{"id":120998,"date":"2024-12-16T21:46:13","date_gmt":"2024-12-16T19:46:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/vyshel-xfce-4-20"},"modified":"2026-02-08T18:06:18","modified_gmt":"2026-02-08T16:06:18","slug":"vyshel-xfce-4-20","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/vyshel-xfce-4-20","title":{"rendered":"Vy\u0161lo Xfce 4.20","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linux.org.ru\/images\/21611\/original.png\" rel=\"nofollow\"> <img decoding=\"async\" style=\"display: block; margin: 0 auto;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/fc946a783a7cd66960b54bd6ef2de75a.jpg\" alt=\"Vy\u0161lo Xfce 4.20\" \/> <\/a><\/p>\n<p>Po dvou letech v\u00fdvoje byl vyd\u00e1n desktopov\u00fd prost\u0159ed\u00ed Xfce 4.20, kter\u00e9 nab\u00edz\u00ed klasick\u00fd desktop s minim\u00e1ln\u00ed spot\u0159ebou syst\u00e9mov\u00fdch prost\u0159edk\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Xfce se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z n\u011bkolika vz\u00e1jemn\u011b propojen\u00fdch komponent, kter\u00e9 lze p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edt i v jin\u00fdch projektech. Mezi tyto komponenty pat\u0159\u00ed: spr\u00e1vce oken xfwm4, panel pro spou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed aplikac\u00ed, spr\u00e1vce u\u017eivatelsk\u00fdch sezen\u00ed, syst\u00e9m spr\u00e1vy spot\u0159eby energie, grafick\u00fd konfigur\u00e1tor, spr\u00e1vce soubor\u016f Thunar, pl\u00e1nova\u010d kalend\u00e1\u0159e Orage, multimedi\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159ehr\u00e1va\u010d Parole, textov\u00fd editor Mousepad a emul\u00e1tor termin\u00e1lu xfce4-terminal.<\/p>\n<p>Kl\u00ed\u010dovou novinkou verze Xfce 4.20 je experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed podpora protokolu Wayland. Sezen\u00ed zalo\u017een\u00e9 na Wayland pokr\u00fdv\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161inu funkc\u00ed, ale je zat\u00edm doporu\u010deno pouze pro pokro\u010dil\u00e9 u\u017eivatele, proto\u017ee je\u0161t\u011b nen\u00ed zcela bez chyb a vy\u017eaduje dal\u0161\u00ed \u00fapravy pro plnohodnotn\u00e9 ka\u017edodenn\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u00fdmi u\u017eivateli. Pro spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed sezen\u00ed na b\u00e1zi Wayland byla navr\u017eena p\u0159\u00edkaz \"startxfce4 --wayland\".<\/p>\n<p>Pro abstrakci pr\u00e1ce nad Waylandem a X11 v Xfce 4.20 byla pou\u017eita nov\u00e1 knihovna libxfce4windowing, kter\u00e1 implementuje nez\u00e1vislou na grafick\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu vrstvu s komponenty pro spr\u00e1vu oken (obrazovky, ko\u0159enov\u00e1 okna, virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed pracovn\u00ed plochy atd.). Navr\u017een\u00e1 mezivrstva umo\u017enila realizaci podpory Waylandu t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ve v\u0161ech komponentech Xfce, a p\u0159itom si zachovala mo\u017enost pr\u00e1ce v okenn\u00edch syst\u00e9mech na b\u00e1zi protokolu X11.<\/p>\n<p>M\u00edsto libmutter se v sezen\u00ed na b\u00e1zi Wayland pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 knihovna wlroots, kter\u00e1 je vyv\u00edjena projektem Sway. Jako kompozitn\u00ed servery pro sezen\u00ed Wayland se doporu\u010duje pou\u017e\u00edvat Labwc nebo Wayfire. V sezen\u00ed na b\u00e1zi X11 se nad\u00e1le pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 spr\u00e1vce oken xfwm4. V budoucnu se pl\u00e1nuje, \u017ee xfwm4 z\u00edsk\u00e1 mo\u017enost pr\u00e1ce nejen s X11, ale tak\u00e9 s Wayland.<\/p>\n<p>Mezi funkcemi, kter\u00e9 zat\u00edm nejsou k dispozici v relaci na b\u00e1zi Waylandu, se uv\u00e1d\u00ed: absence podpory <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/vps\/abuzoustojchivye-vps\/\"   title=\"virtu\u00e1ln\u00edch pracovn\u00edch ploch\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"1082\">virtu\u00e1ln\u00edch pracovn\u00edch ploch<\/a>; nedostate\u010dn\u00e9 p\u0159ipravenosti str\u00e1nek s nastaven\u00edm kl\u00e1vesnice a my\u0161i v konfigur\u00e1toru; mo\u017enost vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed sn\u00edmk\u016f obrazovky pouze cel\u00e9 obrazovky (nikoli jednotliv\u00fdch oken); absence ikon n\u011bkter\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed v syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 li\u0161t\u011b, kter\u00e9 nebyly p\u0159evedeny z API GtkStatusIcon na StatusNotifier. Na Wayland z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed nep\u0159elo\u017eeny komponenty: Xfwm4, Xfdashboard, Xfce4-screensaver (port existuje, ale nebyl zahrnut do vyd\u00e1n\u00ed), Xfce4-windowck-plugin a Xfce4-xkb-plugin.<\/p>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00ed zm\u011bny a vylep\u0161en\u00ed v Xfce 4.20:<\/p>\n<h1>Mo\u017enosti spr\u00e1vce soubor\u016f Thunar byly v\u00fdrazn\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159eny:<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>Na panel n\u00e1stroj\u016f byly p\u0159id\u00e1ny nov\u00e9 tla\u010d\u00edtka: p\u0159ep\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed zobrazen\u00ed (kompaktn\u00ed, seznam, m\u0159\u00ed\u017eka ikon); vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed hamburgerov\u00e9 menu (zobraz\u00ed se p\u0159i skryt\u00ed hlavn\u00edho menu); vytvo\u0159en\u00ed nov\u00e9 karty se obsahem aktu\u00e1ln\u00edho adres\u00e1\u0159e; vytvo\u0159en\u00ed nov\u00e9ho okna s obsahem aktu\u00e1ln\u00edho adres\u00e1\u0159e.<\/li>\n<li>P\u0159i zmen\u0161en\u00ed velikosti okna se nyn\u00ed elementy panelu n\u00e1stroj\u016f, kter\u00e9 se nevejdou, p\u0159esunou do speci\u00e1ln\u00edho menu \u201e&lt;\u201c.<\/li>\n<li>Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na mo\u017enost dekorace okna na stran\u011b klienta (CSD), kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje sladit hlavi\u010dku okna s menu nebo s panelem n\u00e1stroj\u016f (p\u0159i skryt\u00ed menu).<\/li>\n<li>Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na mo\u017enost pro zobrazen\u00ed symbolick\u00fdch ikon v bo\u010dn\u00edm panelu a barevn\u00fdch ikon v panelu n\u00e1stroj\u016f.<\/li>\n<li>Dialog potvrzen\u00ed operace byl p\u0159epracov\u00e1n, nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159i pokusu o vytvo\u0159en\u00ed souboru se stejn\u00fdm n\u00e1zvem v c\u00edlov\u00e9m adres\u00e1\u0159i. Zaji\u0161t\u011bno spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 zobrazen\u00ed n\u00e1hled\u016f.<\/li>\n<li>V re\u017eimu zobrazen\u00ed jako seznam byla p\u0159id\u00e1na mo\u017enost rozbalen\u00ed obsahu adres\u00e1\u0159\u016f na m\u00edst\u011b.<\/li>\n<li>V re\u017eimu odd\u011blen\u00e9ho zobrazen\u00ed (Split View), kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje zobrazen\u00ed dvou r\u016fzn\u00fdch panel\u016f se soubory vedle sebe, bylo zaji\u0161t\u011bno barevn\u00e9 zv\u00fdrazn\u011bn\u00ed aktivn\u00edho panelu a p\u0159id\u00e1na mo\u017enost p\u0159ep\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed mezi panely pomoc\u00ed kl\u00e1vesov\u00e9 zkratky. Bylo p\u0159id\u00e1no potvrzovac\u00ed dialogov\u00e9 okno, kter\u00e9 se zobrazuje p\u0159i pokusu o uzav\u0159en\u00ed okna s v\u00edce kartami.<\/li>\n<li>P\u0159i p\u0159esouv\u00e1n\u00ed soubor\u016f v re\u017eimu Drag&amp;Drop se p\u0159i najet\u00ed kurzoru automaticky otev\u00edraj\u00ed adres\u00e1\u0159e a aktualizuje se fokus vstupu v multiplanov\u00e9m re\u017eimu.<\/li>\n<li>Byla provedena pr\u00e1ce na zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdkonnosti a eliminaci zasek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159i pr\u00e1ci s velk\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm soubor\u016f.<\/li>\n<li>Kl\u00e1vesov\u00e9 zkratky pro vyvol\u00e1n\u00ed vlastn\u00edch zpracovatel\u016f nyn\u00ed funguj\u00ed i pro zpracovatele um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 ve vno\u0159en\u00fdch menu.<\/li>\n<li>Funkce ov\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed spr\u00e1vnosti kop\u00edrov\u00e1n\u00ed soubor\u016f nyn\u00ed m\u00edsto v\u00fdpo\u010dtu a porovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed hash\u016f MD5 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 porovn\u00e1n\u00ed obsahu soubor\u016f.<\/li>\n<li>Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na mo\u017enost, kter\u00e1 s c\u00edlem sn\u00ed\u017eit fragmentaci na disku zap\u00edn\u00e1 paralelizaci operac\u00ed kop\u00edrov\u00e1n\u00ed soubor\u016f pouze tehdy, kdy\u017e je m\u00e9dia v ne\u010dinnosti.<\/li>\n<li>Do mechanismu p\u0159ipojov\u00e1n\u00ed extern\u00edch \u00falo\u017ei\u0161\u0165 byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora <a href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/lir\/ipv4\/\">IPv6<\/a> a mo\u017enost vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed symbolick\u00fdch odkaz\u016f.<\/li>\n<li>P\u0159i vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed soubor\u016f lze nyn\u00ed okam\u017eit\u011b, ani\u017e byste museli \u010dekat na dokon\u010den\u00ed hled\u00e1n\u00ed, pou\u017e\u00edt kontextov\u00e9 menu pro ji\u017e zobrazen\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>Bylo p\u0159id\u00e1no nastaven\u00ed pro zobrazen\u00ed po\u010dtu skryt\u00fdch soubor\u016f v aktu\u00e1ln\u00edm adres\u00e1\u0159i v stavov\u00e9m \u0159\u00e1dku.<\/li>\n<li>Do seznamu ned\u00e1vno pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch soubor\u016f ji\u017e nejsou p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1ny adres\u00e1\u0159e ani soubory, jejich\u017e otev\u0159en\u00ed bylo ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Zm\u011bny na pracovn\u00ed plo\u0161e (xfdesktop):<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ena podpora tapet: P\u0159i v\u00fdb\u011bru zobrazen\u00ed n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch pozad\u00ed se obr\u00e1zek nyn\u00ed neopakuje, dokud nejsou zobrazeny v\u0161echny obr\u00e1zky z kolekce. Star\u00e9 tapety ve form\u00e1tu png byly p\u0159evedeny na pou\u017eit\u00ed vektorov\u00e9ho form\u00e1tu svg. Vylep\u0161eno vykreslov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159echod\u016f.<\/li>\n<li>Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na mo\u017enost zm\u011bny barev pro \u0161t\u00edtky a pozad\u00ed ikon na pracovn\u00ed plo\u0161e.<\/li>\n<li>Rozlo\u017een\u00ed ikon na pracovn\u00ed plo\u0161e je nyn\u00ed zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1no odd\u011blen\u011b pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 obrazovky.<\/li>\n<li>Ikony minimalizovan\u00fdch oken se nyn\u00ed zobrazuj\u00ed pouze na monitorech, na kter\u00fdch byla okna otev\u0159ena p\u0159ed minimalizac\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>Bylo roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159eno mno\u017estv\u00ed mo\u017enost\u00ed v kontextov\u00e9m menu.<\/li>\n<li>Ikony nov\u00fdch a p\u0159esunut\u00fdch soubor\u016f se nyn\u00ed objevuj\u00ed vedle pozice kurzoru.<\/li>\n<li>Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na mo\u017enost zobrazen\u00ed ikon st\u00e1l\u00fdch \u00falo\u017ei\u0161\u0165.<\/li>\n<li>Pro nastaven\u00ed kl\u00e1vesov\u00fdch zkratek byl pou\u017eit nov\u00fd widget XfceShortcutsManager.<\/li>\n<li>Nahr\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed obsahu adres\u00e1\u0159\u016f s obr\u00e1zky tapet pracovn\u00ed plochy nyn\u00ed prob\u00edh\u00e1 asynchronn\u011b.<\/li>\n<li>V kontextov\u00e9m menu se objevila mo\u017enost otev\u0159en\u00ed najednou n\u011bkolika vybran\u00fdch adres\u00e1\u0159\u016f.<\/li>\n<li>Kontextov\u00e9 menu se nyn\u00ed zobrazuje p\u0159i stisknut\u00ed tla\u010d\u00edtka my\u0161i, nikoli po jeho uvoln\u011bn\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>Byl zm\u011bn\u011bn vzhled nab\u00eddky se seznamem oken, kter\u00e1 se zobraz\u00ed po stisknut\u00ed prost\u0159edn\u00edho tla\u010d\u00edtka my\u0161i.<\/li>\n<li>V konfigur\u00e1toru byla zcela p\u0159epracov\u00e1na z\u00e1lo\u017eka s nastaven\u00edm ikon pracovn\u00ed plochy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Tak\u00e9:<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>V panelu (xfce4-panel) je mo\u017en\u00e9 nastavit \u0161\u00ed\u0159ku okraj\u016f a hledat dostupn\u00e9 pluginy v typick\u00fdch kataloz\u00edch. Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora pro zobrazen\u00ed n\u00e1hledu plochy, kdy\u017e je kurzor my\u0161i nad tla\u010d\u00edtky \u201ezobrazit plochu\u201c. Zlep\u0161en v\u00fdb\u011br velikosti ikon na tla\u010d\u00edtk\u00e1ch panelu \u00faloh. Ikony byly synchronizov\u00e1ny v konfigur\u00e1toru panelu a v samotn\u00e9m panelu.<\/li>\n<li>V rozhran\u00ed pro vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed nainstalovan\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed (xfce4-appfinder) byl implementov\u00e1n voliteln\u00fd re\u017eim na pozad\u00ed, kter\u00fd zkracuje dobu pot\u0159ebnou k zobrazen\u00ed rozhran\u00ed. P\u0159id\u00e1na mo\u017enost automatick\u00e9ho zav\u0159en\u00ed okna Appfinder p\u0159i p\u0159epnut\u00ed fokusu. Po kliknut\u00ed prav\u00fdm tla\u010d\u00edtkem my\u0161i na aplikace se zobraz\u00ed kontextov\u00e9 menu s dostupn\u00fdmi akcemi. P\u0159id\u00e1na mo\u017enost spou\u0161t\u011bt programy jedn\u00edm kliknut\u00edm my\u0161i.<\/li>\n<li>V spr\u00e1vci spot\u0159eby energie (xfce4-power-manager) bylo p\u0159epracov\u00e1no \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed z\u00e1mku obrazovky \u2014 souvisej\u00edc\u00ed nastaven\u00ed z\u00e1mku obrazovky byla v\u00fdrazn\u011b zjednodu\u0161ena a p\u0159esunuta na str\u00e1nku se syst\u00e9mov\u00fdmi nastaven\u00edmi. Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora r\u016fzn\u00fdch profil\u016f spot\u0159eby energie, kter\u00e9 jsou podporov\u00e1ny v power-profiles-daemon. Byla implementov\u00e1na podpora hybridn\u00edho sp\u00e1nku. Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora kl\u00e1ves pro exponenci\u00e1ln\u00ed zm\u011bnu jasu obrazovky, stejn\u011b jako kl\u00e1ves pro zm\u011bnu jasu podsv\u00edcen\u00ed kl\u00e1vesnice.<\/li>\n<li>V konfigur\u00e1toru (xfce4-settings) v nastaven\u00ed vzhledu byla zaji\u0161t\u011bna na\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00e9mat ikon v samostatn\u00e9m vl\u00e1kn\u011b, aby se neblokovala \u010dinnost hlavn\u00edho rozhran\u00ed. Pou\u017eit\u00ed dekora\u010dn\u00edho re\u017eimu na stran\u011b klienta bylo p\u0159evedeno do kategorie mo\u017enost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jsou ve v\u00fdchoz\u00edm nastaven\u00ed vypnuty. Zlep\u0161ena podpora tmav\u00fdch t\u00e9mat. Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na nastaven\u00ed pro v\u00fdb\u011br profilu zrychlen\u00ed kurzoru my\u0161i a zapnut re\u017eim vysok\u00e9ho rozli\u0161en\u00ed pro posouv\u00e1n\u00ed, pokud to my\u0161 podporuje. P\u0159i nastavov\u00e1n\u00ed MIME typ\u016f bylo povoleno sou\u010dasn\u00e9 vyb\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed a \u00faprava n\u011bkolika prvk\u016f najednou. Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159eny mo\u017enosti t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se profil\u016f displej\u016f a nastaven\u00ed zrcadlen\u00ed v\u00fdstupu a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed obrazovek v konfigurac\u00edch s v\u00edce monitory.<\/li>\n<li>Do spr\u00e1vce relac\u00ed xfce4-session byla p\u0159id\u00e1na minim\u00e1ln\u00ed podpora port\u00e1l\u016f FreeDesktop (xdg-desktop-portal), kter\u00e9 se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k organizaci p\u0159\u00edstupu k zdroj\u016fm u\u017eivatelsk\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed z izolovan\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed. Byly p\u0159id\u00e1ny port\u00e1ly pro nastaven\u00ed tapet na plo\u0161e, vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed sn\u00edmk\u016f obrazovky a spou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed proces\u016f na pozad\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>V knihovn\u011b widget\u016f libxfce4ui m\u016f\u017ee nyn\u00ed dialog s informacemi o programu (O programu) zobrazovat logo distribuce, stejn\u011b jako informace o opera\u010dn\u00edm syst\u00e9mu a GPU.<\/li>\n<li>V knihovn\u011b exo (vrstva nad GTK a Glib) byla v\u00fdrazn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161ena v\u00fdkonnost pr\u00e1ce s ikonami \u2014 komponent 'Exo-Icon-View' nyn\u00ed dok\u00e1\u017ee zpracov\u00e1vat 100 tis\u00edc a v\u00edce soubor\u016f bez zav\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed. Byla implementov\u00e1na vyhled\u00e1vac\u00ed li\u0161ta s funkcemi, kter\u00e9 poskytuj\u00ed doporu\u010den\u00ed p\u0159i zad\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>Byly vy\u0159e\u0161eny probl\u00e9my s rozmaz\u00e1n\u00edm prvk\u016f na obrazovk\u00e1ch s vysokou hustotou pixel\u016f (HiDPI). Bylo zaji\u0161t\u011bno spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159\u00edtko ikon a miniatur v r\u016fzn\u00fdch komponent\u00e1ch. 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Xfce \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445. \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432: \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440 xfwm4, \u043f\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 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