u0161ena \u00farove\u0148 podrobnosti log\u016f, nap\u0159\u00edklad k ud\u00e1lostem je nyn\u00ed p\u0159ipojeno \u010dasov\u00e9 raz\u00edtko ukon\u010den\u00ed \u00falohy a odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed se tok autentizace. Byly p\u0159id\u00e1ny funkce vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed pro anal\u00fdzu probl\u00e9m\u016f s nastaven\u00edm a v\u00fdkonem.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ena podpora IMA (Integrity Measurement Architecture) pro kontrolu integrity komponent opera\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu pomoc\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00edch podpis\u016f a hash\u016f.      <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Ve v\u00fdchoz\u00edm nastaven\u00ed je nasazena jednotn\u00e1 unifikovan\u00e1 hierarchie cgroup (cgroup v2). Cgroups v2 lze pou\u017e\u00edt nap\u0159\u00edklad k omezen\u00ed spot\u0159eby pam\u011bti, CPU a I\/O zdroj\u016f. Hlavn\u00edm rozd\u00edlem cgroups v2 od v1 je pou\u017eit\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00e9 hierarchie cgroups pro v\u0161echny typy zdroj\u016f m\u00edsto odd\u011blen\u00fdch hierarchi\u00ed pro rozd\u011blen\u00ed zdroj\u016f CPU, pro regulaci spot\u0159eby pam\u011bti a pro I\/O. Odd\u011blen\u00e9 hierarchie vedly k obt\u00ed\u017e\u00edm p\u0159i organizaci interakc\u00ed mezi zpracovateli a k dal\u0161\u00edmu zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed prost\u0159edk\u016f j\u00e1dra p\u0159i aplikaci pravidel na procesy zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 v r\u016fzn\u00fdch hierarchi\u00edch.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora synchronizace p\u0159esn\u00e9ho \u010dasu na z\u00e1klad\u011b protokolu NTS (Network Time Security), kter\u00fd vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 prvky infrastruktury ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch kl\u00ed\u010d\u016f (PKI) a umo\u017e\u0148uje pou\u017e\u00edvat TLS a autentizovan\u00e9 \u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed AEAD (Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data) pro kryptografickou ochranu interakce mezi klienty a <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/server\/dts-los-angeles\/\"   title=\"serveru\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"3807\">serveru<\/a> protokolem NTP (Network Time Protocol). NTP server chrony byl aktualizov\u00e1n na verzi 4.1.        <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla zaji\u0161t\u011bna experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed podpora KTLS (implementace TLS na \u00farovni j\u00e1dra), Intel SGX (Software Guard Extensions), DAX (Direct Access) pro ext4 a XFS, podpora AMD SEV a SEV-ES v hypervizoru KVM.            <\/li>\n<p>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=57048\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0431\u0435\u0442\u0430-\u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430 AlmaLinux 9, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440 x86_64, ARM64, s390x \u0438 ppc64le \u0432 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e (780 \u041c\u0411), \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e (1.7 \u0413\u0411) \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430 (8 \u0413\u0411). \u0420\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0437\u044b RHEL 9 \u0438 AlmaLinux 9 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