{"id":104644,"date":"2022-07-13T15:36:38","date_gmt":"2022-07-13T13:36:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/retbleed-novaya-ataka-na-mehanizm-spekulyativnogo-vypolneniya-cpu-intel-i-amd"},"modified":"2022-07-13T15:36:38","modified_gmt":"2022-07-13T13:36:38","slug":"retbleed-novaya-ataka-na-mehanizm-spekulyativnogo-vypolneniya-cpu-intel-i-amd","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/retbleed-novaya-ataka-na-mehanizm-spekulyativnogo-vypolneniya-cpu-intel-i-amd","title":{"rendered":"Retbleed \u2014 nov\u00e1 \u00fatok na mechanismus spekulativn\u00edho vykon\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed CPU Intel a AMD","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Skupina v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk\u016f z Cury\u0161sk\u00e9 technick\u00e9 univerzity objevila novou variantu \u00fatoku na mechanismus spekulativn\u00edho prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed nep\u0159\u00edm\u00fdch skok\u016f v CPU, kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje z\u00edskat informace z pam\u011bti j\u00e1dra nebo prov\u00e9st \u00fatok na hostitelsk\u00fd syst\u00e9m z virtu\u00e1ln\u00edch stroj\u016f. Zranitelnosti byly pojmenov\u00e1ny Retbleed (CVE-2022-29900, CVE-2022-29901) a jsou bl\u00edzk\u00e9 povahy \u00fatok\u016fm Spectre-v2. Rozd\u00edl spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v organizaci spekulativn\u00edho prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed libovoln\u00e9ho k\u00f3du p\u0159i zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed instrukce \u201eret\u201c (return), kter\u00e1 z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 adresu pro skok ze z\u00e1sobn\u00edku, m\u00edsto nep\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho skoku pomoc\u00ed instrukce \u201ejmp\u201c s na\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00edm adresy z pam\u011bti nebo registru CPU. <\/p>\n

\u00dato\u010dn\u00edk m\u016f\u017ee vytvo\u0159it podm\u00ednky pro nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9 p\u0159edpov\u011bzen\u00ed skoku a zorganizovat c\u00edlen\u00fd spekulativn\u00ed skok na blok k\u00f3du, kter\u00fd nen\u00ed zaji\u0161t\u011bn logikou prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed programu. Nakonec procesor vyhodnot\u00ed, \u017ee p\u0159edpov\u011bzen\u00ed v\u011btven\u00ed nebylo \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9, a vr\u00e1t\u00ed operaci do p\u016fvodn\u00edho stavu, ale data zpracovan\u00e1 b\u011bhem spekulativn\u00edho prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed z\u016fstanou v cache a mikroarchitektonick\u00fdch bufferech. Pokud chybn\u011b proveden\u00fd blok prov\u00e1d\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup k pam\u011bti, jeho spekulativn\u00ed prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed povede k ulo\u017een\u00ed v obvykl\u00e9m cache a dat, kter\u00e1 byla na\u010dtena z pam\u011bti. <\/p>\n

K ur\u010den\u00ed \u00fadaj\u016f, kter\u00e9 z\u016fstaly v cache po spekulativn\u00edm prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed operac\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee \u00fato\u010dn\u00edk vyu\u017e\u00edt metody ur\u010den\u00ed zbytkov\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f p\u0159es vedlej\u0161\u00ed kan\u00e1ly, nap\u0159\u00edklad analyzovat zm\u011bny v \u010dase p\u0159\u00edstupu k pro-cacheovan\u00fdm a nepro-cacheovan\u00fdm \u00fadaj\u016fm. Pro c\u00edlen\u00e9 z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed z oblast\u00ed na jin\u00e9 \u00farovni privilegovan\u00e9 (nap\u0159\u00edklad z pam\u011bti j\u00e1dra) se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed \u201egadgets\u201c \u2014 sekvence instrukc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9 v j\u00e1dru, kter\u00e9 jsou vhodn\u00e9 pro spekulativn\u00ed \u010dten\u00ed dat z pam\u011bti v z\u00e1vislosti na vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch, na kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee \u00fato\u010dn\u00edk p\u016fsobit. <\/p>\n

Pro ochranu p\u0159ed klasick\u00fdmi \u00fatoky typu Spectre, kter\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed instrukce podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch a nep\u0159\u00edm\u00fdch skok\u016f, v\u011bt\u0161ina opera\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 techniku \u201eretpoline\u201c, kter\u00e1 spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 ve v\u00fdm\u011bn\u011b operac\u00ed nep\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho skoku za instrukci \u201eret\u201c, pro kterou procesory pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed samostatnou predikci stavu z\u00e1sobn\u00edku, kter\u00e1 nevyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 blok predikce skok\u016f. P\u0159i zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed retpoline v roce 2018 se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dalo, \u017ee man\u00e9vry s adresami podobn\u00e9 t\u011bm ve Spectre nejsou v praxi pou\u017eiteln\u00e9 pro spekulativn\u00ed skok pomoc\u00ed instrukce \u201eret\u201c. <\/p>\n

V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci, kte\u0159\u00ed vyvinuli metodu \u00fatoku Retbleed, demonstrovali mo\u017enost vytvo\u0159en\u00ed mikroarchitektonick\u00fdch podm\u00ednek pro iniciaci spekulativn\u00edho skoku pomoc\u00ed instrukce \u201eret\u201c a publikovali hotov\u00fd n\u00e1stroj pro identifikaci v j\u00e1d\u0159e Linuxu vhodn\u00fdch sekvenc\u00ed instrukc\u00ed (gadgets), ve kter\u00fdch se projevuj\u00ed podobn\u00e9 podm\u00ednky. <\/p>\n

B\u011bhem v\u00fdzkumu byl p\u0159ipraven pracovn\u00ed exploit, kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje na syst\u00e9mech s CPU Intel extrahovat libovoln\u00e1 data z pam\u011bti j\u00e1dra rychlost\u00ed 219 bajt\u016f za sekundu a s p\u0159esnost\u00ed 98 % z nep\u0159\u00edstupn\u00e9ho procesu v u\u017eivatelsk\u00e9m prostoru. Na procesorech AMD je efektivita exploit\u016f mnohem vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u2014 rychlost \u00faniku dosahuje 3,9 kB za sekundu. Jako praktick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad je uk\u00e1z\u00e1no, jak pomoc\u00ed navr\u017een\u00e9ho exploitu ur\u010dit obsah souboru \/etc\/shadow. Na syst\u00e9mech s CPU Intel byla \u00fatok pro ur\u010den\u00ed hash hesla u\u017eivatele root proveden za 28 minut, zat\u00edmco na syst\u00e9mech s CPU AMD za 6 minut.

\r\n \"P\u0159ehr\u00e1t\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center> <\/p>\n

Mo\u017enost proveden\u00ed \u00fatoku byla potvrzena pro 6-8 generac\u00ed procesor\u016f Intel, kter\u00e9 byly vyr\u00e1b\u011bny do 3. \u010dtvrtlet\u00ed 2019 (v\u010detn\u011b Skylake), a procesor\u016f AMD na b\u00e1zi mikroarchitektur Zen 1, Zen 1+ a Zen 2, kter\u00e9 byly vyr\u00e1b\u011bny do druh\u00e9ho \u010dtvrtlet\u00ed 2021. U nov\u011bj\u0161\u00edch model\u016f procesor\u016f, jako jsou AMD Zen3 a Intel Alder Lake, stejn\u011b jako u procesor\u016f ARM, je probl\u00e9m blokov\u00e1n existuj\u00edc\u00edmi ochrann\u00fdmi mechanismy. Nap\u0159\u00edklad pou\u017eit\u00ed instrukc\u00ed IBRS (Indirect Branch Restricted Speculation) pom\u00e1h\u00e1 chr\u00e1nit proti \u00fatoku. <\/p>\n

Pro j\u00e1dro Linux a hypervisor Xen byl p\u0159ipraven soubor zm\u011bn, kter\u00fd na star\u0161\u00edch CPU blokuje probl\u00e9m softwarov\u011b. Navr\u017een\u00fd patch pro j\u00e1dro Linux m\u011bn\u00ed 68 soubor\u016f, p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 1783 \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f a odeb\u00edr\u00e1 387 \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f. Bohu\u017eel ochrana vede k v\u00fdrazn\u00fdm re\u017eijn\u00edm n\u00e1klad\u016fm \u2014 ve vykonan\u00fdch testech na procesorech AMD a Intel se pokles v\u00fdkonu odhaduje v rozmez\u00ed od 14 % do 39 %. Preferovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je pou\u017eit\u00ed ochrany na z\u00e1klad\u011b instrukc\u00ed IBRS, kter\u00e9 jsou dostupn\u00e9 v nov\u00fdch generac\u00edch CPU Intel a jsou podporov\u00e1ny od j\u00e1dra Linux 4.19. <\/p>\n

Na procesorech Intel je substituce adresy pro spekulativn\u00ed nep\u0159\u00edm\u00fd skok prov\u00e1d\u011bna d\u00edky zvl\u00e1\u0161tnosti, je\u017e se projevuje p\u0159i p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00ed skrze doln\u00ed hranici (underflow) v bufferu predikce obsahu z\u00e1sobn\u00edku (Return Stack Buffer). P\u0159i vzniku takov\u00fdch podm\u00ednek pro instrukci \u201eret\u201c se za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 pou\u017e\u00edvat logika v\u00fdb\u011bru adresy, kter\u00e1 je podobn\u00e1 t\u00e9, je\u017e se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159i b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch nep\u0159\u00edm\u00fdch skoc\u00edch. V j\u00e1d\u0159e Linux bylo nalezeno v\u00edce ne\u017e tis\u00edc m\u00edst, kter\u00e1 vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed podm\u00ednky pro iniciaci takov\u00e9ho zp\u011btn\u00e9ho p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00ed a jsou p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00e1 prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm syst\u00e9mov\u00fdch vol\u00e1n\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Na procesorech AMD je spekulativn\u00ed prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed instrukce \u201eret\u201c realizov\u00e1no bez vazby na specifick\u00fd buffer z\u00e1sobn\u00edku (Return Address Stack) a blok predikce skok\u016f pova\u017euje instrukci \u201eret\u201c nikoliv jako n\u00e1vrat \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, ale jako nep\u0159\u00edm\u00fd skok, a tud\u00ed\u017e pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pro predikci data pro nep\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 skoky. Za takov\u00fdch podm\u00ednek m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt prakticky jak\u00e1koli operace \u201eret\u201c, kter\u00e1 je dosa\u017eiteln\u00e1 p\u0159es syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 vol\u00e1n\u00ed, pou\u017eita pro exploitaci. <\/p>\n

Krom\u011b toho byla u CPU AMD odhalena dal\u0161\u00ed chyba (CVE-2022-23825, Branch Type Confusion), kter\u00e1 souvis\u00ed s prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00edm fiktivn\u00edch skok\u016f \u2014 podm\u00ednky pro p\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f skoku mohou vznikat i bez pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch pokyn\u016f pro v\u011btven\u00ed, co\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje ovlivnit buffer pro p\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f skok\u016f bez pokynu \u201eret\u201c. Tato vlastnost zna\u010dn\u011b zt\u011b\u017euje implementaci ochrany a vy\u017eaduje aktivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed bufferu p\u0159edpov\u011bdi skok\u016f. O\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 se, \u017ee zaveden\u00ed \u00fapln\u00e9 ochrany do j\u00e1dra povede k n\u00e1r\u016fstu re\u017eijn\u00edch n\u00e1klad\u016f o 209%.
\n
Zdroj: opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0413\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0428\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0426\u044e\u0440\u0438\u0445\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0432 CPU, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442-\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d. \u0423\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u044f Retbleed (CVE-2022-29900, CVE-2022-29901) \u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043c Spectre-v2. \u041e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-104644","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Retbleed \u2014 nov\u00fd \u00fatok na mechanismus spekulativn\u00edho prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed CPU Intel a AMD | ProHoster","description":"Skupina v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk\u016f ze \u0160v\u00fdcarsk\u00e9 feder\u00e1ln\u00ed technologick\u00e9 \u0161koly v Curychu objevila nov\u00fd typ \u00fatoku na mechanismus spekulativn\u00edho prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed nep\u0159\u00edm\u00fdch skok\u016f v CPU, kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje extrakci informac\u00ed z pam\u011bti j\u00e1dra.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/retbleed-novaya-ataka-na-mehanizm-spekulyativnogo-vypolneniya-cpu-intel-i-amd","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"cs_CZ","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47Retbleed \u2014 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c 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