{"id":121294,"date":"2025-01-10T15:46:01","date_gmt":"2025-01-10T13:46:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/reliz-sistemy-samodostatochnyh-paketov-flatpak-1-16-0"},"modified":"2025-01-10T15:46:01","modified_gmt":"2025-01-10T13:46:01","slug":"reliz-sistemy-samodostatochnyh-paketov-flatpak-1-16-0","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/reliz-sistemy-samodostatochnyh-paketov-flatpak-1-16-0","title":{"rendered":"Vyd\u00e1n\u00ed syst\u00e9mu samostatn\u011b balen\u00fdch bal\u00ed\u010dk\u016f Flatpak 1.16.0","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Po dvou a p\u016fl letech v\u00fdvoje byla publikov\u00e1na nov\u00e1 stabiln\u00ed verze n\u00e1stroje Flatpak 1.16, kter\u00fd poskytuje syst\u00e9m pro sestavov\u00e1n\u00ed sob\u011bsta\u010dn\u00fdch bal\u00ed\u010dk\u016f, nez\u00e1visl\u00fdch na konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch distribuc\u00edch Linuxu a spou\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch v speci\u00e1ln\u00edm kontejneru, kter\u00fd izoluje aplikaci od zbytku syst\u00e9mu. Podpora pro spou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed Flatpak bal\u00ed\u010dk\u016f byla zaji\u0161t\u011bna pro Fedora, CentOS, Debian, Arch Linux, Gentoo, Linux Mint, Alt Linux a Ubuntu. Bal\u00ed\u010dky s Flatpak jsou zahrnuty v repozit\u00e1\u0159i Fedora a jsou podporov\u00e1ny v nativn\u00edch aplikac\u00edch pro spr\u00e1vu aplikac\u00ed GNOME a KDE.    <\/p>\n<p>Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 novinky ve verzi Flatpak 1.16:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Byl proveden p\u0159echod na syst\u00e9m sestavov\u00e1n\u00ed Meson. Podpora sestavov\u00e1n\u00ed pomoc\u00ed n\u00e1stroj\u016f Autotools byla ukon\u010dena. Pro sestaven\u00ed Flatpak je nyn\u00ed vy\u017eadov\u00e1no, aby byl v syst\u00e9mu nainstalov\u00e1n Python, alespo\u0148 ve verzi 3.5.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byl implementov\u00e1n spole\u010dn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k socketu gssproxy, kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje pou\u017e\u00edvat autentizaci p\u0159es Kerberos v aplikac\u00edch b\u011b\u017e\u00edc\u00edch v re\u017eimu sandboxov\u00e9 izolace.\n<li class=\"l\"> P\u0159i vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed socketu pro Wayland bylo vyu\u017eito roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed security-context, prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm kter\u00e9ho m\u016f\u017ee kompozitn\u00ed <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/server\/\"   title=\"server\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\">server<\/a> m\u016f\u017ee identifikovat a omezovat aplikace spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 v re\u017eimu izolace sandbox. Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na volba &#171;&#8212;socket=inherit-wayland-socket&#187; pro zd\u011bd\u011bn\u00ed existuj\u00edc\u00edho socketu pro Wayland.\n<li class=\"l\"> Po instalaci nebo aktualizaci aplikac\u00ed je zaji\u0161t\u011bno automatick\u00e9 restartov\u00e1n\u00ed konfigurace sezen\u00ed D-Bus pro na\u010dten\u00ed nov\u00fdch exportovan\u00fdch slu\u017eeb D-Bus aplikacemi.\n<li class=\"l\"> Distribuc\u00edm byla poskytnuta mo\u017enost definovat repozit\u00e1\u0159e s bal\u00ed\u010dky Flatpak pomoc\u00ed adres\u00e1\u0159e &#171;\\\/usr\\\/share\\\/flatpak\\\/remotes.d&#187;, krom\u011b &#171;\\\/etc\\\/flatpak\\\/remotes.d&#187;.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla provedena pr\u00e1ce na rozd\u011blen\u00ed velk\u00fdch soubor\u016f se zdrojov\u00fdm k\u00f3dem na men\u0161\u00ed moduly.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na volba &#171;&#8212;device=input&#187; pro p\u0159\u00edstup k vstupn\u00edm za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm p\u0159es \\\/dev\\\/input.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pro izolaci aplikac\u00ed byla pou\u017eita nov\u00e1 verze n\u00e1stroje bubblewrap 0.11. V distribuc\u00edch, kter\u00e9 sestavuj\u00ed Flatpak pomoc\u00ed syst\u00e9mov\u00e9ho spustiteln\u00e9ho souboru bwrap, je nutn\u00e1 minim\u00e1ln\u011b verze bubblewrap 0.11. Byla pos\u00edlena ochrana proti vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed vno\u0159en\u00fdch prostor\u016f identifik\u00e1tor\u016f u\u017eivatel\u016f (user namespace) v sandboxov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00edch.\n<li class=\"l\"> Bylo zjednodu\u0161eno nastaven\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch jazyk\u016f. Zaji\u0161t\u011bno je ur\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed jazyk\u016f na z\u00e1klad\u011b informac\u00ed o u\u017eivatel\u00edch poskytovan\u00fdch slu\u017ebou DBus AccountsService.\n<li class=\"l\"> Aplikac\u00edm pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edm vno\u0159enou izolaci sandboxu, nap\u0159\u00edklad zalo\u017eenou na enginu WebKit, bylo povoleno pou\u017eit\u00ed protokolu AT-SPI pro interakci se \u010dte\u010dkami obrazovky. Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na volba &#171;flatpak run &#8212;a11y-own-name&#187; pro v\u00fdb\u011br sb\u011brnice, p\u0159es kterou se prov\u00e1d\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup k prost\u0159edk\u016fm pro osoby se zdravotn\u00edm posti\u017een\u00edm.\n<li class=\"l\"> P\u0159i spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edkazu &#171;flatpak run -vv &lt;app_id&gt;&#187; je zaji\u0161t\u011bn p\u0159ehled v\u0161ech pou\u017eiteln\u00fdch parametr\u016f izolace sandboxu.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na volba &#171;&#8212;device=usb&#187; a tak\u00e9 volby &#171;&#8212;usb&#187; a &#171;&#8212;no-usb&#187; pro \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupu aplikac\u00ed k USB za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora r\u00e1mce KCompletion, kter\u00fd se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pro automatick\u00e9 dokon\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed vyhled\u00e1vac\u00edch kl\u00ed\u010d\u016f v KDE.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byly p\u0159id\u00e1ny prom\u011bnn\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed &#171;FLATPAK_DATA_DIR&#187; a &#171;FLATPAK_DOWNLOAD_TMPDIR&#187; pro p\u0159eps\u00e1n\u00ed adres\u00e1\u0159\u016f s daty (\\\/usr\\\/share\\\/flatpak) a stahovan\u00fdmi do\u010dasn\u00fdmi soubory (\\\/var\\\/tmp).\n<li class=\"l\"> Byl p\u0159id\u00e1n v\u00fdstup escape sekvenc\u00ed pro zobrazen\u00ed postupu prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed operac\u00ed v termin\u00e1lov\u00fdch emul\u00e1torech.        <\/ul>\n<p>P\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1me, \u017ee Flatpak usnad\u0148uje distribuci program\u016f, kter\u00e9 nejsou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed standardn\u00edch repozit\u00e1\u0159\u016f distribuc\u00ed, t\u00edm, \u017ee p\u0159ipravuje jeden univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed kontejner, kter\u00fd zbavuje v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159e program\u016f pot\u0159eby vytv\u00e1\u0159et jednotliv\u00e9 sestavy pro ka\u017edou distribuci. U\u017eivatel\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed dbaj\u00ed na bezpe\u010dnost, Flatpak poskytuje mo\u017enost spustit podez\u0159elou aplikaci v kontejneru, \u010d\u00edm\u017e poskytuje selektivn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup pouze k nezbytn\u00fdm s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00fdm funkc\u00edm a soubor\u016fm u\u017eivatele. U\u017eivatel\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed z\u00e1jem o novinky, Flatpak umo\u017e\u0148uje nainstalovat nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed testovac\u00ed a stabiln\u00ed verze aplikac\u00ed bez nutnosti prov\u00e1d\u011bt zm\u011bny v syst\u00e9mu. Nap\u0159\u00edklad Flatpak bal\u00ed\u010dky se sestavuj\u00ed pro LibreOffice, GIMP, Inkscape, Kdenlive, Steam, 0 A.D., Visual Studio Code, VLC, Slack, Telegram Desktop, Android Studio atd.      <\/p>\n<p>Aby se sn\u00ed\u017eila velikost, obsahuj\u00ed bal\u00ed\u010dky pouze specifick\u00e9 z\u00e1vislosti pro aplikaci. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 a grafick\u00e9 knihovny (GTK, Qt, knihovny GNOME a KDE atd.) jsou dod\u00e1v\u00e1ny jako p\u0159ipojiteln\u00e9 standardn\u00ed runtime prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd rozd\u00edl mezi Flatpak a Snap je v tom, \u017ee Snap pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 komponenty prost\u0159ed\u00ed hlavn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu a izolaci na z\u00e1klad\u011b filtrov\u00e1n\u00ed syst\u00e9mov\u00fdch vol\u00e1n\u00ed, zat\u00edmco Flatpak vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed odd\u011blen\u00fd kontejner od syst\u00e9mu a pracuje s velk\u00fdmi sadami runtime, poskytuj\u00edc\u00edmi jako z\u00e1vislosti nikoli bal\u00ed\u010dky, ale standardn\u00ed syst\u00e9mov\u00e1 prost\u0159ed\u00ed (nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u0161echny knihovny pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 pro b\u011bh program\u016f GNOME nebo KDE).    <\/p>\n<p>Krom\u011b standardn\u00edho syst\u00e9mov\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed (runtime), kter\u00e9 je instalov\u00e1no prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm speci\u00e1ln\u00edho repozit\u00e1\u0159e, se dod\u00e1vaj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1vislosti (bundle), kter\u00e9 jsou pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 pro fungov\u00e1n\u00ed aplikace. V sou\u010dtu &#171;runtime&#187; a &#171;bundle&#187; tvo\u0159\u00ed obsah kontejneru, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e &#171;runtime&#187; se instaluje samostatn\u011b a p\u0159ipojuje se k v\u00edce kontejner\u016fm, co\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje vyhnout se duplicit\u011b sd\u00edlen\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov\u00fdch soubor\u016f.     <\/p>\n<p>V jednom syst\u00e9mu m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nainstalov\u00e1no n\u011bkolik r\u016fzn\u00fdch &#171;runtime&#187; (GNOME, KDE) nebo n\u011bkolik verz\u00ed jednoho &#171;runtime&#187; (GNOME 46, GNOME 47). Kontejner s aplikac\u00ed jako z\u00e1vislost pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 vazbu pouze k ur\u010dit\u00e9mu &#171;runtime&#187;, bez ohledu na jednotliv\u00e9 bal\u00ed\u010dky, kter\u00e9 vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed vybran\u00fd &#171;runtime&#187;. V\u0161echny chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed prvky jsou zabalov\u00e1ny p\u0159\u00edmo spolu s aplikac\u00ed. P\u0159i vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed kontejneru je obsah &#171;runtime&#187; p\u0159ipojen jako odd\u00edl \\\/usr, a &#171;bundle&#187; je p\u0159ipojen do adres\u00e1\u0159e \\\/app.     <\/p>\n<p>Obsah 'runtime' a kontejner\u016f aplikac\u00ed je vytv\u00e1\u0159en pomoc\u00ed technologie OSTree, kter\u00e1 atomov\u011b aktualizuje obraz z Git-podobn\u00e9ho \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b, co\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje pou\u017e\u00edvat metody verzionov\u00e1n\u00ed komponent distribuce (nap\u0159\u00edklad je mo\u017en\u00e9 rychle vr\u00e1tit syst\u00e9m do p\u0159edchoz\u00edho stavu). RPM bal\u00ed\u010dky jsou p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bny do repozit\u00e1\u0159e OSTree pomoc\u00ed vrstvy rpm-ostree.     <\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e1 instalace a aktualizace bal\u00ed\u010dk\u016f uvnit\u0159 pracovn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti nen\u00ed podporov\u00e1na \u2014 syst\u00e9m se aktualizuje nikoli na \u00farovni jednotliv\u00fdch komponent\u016f, ale celkov\u011b, atomov\u011b m\u011bn\u00edc\u00ed sv\u016fj stav. Jsou k dispozici n\u00e1stroje pro inkrement\u00e1ln\u00ed aplikaci aktualizac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 eliminuj\u00ed pot\u0159ebu \u00fapln\u00e9 v\u00fdm\u011bny obrazu p\u0159i ka\u017ed\u00e9 aktualizaci.      <\/p>\n<p>Izolovan\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed je pln\u011b nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 na pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 distribuci a p\u0159i spr\u00e1vn\u00e9m nastaven\u00ed bal\u00ed\u010dku nem\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edstup k soubor\u016fm a proces\u016fm u\u017eivatele \u010di z\u00e1kladn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu, a tak\u00e9 nem\u016f\u017ee p\u0159\u00edmo komunikovat s hardwarem, s v\u00fdjimkou v\u00fdstupu prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm DRI. Grafick\u00fd v\u00fdstup a organizace vstupu jsou realizov\u00e1ny pomoc\u00ed protokolu Wayland nebo prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm p\u0159esm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed socketu X11. Interakce s extern\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00edm je postavena na syst\u00e9mu v\u00fdm\u011bny zpr\u00e1v DBus a speci\u00e1ln\u00edm API Portals.     <\/p>\n<p>Pro izolaci se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 vrstva Bubblewrap a tradi\u010dn\u00ed technologie kontejnerov\u00e9 virtualizace pro Linux, zalo\u017een\u00e9 na vyu\u017eit\u00ed cgroups, prostor\u016f jmen (namespaces), Seccomp a SELinux. Pro v\u00fdstup zvuku se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 PulseAudio nebo PipeWire. P\u0159i vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed bal\u00ed\u010dku m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt izolace vypnuta, co\u017e vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159i mnoha popul\u00e1rn\u00edch bal\u00ed\u010dk\u016f pro z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed pln\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu k FS a v\u0161em za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm v syst\u00e9mu.     <\/p>\n<p>Nap\u0159\u00edklad s omezen\u00fdm re\u017eimem izolace, kter\u00fd ponech\u00e1v\u00e1 pln\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k domovsk\u00e9mu adres\u00e1\u0159i, jsou dod\u00e1v\u00e1ny bal\u00ed\u010dky GIMP, VSCodium, PyCharm, Octave, Inkscape, Audacity a VLC. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b kompromitace bal\u00ed\u010dk\u016f s p\u0159\u00edstupem k domovsk\u00e9mu adres\u00e1\u0159i, navzdory ozna\u010den\u00ed 'sandboxed' v popisu bal\u00ed\u010dku, je \u00fato\u010dn\u00edkovi k proveden\u00ed sv\u00e9ho k\u00f3du dostate\u010dn\u00e9 zm\u011bnit soubor ~\/ .bashrc. Samostatnou ot\u00e1zkou je kontrola nad prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00edm zm\u011bn v bal\u00ed\u010dc\u00edch a d\u016fv\u011bra k tv\u016frc\u016fm bal\u00ed\u010dk\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed \u010dasto nejsou spojeni s hlavn\u00edm projektem nebo distribucemi.<br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=62537\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f Flatpak 1.16, 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