{"id":104906,"date":"2022-08-21T15:36:41","date_gmt":"2022-08-21T13:36:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/vypusk-standartnoj-si-biblioteki-cosmopolitan-2-0-razvivaemoj-dlya-perenosimyh-ispolnyaemyh-fajlov"},"modified":"2022-08-21T15:36:41","modified_gmt":"2022-08-21T13:36:41","slug":"vypusk-standartnoj-si-biblioteki-cosmopolitan-2-0-razvivaemoj-dlya-perenosimyh-ispolnyaemyh-fajlov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/vypusk-standartnoj-si-biblioteki-cosmopolitan-2-0-razvivaemoj-dlya-perenosimyh-ispolnyaemyh-fajlov","title":{"rendered":"Vyd\u00e1n\u00ed standardn\u00ed C knihovny Cosmopolitan 2.0, vyv\u00edjen\u00e9 pro p\u0159enositeln\u00e9 spustiteln\u00e9 soubory","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Byla vyd\u00e1na verze projektu Cosmopolitan 2.0, kter\u00e1 rozv\u00edj\u00ed standardn\u00ed C knihovnu a univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed form\u00e1t spustiteln\u00fdch soubor\u016f, kter\u00fd lze vyu\u017e\u00edt pro distribuci program\u016f na r\u016fzn\u00fdch opera\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9mech bez pou\u017eit\u00ed interpretr\u016f a virtu\u00e1ln\u00edch stroj\u016f. V\u00fdsledek z\u00edskan\u00fd pomoc\u00ed kompilace v GCC a Clang se spoj\u00ed do staticky linkovan\u00e9ho univerz\u00e1ln\u00edho spustiteln\u00e9ho souboru, kter\u00fd je vhodn\u00fd pro spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed na jak\u00e9mkoli distribuci Linuxu, macOS, Windows, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD a dokonce i pro spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed z BIOSu. K\u00f3d projektu je \u0161\u00ed\u0159en pod licenc\u00ed ISC (zjednodu\u0161en\u00e1 varianta MIT\/BSD).         <\/p>\n<p>N\u00e1doba pro vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed univerz\u00e1ln\u00edch spustiteln\u00fdch soubor\u016f je zalo\u017eena na kombinaci segment\u016f a z\u00e1hlav\u00ed specifick\u00fdch pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 opera\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9my (PE, ELF, MACHO, OPENBSD) v jednom souboru, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e kombinuje n\u011bkolik r\u016fzn\u00fdch form\u00e1t\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch v Unixu, Windows a macOS. Pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed spou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed jednoho spustiteln\u00e9ho souboru v syst\u00e9mech Windows a Unix se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 trik souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s k\u00f3dov\u00e1n\u00edm soubor\u016f Windows PE ve form\u011b shell skriptu, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e se vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 toho, \u017ee Thompson Shell nepou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 skriptov\u00fd marker &#171;#!&#187;. Pro vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed program\u016f, kter\u00e9 zahrnuj\u00ed v\u00edce soubor\u016f (komponov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161ech zdroj\u016f do jednoho souboru), je podporov\u00e1no vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed spustiteln\u00e9ho souboru jako speci\u00e1ln\u011b form\u00e1tovan\u00e9ho ZIP archivu. Sch\u00e9ma navr\u017een\u00e9ho form\u00e1tu (p\u0159\u00edklad aplikace hello.com):        <\/p>\n<p>     MZqFpD=&#8217;     BIOS BOOT SECTOR&#8217;     exec 7 $(command -v $0)     printf &#8216;&#092;177ELF&#8230;LINKER-ENCODED-FREEBSD-HEADER&#8217; &gt;&#038;7     exec &#171;$0&#187; &#171;$@&#187;     exec qemu-x86_64 &#171;$0&#187; &#171;$@&#187;     exit 1     REAL MODE&#8230;     ELF SEGMENTS&#8230;     OPENBSD NOTE&#8230;     MACHO HEADERS&#8230;     CODE AND DATA&#8230;     ZIP DIRECTORY&#8230;      <\/p>\n<p>Na za\u010d\u00e1tku souboru je uvedena zna\u010dka &#171;MZqFpD&#187;, kter\u00e1 je vn\u00edm\u00e1na jako z\u00e1hlav\u00ed form\u00e1tu Windows PE. Tato sekvence je rovn\u011b\u017e dek\u00f3dov\u00e1na do instrukce &#171;pop %r10 ; jno 0x4a ; jo 0x4a&#187;, a \u0159et\u011bzec &#171;&#092;177ELF&#187; do instrukce &#171;jg 0x47&#187;, kter\u00e9 jsou pou\u017eity pro p\u0159esm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed na vstupn\u00ed bod. V unixov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech se vykon\u00e1v\u00e1 shell k\u00f3d, ve kter\u00e9m je pou\u017eita p\u0159\u00edkaz exec s p\u0159ed\u00e1n\u00edm spustiteln\u00e9ho k\u00f3du prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm nepojmenovan\u00e9ho kan\u00e1lu. Omezen\u00edm navr\u017een\u00e9 metody je mo\u017enost spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed v unixov\u00fdch opera\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9mech pouze s pou\u017eit\u00edm shell\u016f, kter\u00e9 podporuj\u00ed re\u017eim kompatibility s Thompson Shell.       <\/p>\n<p>Vol\u00e1n\u00ed qemu-x86_64 je ur\u010deno k zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159enositelnosti a umo\u017e\u0148uje prov\u00e1d\u011bt k\u00f3d zkompilovan\u00fd pro architekturu x86_64 na platform\u00e1ch odli\u0161n\u00fdch od x86, nap\u0159\u00edklad na desk\u00e1ch Raspberry Pi a za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch Apple vybaven\u00fdch procesory ARM. Projekt m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt tak\u00e9 pou\u017eit k vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed samostatn\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 funguj\u00ed bez opera\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu (bare metal). V takov\u00fdch aplikac\u00edch je k spustiteln\u00e9mu souboru p\u0159ipojen zav\u00e1d\u011bc\u00ed program a program funguje jako zav\u00e1d\u011bc\u00ed opera\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m.         <\/p>\n<p>Ve vyv\u00edjen\u00e9 standardn\u00ed C knihovn\u011b libc je navr\u017eeno 2024 funkc\u00ed (v prvn\u00edm vyd\u00e1n\u00ed bylo p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1400 funkc\u00ed). Z hlediska v\u00fdkonu Cosmopolitan funguje stejn\u011b rychle jako glibc a v\u00fdrazn\u011b p\u0159ekon\u00e1v\u00e1 Musl a Newlib, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e Cosmopolitan m\u00e1 o \u0159\u00e1d men\u0161\u00ed velikost k\u00f3du ne\u017e glibc a p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b odpov\u00edd\u00e1 Musl a Newlib. Pro optimalizaci \u010dasto volan\u00fdch funkc\u00ed, jako jsou memcpy a strlen, se nav\u00edc pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 technika &#171;trickle-down performance&#187;, p\u0159i kter\u00e9 je k vol\u00e1n\u00ed funkce pou\u017eit makro-wrapper, v n\u011bm\u017e je kompil\u00e1tor informov\u00e1n o registrech CPU zapojen\u00fdch do prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed k\u00f3du, co\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje \u0161et\u0159it zdroje p\u0159i zachov\u00e1n\u00ed stavu CPU d\u00edky uchov\u00e1n\u00ed pouze m\u011bniteln\u00fdch registr\u016f.    <\/p>\n<p>Mezi zm\u011bnami v nov\u00e9m vyd\u00e1n\u00ed:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla zm\u011bn\u011bna sch\u00e9ma p\u0159\u00edstupu k vnit\u0159n\u00edm zdroj\u016fm uvnit\u0159 zip souboru (p\u0159i otev\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed soubor\u016f se nyn\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 cesty \/zip\/... m\u00edsto p\u0159\u00edstupu p\u0159es prefix zip:..). Podobn\u011b byl pro p\u0159\u00edstup k disk\u016fm ve Windows umo\u017en\u011bn p\u0159\u00edstup pomoc\u00ed cest typu \u201e\/c\/...\u201c m\u00edsto \u201eC:\/...\u201c.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byl navr\u017een nov\u00fd zav\u00e1d\u011bc\u00ed program APE (Actually Portable Executable), kter\u00fd ur\u010duje form\u00e1t univerz\u00e1ln\u00edch spustiteln\u00fdch soubor\u016f. Nov\u00fd zav\u00e1d\u011bc\u00ed program pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 mmap k um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed programu v pam\u011bti a ji\u017e nezm\u011b\u0148uje obsah za b\u011bhu. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pot\u0159eby m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed spustiteln\u00fd soubor p\u0159eveden na b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 spustiteln\u00e9 soubory v\u00e1zan\u00e9 na jednotliv\u00e9 platformy.\n<li class=\"l\"> Na platform\u011b Linux byla implementov\u00e1na mo\u017enost pou\u017eit\u00ed j\u00e1drov\u00e9ho modulu binfmt_misc pro spou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed APE program\u016f. Pou\u017eit\u00ed binfmt_misc se pova\u017euje za nejrychlej\u0161\u00ed metodu spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pro Linux byla navr\u017eena implementace syst\u00e9mov\u00fdch vol\u00e1n\u00ed pledge() a unveil(), kter\u00e9 vyv\u00edj\u00ed projekt OpenBSD. Bylo poskytnuto API pro pou\u017eit\u00ed t\u011bchto vol\u00e1n\u00ed v programech v jazyc\u00edch C, C++, Python a Redbean, stejn\u011b jako n\u00e1stroj pledge.com pro izolaci libovoln\u00fdch proces\u016f.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pro sestaven\u00ed byla pou\u017eita utilita Landlock Make \u2014 edice GNU Make s p\u0159\u00edsn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kontrolou z\u00e1vislost\u00ed a vyu\u017eit\u00edm syst\u00e9mov\u00e9ho vol\u00e1n\u00ed Landlock pro izolaci programu od zbytku syst\u00e9mu a zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed efektivity cachov\u00e1n\u00ed. Jako mo\u017enost byla zachov\u00e1na mo\u017enost sestaven\u00ed i b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm GNU Make.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byly implementov\u00e1ny funkce pro v\u00edcetr\u017een\u00ed \u2014 _spawn() a _join(), p\u0159edstavuj\u00edc\u00ed univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed ob\u00e1lky nad specifick\u00fdmi API r\u016fzn\u00fdch opera\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f. Rovn\u011b\u017e se pracuje na implementaci podpory POSIX Threads.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla poskytnuta mo\u017enost pou\u017eit\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9ho slova _Thread_local pro vyu\u017eit\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch \u00falo\u017ei\u0161\u0165 pro ka\u017ed\u00fd vl\u00e1kno (TLS, Thread-Local Storage). Ve v\u00fdchoz\u00edm nastaven\u00ed C runtime inicializuje TLS pro hlavn\u00ed vl\u00e1kno, co\u017e vedlo ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed minim\u00e1ln\u00ed velikosti spustiteln\u00e9ho souboru z 12 na 16 kB.\n<li class=\"l\"> Do spustiteln\u00fdch soubor\u016f byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora parametr\u016f \u201e--ftrace\u201c a \u201e--strace\u201c pro v\u00fdstup do stderr informac\u00ed o v\u0161ech vol\u00e1n\u00edch funkc\u00ed a syst\u00e9mov\u00fdch vol\u00e1n\u00edch.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora syst\u00e9mov\u00e9ho vol\u00e1n\u00ed closefrom(), kter\u00e9 je podporov\u00e1no v Linuxu 5.9+, FreeBSD 8+ a OpenBSD.\n<li class=\"l\"> Na platform\u011b Linux byla a\u017e 10kr\u00e1t zv\u00fd\u0161ena v\u00fdkonnost vol\u00e1n\u00ed clock_gettime a gettimeofday d\u00edky pou\u017eit\u00ed mechanismu vDSO (virtual dynamic shared object), kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje p\u0159esunout zpracovatele syst\u00e9mov\u00e9ho vol\u00e1n\u00ed do u\u017eivatelsk\u00e9ho prostoru a vyhnout se p\u0159ep\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed kontextu.\n<li class=\"l\"> Z knihovny Musl byly p\u0159eneseny matematick\u00e9 funkce pro pr\u00e1ci se slo\u017een\u00fdmi \u010d\u00edsly. Byla zrychlena pr\u00e1ce mnoha matematick\u00fdch funkc\u00ed.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla navr\u017eena funkce nointernet(), kter\u00e1 deaktivuje s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9 mo\u017enosti.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byly p\u0159id\u00e1ny nov\u00e9 funkce pro efektivn\u00ed p\u0159ipojen\u00ed \u0159et\u011bzc\u016f: appendd, appendf, appendr, appends, appendw, appendz, kappendf, kvappendf a vappendf.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e1 varianta rodiny funkc\u00ed kprintf(), ur\u010den\u00e1 pro pr\u00e1ci p\u0159i zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdch opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00edch.\n<li class=\"l\"> V\u00fdznamn\u011b byla zv\u00fd\u0161ena v\u00fdkonnost implementac\u00ed <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/ssl-sertifikat\/\"   title=\"SSL\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"2309\">SSL<\/a>, SHA, curve25519 a RSA.      <\/ul>\n<p>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=57663\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 Cosmopolitan 2.0, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0421\u0438-\u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 GCC \u0438 Clang \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 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