{"id":105384,"date":"2022-10-26T15:36:38","date_gmt":"2022-10-26T13:36:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/lennart-pottering-predlozhil-novuyu-arhitekturu-verificzirovannoj-zagruzki-linux"},"modified":"2022-10-26T15:36:38","modified_gmt":"2022-10-26T13:36:38","slug":"lennart-pottering-predlozhil-novuyu-arhitekturu-verificzirovannoj-zagruzki-linux","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/lennart-pottering-predlozhil-novuyu-arhitekturu-verificzirovannoj-zagruzki-linux","title":{"rendered":"Lennart Poettering navrhl novou architekturu ov\u011b\u0159en\u00e9ho spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed Linuxu","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Lennart Poettering publikoval n\u00e1vrh na modernizaci procesu spou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed linuxov\u00fdch distribuc\u00ed, zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd na \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch probl\u00e9m\u016f a zjednodu\u0161en\u00ed organizace pln\u011b ov\u011b\u0159en\u00e9ho spou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 potvrzuje pravost j\u00e1dra a z\u00e1kladn\u00edho syst\u00e9mov\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Nezbytn\u00e9 zm\u011bny pro implementaci nov\u00e9 architektury ji\u017e byly zahrnuty do k\u00f3dov\u00e9 z\u00e1kladny systemd a t\u00fdkaj\u00ed se takov\u00fdch komponent\u016f, jako jsou systemd-stub, systemd-measure, systemd-cryptenroll, systemd-cryptsetup, systemd-pcrphase a systemd-creds.      <\/p>\n<p>Navrhovan\u00e9 zm\u011bny spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00ed ve vytvo\u0159en\u00ed jednotn\u00e9ho univerz\u00e1ln\u00edho obrazu UKI (Unified Kernel Image), kter\u00fd spojuje obraz j\u00e1dra Linuxu, zavad\u011b\u010d pro na\u010dten\u00ed j\u00e1dra z UEFI (UEFI boot stub) a do pam\u011bti na\u010d\u00edtan\u00e9 syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed initrd, pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 pro po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed inicializaci ve f\u00e1zi p\u0159ed p\u0159ipojen\u00edm ko\u0159enov\u00e9ho FS. M\u00edsto obrazu RAM-disk initrd m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt v UKI zabalena cel\u00e1 syst\u00e9m, co\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed pln\u011b ov\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se na\u010d\u00edtaj\u00ed do opera\u010dn\u00ed pam\u011bti. UKI obraz je prezentov\u00e1n jako spustiteln\u00fd soubor ve form\u00e1tu PE, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt na\u010dten nejen pomoc\u00ed tradi\u010dn\u00edch zavad\u011b\u010d\u016f, ale p\u0159\u00edmo vyvol\u00e1n z firmwaru UEFI.     <\/p>\n<p>Mo\u017enost vyvol\u00e1n\u00ed z UEFI umo\u017e\u0148uje vyu\u017eit\u00ed kontroly integrity a pravosti prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm digit\u00e1ln\u00edho podpisu, kter\u00fd pokr\u00fdv\u00e1 nejen j\u00e1dro, ale i obsah initrd. P\u0159itom podpora vol\u00e1n\u00ed z tradi\u010dn\u00edch zavad\u011b\u010d\u016f umo\u017e\u0148uje zachovat takov\u00e9 mo\u017enosti, jako je dod\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed n\u011bkolika verz\u00ed j\u00e1dra a automatick\u00fd n\u00e1vrat na funk\u010dn\u00ed j\u00e1dro v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed probl\u00e9m\u016f s nov\u00fdm j\u00e1drem po instalaci aktualizace.    <\/p>\n<p>V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b v\u011bt\u0161ina distribuc\u00ed Linux pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v procesu inicializace \u0159et\u011bzec &#171;firmware &#8594; podepsan\u00e1 digit\u00e1ln\u00edm podpisem Microsoft shim vrstva &#8594; podepsan\u00fd digit\u00e1ln\u00edm podpisem distribuce bootloader GRUB &#8594; podepsan\u00e9 digit\u00e1ln\u00edm podpisem distribuce j\u00e1dro Linux &#8594; neov\u011b\u0159en\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed initrd &#8594; ko\u0159enov\u00fd FS&#187;. Nep\u0159\u00edtomnost verifikace initrd v tradi\u010dn\u00edch distribuc\u00edch vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed probl\u00e9my, proto\u017ee mimo jin\u00e9 v tomto prost\u0159ed\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed k extrakci kl\u00ed\u010d\u016f pro de\u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed ko\u0159enov\u00e9ho FS.     <\/p>\n<p>Verifikace obrazu initrd nen\u00ed podporov\u00e1na, proto\u017ee tento soubor je generov\u00e1n na m\u00edstn\u00edm syst\u00e9mu u\u017eivatele a nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt podeps\u00e1n digit\u00e1ln\u00edm podpisem distribuce, co\u017e zna\u010dn\u011b komplikuje organizaci kontroly p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed re\u017eimu SecureBoot (u\u017eivatel mus\u00ed vygenerovat sv\u00e9 kl\u00ed\u010de a nahr\u00e1t je do firmwaru UEFI pro podeps\u00e1n\u00ed initrd). Krom\u011b toho st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed organizace bootov\u00e1n\u00ed neumo\u017e\u0148uje aplikovat informace z registr\u016f TPM PCR (Platform Configuration Register) pro kontrolu integrity komponent\u016f u\u017eivatelsk\u00e9ho prostoru, krom\u011b shim, grub a j\u00e1dra. Mezi existuj\u00edc\u00edmi probl\u00e9my se tak\u00e9 zmi\u0148uje komplikace p\u0159i aktualizaci bootloaderu a absence mo\u017enosti omezen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupu k kl\u00ed\u010d\u016fm v TPM pro star\u0161\u00ed verze OS, kter\u00e9 se staly zastaral\u00fdmi po instalaci aktualizace.        <\/p>\n<p>Hlavn\u00ed c\u00edle zaveden\u00ed nov\u00e9 architektury bootov\u00e1n\u00ed:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Poskytnout pln\u011b ov\u011b\u0159en\u00fd proces bootov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00fd pokr\u00fdv\u00e1 v\u0161echny f\u00e1ze od firmwaru po u\u017eivatelsk\u00fd prostor, a potvrzuje pravdivost a integritu na\u010d\u00edtan\u00fdch komponent\u016f.\n<li class=\"l\"> Propojen\u00ed kontrolovan\u00fdch zdroj\u016f s registry TPM PCR podle vlastnictv\u00ed.\n<li class=\"l\"> Mo\u017enost p\u0159edb\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho v\u00fdpo\u010dtu hodnot PCR na z\u00e1klad\u011b pou\u017eit\u00fdch p\u0159i bootov\u00e1n\u00ed j\u00e1dra, initrd, konfigurace a m\u00edstn\u00edho identifik\u00e1toru syst\u00e9mu.\n<li class=\"l\"> Ochrana p\u0159ed rollback \u00fatoky spojen\u00fdmi s n\u00e1vratem na star\u0161\u00ed zranitelnou verzi syst\u00e9mu.\n<li class=\"l\"> Zjednodu\u0161en\u00ed a zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed spolehlivosti aktualizac\u00ed.\n<li class=\"l\"> Podpora aktualizac\u00ed OS, kter\u00e9 nevy\u017eaduj\u00ed opakov\u00e1n\u00ed nebo m\u00edstn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpravu zdroj\u016f chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch TPM.\n<li class=\"l\"> P\u0159ipravenost syst\u00e9mu na prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed vzd\u00e1len\u00e9 attestation pro potvrzen\u00ed spr\u00e1vnosti na\u010d\u00edtan\u00e9 OS a nastaven\u00ed.\n<li class=\"l\"> Mo\u017enost p\u0159ipojen\u00ed citliv\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f k ur\u010dit\u00fdm f\u00e1z\u00edm bootov\u00e1n\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad extrakce kl\u00ed\u010d\u016f \u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed pro ko\u0159enov\u00fd FS z TPM.\n<li class=\"l\"> Poskytnut\u00ed bezpe\u010dn\u00e9ho, automatick\u00e9ho a funguj\u00edc\u00edho bez z\u00e1sahu u\u017eivatele procesu odemyk\u00e1n\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010d\u016f pro de\u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed disku s ko\u0159enov\u00fdm odd\u00edlem.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pou\u017eit\u00ed \u010dip\u016f podporuj\u00edc\u00edch specifikaci TPM 2.0 s mo\u017enost\u00ed n\u00e1vratu na syst\u00e9my bez TPM.  <\/ul>\n<p>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=57984\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0442 \u041f\u043e\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0433 (Lennart Poettering) \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438 Linux-\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0443 systemd \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b, \u043a\u0430\u043a systemd-stub, systemd-measure, systemd-cryptenroll, systemd-cryptsetup, systemd-pcrphase \u0438 systemd-creds. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-105384","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0442 \u041f\u043e\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0433 (Lennart Poettering) \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438 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