{"id":104923,"date":"2022-08-25T09:36:47","date_gmt":"2022-08-25T07:36:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/yadru-linux-ispolnilsya-31-god"},"modified":"2022-08-25T09:36:47","modified_gmt":"2022-08-25T07:36:47","slug":"yadru-linux-ispolnilsya-31-god","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/yadru-linux-ispolnilsya-31-god","title":{"rendered":"J\u00e1dru Linux je 31 let","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>25. srpna 1991, po p\u011bti m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch v\u00fdvoje, 21let\u00fd student Linus Torvalds ozn\u00e1mil na konferenci comp.os.minix vytvo\u0159en\u00ed funk\u010dn\u00edho prototypu nov\u00e9ho opera\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu Linux, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e bylo ozn\u00e1meno dokon\u010den\u00ed portov\u00e1n\u00ed bash 1.08 a gcc 1.40. Prvn\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 vyd\u00e1n\u00ed j\u00e1dra Linux bylo p\u0159edstaveno 17. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed. J\u00e1dro 0.0.1 m\u011blo velikost 62 kB ve zkomprimovan\u00e9 podob\u011b a obsahovalo p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 10 tis\u00edc \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f zdrojov\u00e9ho k\u00f3du. Modern\u00ed j\u00e1dro Linux m\u00e1 v\u00edce ne\u017e 30 milion\u016f \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du. Podle studie proveden\u00e9 v roce 2010 na objedn\u00e1vku Evropsk\u00e9 unie by p\u0159ibli\u017en\u00e9 n\u00e1klady na v\u00fdvoj projektu podobn\u00e9ho modern\u00edmu j\u00e1dru Linux p\u0159esahovaly miliardu dolar\u016f (odhad byl proveden, kdy\u017e m\u011blo j\u00e1dro 13 milion\u016f \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du), podle jin\u00fdch odhad\u016f v\u00edce ne\u017e 3 miliardy.    <\/p>\n<p>J\u00e1dro Linux bylo vytvo\u0159eno pod vlivem opera\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu MINIX, kter\u00fd Linuse nespokojoval svou omezenou licenc\u00ed. Pozd\u011bji, kdy\u017e se Linux stal zn\u00e1m\u00fdm projektem, jeho nep\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9 se sna\u017eili obvinit Linuse z p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho kop\u00edrov\u00e1n\u00ed k\u00f3du n\u011bkter\u00fdch subsyst\u00e9m\u016f MINIX. \u00datok odrazil Andrew Tanenbaum, autor MINIX, kter\u00fd p\u0159ik\u00e1zal jednomu ze student\u016f prov\u00e9st podrobnou anal\u00fdzu k\u00f3du mezi MINIX a prvn\u00edch ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch verz\u00ed Linuxu. V\u00fdsledky v\u00fdzkumu uk\u00e1zaly pouze \u010dty\u0159i nev\u00fdznamn\u00e1 shodn\u00e1 m\u00edsta v k\u00f3du, dan\u00e1 po\u017eadavky POSIX a ANSI C.    <\/p>\n<p>P\u016fvodn\u011b Linus pl\u00e1noval pojmenovat j\u00e1dro Freax, od slov \u201efree\u201c, \u201efreak\u201c a X (Unix). Ale jm\u00e9no \u201eLinux\u201c j\u00e1dro z\u00edskalo z\u00e1sluhou Ariho Lemmkeho, kter\u00fd na \u017e\u00e1dost Linuse um\u00edstil j\u00e1dro na FTP server univerzity a nazval adres\u00e1\u0159 s archivem nikoli \u201efreax\u201c, jak Torvalds \u017e\u00e1dal, ale \u201elinux\u201c. Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee podnikav\u00fd obchodn\u00edk William Della Croce dok\u00e1zal zaregistrovat ochrannou zn\u00e1mku Linux a cht\u011bl s \u010dasem vyb\u00edrat poplatky, ale pozd\u011bji si to rozmyslel a p\u0159edal v\u0161echna pr\u00e1va na ochrannou zn\u00e1mku Linusovi. Ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed maskot j\u00e1dra Linux, tu\u010d\u0148\u00e1k Tux, byl vybr\u00e1n v d\u016fsledku sout\u011b\u017ee, kter\u00e1 se konala v roce 1996. Jm\u00e9no Tux se rozlu\u010duje jako Torvalds UniX.    <\/p>\n<p>Dynamika r\u016fstu k\u00f3dov\u00e9 z\u00e1kladny (po\u010det \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f zdrojov\u00e9ho k\u00f3du) j\u00e1dra:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> 0.0.1 \u2013 z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1991, 10 tis\u00edc \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;  <\/li>\n<li> 1.0.0 \u2013 b\u0159ezen 1994, 176 tis\u00edc \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;  <\/li>\n<li> 1.2.0 \u2013 b\u0159ezen 1995, 311 tis\u00edc \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;  <\/li>\n<li> 2.0.0 \u2013 \u010derven 1996, 778 tis\u00edc \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;  <\/li>\n<li> 2.2.0 \u2013 leden 1999, 1.8 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;  <\/li>\n<li> 2.4.0 \u2013 leden 2001, 3.4 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;  <\/li>\n<li> 2.6.0 \u2013 prosinec 2003, 5.9 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;  <\/li>\n<li> 2.6.28 \u2013 prosinec 2008, 10.2 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;  <\/li>\n<li> 2.6.35 \u2013 srpen 2010, 13.4 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;   <\/li>\n<li> 3.0 \u2013 srpen 2011, 14.6 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du.   <\/li>\n<li> 3.5 \u2013 \u010dervenec 2012, 15.5 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du.   <\/li>\n<li> 3.10 \u2013 \u010dervenec 2013, 15.8 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;  <\/li>\n<li> 3.16 \u2013 srpen 2014, 17.5 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;   <\/li>\n<li> 4.1 \u2013 \u010derven 2015, 19.5 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;  <\/li>\n<li> 4.7 \u2013 \u010dervenec 2016, 21.7 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;   <\/li>\n<li> 4.12 \u2013 \u010dervenec 2017, 24.1 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;   <\/li>\n<li> 4.18 \u2013 srpen 2018, 25.3 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du.   <\/li>\n<li> 5.2 \u2013 \u010dervenec 2019, 26.55 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du.   <\/li>\n<li> 5.8 \u2013 srpen 2020, 28.4 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du.   <\/li>\n<li> 5.13 \u2013 \u010derven 2021, 29.2 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du.   <\/li>\n<li> 5.19 \u2013 srpen 2022, 30.5 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du.   <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pokrok ve v\u00fdvoji j\u00e1dra:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 0.0.1 \u2014 z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1991, prvn\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 vyd\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 podporuje pouze CPU i386 a spou\u0161t\u00ed se z disket.  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 0.12 \u2014 leden 1992, k\u00f3d za\u010dal b\u00fdt distribuov\u00e1n pod licenc\u00ed GPLv2.  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 0.95 \u2014 b\u0159ezen 1992, zaji\u0161t\u011bna mo\u017enost spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed X Window System, implementov\u00e1na podpora virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed pam\u011bti a swapov\u00e9ho prostoru.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 0.96-0.99 \u2014 1992-1993, za\u010dala pr\u00e1ce na s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9m z\u00e1sobn\u00edku. P\u0159edstavena souborov\u00e1 syst\u00e9m Ext2, p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora form\u00e1tu soubor\u016f ELF, p\u0159edstaveny ovlada\u010de pro zvukov\u00e9 karty a SCSI kontrol\u00e9ry, realizov\u00e1no na\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed modul\u016f j\u00e1dra a souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu \/proc.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> V roce 1992 se objevily prvn\u00ed distribuce SLS a Yggdrasil. V l\u00e9t\u011b 1993 byly zalo\u017eeny projekty Slackware a Debian.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 1.0 \u2014 b\u0159ezen 1994, prvn\u00ed ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed stabiln\u00ed vyd\u00e1n\u00ed.  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 1.2 \u2014 b\u0159ezen 1995, v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed po\u010dtu ovlada\u010d\u016f, podpora platforem Alpha, MIPS a SPARC, roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed mo\u017enost\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9ho z\u00e1sobn\u00edku, vznik paketov\u00e9ho filtru, podpora NFS.  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 2.0 \u2014 \u010derven 1996, podpora v\u00edcej\u00e1drov\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> B\u0159ezen 1997: zalo\u017een LKML, mailing list v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159\u016f j\u00e1dra Linux;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> 1998: spu\u0161t\u011bn prvn\u00ed cluster na b\u00e1zi Linuxu, kter\u00fd se dostal na seznam Top500, slo\u017een\u00fd z 68 uzl\u016f s CPU Alpha;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 2.2 \u2014 leden 1999, zv\u00fd\u0161ena efektivita spr\u00e1vy pam\u011bti, p\u0159id\u00e1na <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/lir\/ipv4\/\"   title=\"podpora IPv6\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"393\">podpora IPv6<\/a>, realizov\u00e1n nov\u00fd mezirezortn\u00ed firewall, p\u0159edstavena nov\u00e1 zvukov\u00e1 subsyst\u00e9m;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 2.4 \u2014 \u00fanor 2001, zaji\u0161t\u011bna podpora 8-j\u00e1drov\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f a 64 GB RAM, souborov\u00e1 syst\u00e9m Ext3, podpora USB, ACPI.  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 2.6 \u2014 prosinec 2003, podpora SELinux, prost\u0159edky automatick\u00e9ho lad\u011bn\u00ed parametr\u016f j\u00e1dra, sysfs, p\u0159epracovan\u00fd syst\u00e9m spr\u00e1vy pam\u011bti.  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> V roce 2005 byl p\u0159edstaven hypervizor Xen, kter\u00fd otev\u0159el \u00e9ru virtualizace;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> V z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2008 byl vyd\u00e1n prvn\u00ed release platformy Android, zalo\u017een\u00e9 na j\u00e1d\u0159e Linux;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> V \u010dervenci 2011 bylo po deseti letech v\u00fdvoje v\u011btve 2.6.x p\u0159ejato na \u010d\u00edslov\u00e1n\u00ed 3.x. Po\u010det objekt\u016f v Git repozit\u00e1\u0159i dos\u00e1hl 2 milion\u016f;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> V roce 2015 byla vyd\u00e1na j\u00e1dro Linux 4.0. Po\u010det git objekt\u016f v repozit\u00e1\u0159i dos\u00e1hl 4 miliony;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> V dubnu 2018 byl p\u0159ekon\u00e1n miln\u00edk 6 milion\u016f git objekt\u016f v repozit\u00e1\u0159i j\u00e1dra.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> V lednu 2019 byla vytvo\u0159ena v\u011btev j\u00e1dra Linux 5.0. Repozit\u00e1\u0159 dos\u00e1hl \u00farovn\u011b 6,5 milionu git objekt\u016f.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Publikovan\u00e9 j\u00e1dro 5.8 v srpnu 2020 se stalo nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm co do po\u010dtu zm\u011bn ze v\u0161ech jader za celou dobu existence projektu.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> V j\u00e1d\u0159e 5.13 byl stanoven rekord po\u010dtu v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159\u016f (2150), jejich\u017e zm\u011bny byly zahrnuty do j\u00e1dra.  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> V roce 2021 byl do v\u011btve j\u00e1dra Linux-next p\u0159id\u00e1n k\u00f3d pro v\u00fdvoj ovlada\u010d\u016f v jazyce Rust. Pracuje se na zahrnut\u00ed komponent pro podporu Rust do hlavn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti j\u00e1dra.  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> V srpnu 2022 byla vytvo\u0159ena v\u011btev j\u00e1dra Linux 6.0, proto\u017ee ve v\u011btvi 5.x se nahromadilo dostate\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed vyd\u00e1n\u00ed pro zm\u011bnu prvn\u00edho \u010d\u00edsla ve verzi.   <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>68 % v\u0161ech zm\u011bn v j\u00e1d\u0159e bylo p\u0159id\u00e1no 20 nejaktivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi spole\u010dnostmi. Nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159i v\u00fdvoji j\u00e1dra 5.19 bylo 10,9 % v\u0161ech zm\u011bn p\u0159ipraveno spole\u010dnost\u00ed Intel, 5,7 % \u2014 Linaro, 5,5 % \u2014 AMD, 5,2 % \u2014 Red Hat, 4,1 % \u2014 Google, 3,5 % \u2014 Meta, 3,1 % \u2014 SUSE, 2,9 % \u2014 Huawei, 2,8 % \u2014 NVIDIA, 2,7 % \u2014 Oracle. 11,8 % zm\u011bn p\u0159ipravili nez\u00e1visl\u00ed \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci nebo v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159i, kte\u0159\u00ed jasn\u011b neprohl\u00e1sili, \u017ee pracuj\u00ed pro ur\u010dit\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti. Podle po\u010dtu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du p\u0159idan\u00fdch do j\u00e1dra 5.19 vede spole\u010dnost AMD, jej\u00ed\u017e pod\u00edl \u010dinil 37,9 % (ovlada\u010d amdgpu obsahuje v\u00edce ne\u017e 4 miliony \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du, v\u011bt\u0161ina z nich poch\u00e1z\u00ed z automaticky generovan\u00fdch hlavi\u010dkov\u00fdch soubor\u016f s daty pro registry GPU).  <\/p>\n<p>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=57675\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>25 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 21-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u0422\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0441 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 comp.os.minix \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b Linux, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f bash 1.08 \u0438 gcc 1.40. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux \u0431\u044b\u043b 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