{"id":123511,"date":"2025-04-15T21:05:13","date_gmt":"2025-04-15T19:05:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/kompaniya-oracle-opublikovala-yadro-unbreakable-enterprise-kernel-8"},"modified":"2026-02-08T18:56:02","modified_gmt":"2026-02-08T16:56:02","slug":"kompaniya-oracle-opublikovala-yadro-unbreakable-enterprise-kernel-8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/kompaniya-oracle-opublikovala-yadro-unbreakable-enterprise-kernel-8","title":{"rendered":"Spole\u010dnost Oracle zve\u0159ejnila j\u00e1dro Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel 8","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Spole\u010dnost Oracle p\u0159edstavila prvn\u00ed stabiln\u00ed verzi Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel 8 (UEK R8), varianty j\u00e1dra Linux vyv\u00edjen\u00e9ho pro pou\u017eit\u00ed v distribuci Oracle Linux jako alternativy k standardn\u00edmu bal\u00ed\u010dku s j\u00e1drem z Red Hat Enterprise Linux. J\u00e1dro je dostupn\u00e9 pouze pro architektury x86_64 a ARM64 (aarch64). Zdrojov\u00fd k\u00f3d j\u00e1dra, v\u010detn\u011b rozd\u011blen\u00ed na jednotliv\u00e9 z\u00e1platy, byl zve\u0159ejn\u011bn v ve\u0159ejn\u00e9m Git repozit\u00e1\u0159i Oracle.        <\/p>\n<p>Bal\u00ed\u010dek Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel 8 je postaven na j\u00e1d\u0159e Linux 6.12 (verze UEK R7 byla postavena na j\u00e1d\u0159e 5.4 a beta verze RHEL 10 nab\u00edzela j\u00e1dro 6.11), kter\u00e9 je dopln\u011bno o nov\u00e9 funkce, optimalizace a opravy, a tak\u00e9 bylo ov\u011b\u0159eno na kompatibilitu s v\u011bt\u0161inou aplikac\u00ed b\u011b\u017e\u00edc\u00edch v RHEL, a optimalizov\u00e1no pro pr\u00e1ci s pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdm softwarem a hardwarem Oracle. Instala\u010dn\u00ed a src bal\u00ed\u010dky s j\u00e1drem UEK R8 byly p\u0159ipraveny pro Oracle Linux 9.5 (neexistuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 omezen\u00ed pro pou\u017eit\u00ed tohoto j\u00e1dra v podobn\u00fdch verz\u00edch RHEL, CentOS, Alma Linux a Rocky Linux).       <\/p>\n<p>Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 novinky Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel 8:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Byl zm\u011bn\u011bn zp\u016fsob odd\u011blen\u00ed komponent j\u00e1dra UEK na jednotliv\u00e9 bal\u00ed\u010dky. Modul j\u00e1dra byl odd\u011blen od z\u00e1kladn\u00edho obrazu j\u00e1dra a p\u0159esunut do kolekc\u00ed dod\u00e1van\u00fdch v samostatn\u00fdch bal\u00ed\u010dc\u00edch: kernel-uek-modules-core (z\u00e1kladn\u00ed minimum), kernel-uek-modules (pro <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/server\/\"   title=\"servery\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"1678\">servery<\/a>), kernel-uek-modules-desktop, kernel-uek-modules-extra-netfilter, kernel-uek-modules-usb a kernel-uek-modules-wireless. Souvisej\u00edc\u00ed n\u00e1stroje byly p\u0159esunuty z z\u00e1kladn\u00edho bal\u00ed\u010dku kernel-uek-core do samostatn\u00e9ho bal\u00ed\u010dku kernel-uek-tools. Konfigura\u010dn\u00ed soubory se seznamem zak\u00e1zan\u00fdch modul\u016f ke spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed byly p\u0159ejmenov\u00e1ny z 'blacklist' na 'denylist' v r\u00e1mci iniciativy pro pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed inkluzivn\u00ed terminologie.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pro ARM Ampere syst\u00e9my pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 v Oracle Cloud byla vytvo\u0159ena samostatn\u00e1 verze j\u00e1dra kernel-uek64k, jej\u00ed\u017e z\u00e1kladn\u00ed velikost str\u00e1nek pam\u011bti byla zv\u00fd\u0161ena z 4 na 64 KB.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora poskytovan\u00e1 v Intel SGX2 (Software Guard Extensions) hardwarov\u00e9 implementace mechanismu EDMM (Enclave Dynamic Memory Management), kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje ovl\u00e1dat p\u0159\u00edstup k jednotliv\u00fdm str\u00e1nk\u00e1m pam\u011bti enclave a dynamicky p\u0159id\u00e1vat\/odeb\u00edrat str\u00e1nky pam\u011bti pro enclave.\n<li class=\"l\"> Do ovlada\u010de Intel QAT s podporou za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed Intel Quick Assist Technology (QAT) byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora \u010dtvrt\u00e9 generace procesor\u016f Intel Xeon.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byl p\u0159id\u00e1n syst\u00e9m detekce rozd\u011blen\u00fdch z\u00e1mk\u016f ('split-lock'), kter\u00e9 vznikaj\u00ed p\u0159i p\u0159\u00edstupu k nevyrovnan\u00fdm dat\u016fm v pam\u011bti, proto\u017ee p\u0159i prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed atom\u00e1rn\u00ed instrukce data p\u0159ekra\u010duj\u00ed dv\u011b linky CPU cache. Takov\u00e9to z\u00e1mky vedou k v\u00fdznamn\u00e9mu poklesu v\u00fdkonu (o 1000 cykl\u016f pomalej\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e je atom\u00e1rn\u00ed operace s daty, kter\u00e1 se vejde do jedn\u00e9 linky cache).\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla implementov\u00e1na nov\u00e1 metoda ochrany proti zranitelnosti Retbleed v CPU Intel a AMD, kter\u00e1 vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 sledov\u00e1n\u00ed hloubky vol\u00e1n\u00ed a nezp\u016fsobuje tak velk\u00e9 zpomalen\u00ed jako d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ochrana proti Retbleed.\n<li class=\"l\"> Na syst\u00e9mech x86 byla zaji\u0161t\u011bna sou\u010dasn\u00e1 aktivace sekund\u00e1rn\u00edch jader CPU, co\u017e umo\u017enilo zkr\u00e1tit dobu zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed j\u00e1dra na syst\u00e9mech s velk\u00fdm po\u010dtem jader.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na volba p\u0159\u00edkazov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1dku j\u00e1dra 'ia32_emulation', kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje p\u0159i spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed zap\u00ednat a vyp\u00ednat podporu emulace 32bitov\u00e9ho re\u017eimu v j\u00e1drech sestaven\u00fdch pro architekturu x86-64.\n<li class=\"l\"> Ve v\u00fdchoz\u00edm nastaven\u00ed byl m\u00edsto CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) aktivov\u00e1n pl\u00e1nova\u010d \u00faloh EEVDF (Earliest Eligible Virtual Deadline First). P\u0159i v\u00fdb\u011bru dal\u0161\u00edho procesu pro p\u0159enos vykon\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00fd pl\u00e1nova\u010d zohled\u0148uje procesy, kter\u00e9 nedostaly dostate\u010dn\u00e9 procesorov\u00e9 zdroje, nebo naopak dostaly nep\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u011b hodn\u011b procesorov\u00e9ho \u010dasu. V prvn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je p\u0159enos \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed procesu vynucen, v druh\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je naopak odlo\u017een. Star\u00fd pl\u00e1nova\u010d CFS pou\u017e\u00edval pro ur\u010den\u00ed proces\u016f vy\u017eaduj\u00edc\u00edch zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed pozornost heuristiky a jemn\u00e9 lad\u011bn\u00ed, zat\u00edmco nov\u00fd pl\u00e1nova\u010d je sleduje jasn\u011bji a nevy\u017eaduje jemn\u00e9 lad\u011bn\u00ed. EEVDF umo\u017en\u00ed sn\u00ed\u017eit zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159i vykon\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u00faloh, se kter\u00fdmi m\u011bl CFS pot\u00ed\u017ee s pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00edm.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pokra\u010duje dod\u00e1vka syst\u00e9mu dynamick\u00e9ho lad\u011bn\u00ed DTrace 2.0, kter\u00fd byl p\u0159eveden na pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed subsyst\u00e9mu j\u00e1dra eBPF. DTrace 2.0 funguje nad eBPF, stejn\u011b jako st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed n\u00e1stroje pro sledov\u00e1n\u00ed v Linuxu funguj\u00ed nad eBPF.\n<li class=\"l\"> V hypervizoru KVM bylo povoleno pou\u017e\u00edvat a\u017e 4096 virtu\u00e1ln\u00edch CPU (VCPU).\n<li class=\"l\"> Pokra\u010duje pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed KTLS, implementace protokolu TLS na \u00farovni j\u00e1dra.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla aktualizov\u00e1na implementace gener\u00e1toru pseudon\u00e1hodn\u00fdch \u010d\u00edsel RDRAND, kter\u00fd je zodpov\u011bdn\u00fd za funkci za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed \/dev\/random, co\u017e bylo p\u0159evedeno na pou\u017eit\u00ed hashovac\u00ed funkce BLAKE2s m\u00edsto SHA1 pro operace m\u00edch\u00e1n\u00ed entropie. Tato zm\u011bna umo\u017enila zv\u00fd\u0161it bezpe\u010dnost gener\u00e1toru pseudon\u00e1hodn\u00fdch \u010d\u00edsel. Pro urychlen\u00ed z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch \u010d\u00edsel prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm syst\u00e9mov\u00e9ho vol\u00e1n\u00ed getrandom() byl zapojen mechanismus vDSO (virtual dynamic shared object), kter\u00fd p\u0159esouv\u00e1 zpracovatele syst\u00e9mov\u00e9ho vol\u00e1n\u00ed z j\u00e1dra do prostoru u\u017eivatele, aby se minimalizovalo p\u0159ep\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed kontextu.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed BIG TCP, kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje zv\u00fd\u0161it maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed velikost TCP paketu na 4 GB pro optimalizaci v\u00fdkonu vysoce rychl\u00fdch intern\u00edch s\u00edt\u00ed datov\u00fdch center. Takov\u00e9to zv\u011bt\u0161en\u00ed velikosti paketu p\u0159i 16bitov\u00e9 velikosti pole v hlavi\u010dce je dosa\u017eeno prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm implementace 'jumbo' paket\u016f, jejich\u017e velikost v IP hlavi\u010dce je nastavena na 0, zat\u00edmco skute\u010dn\u00e1 velikost je p\u0159evedena do samostatn\u00e9ho 32bitov\u00e9ho pole v p\u0159ipojen\u00e9 hlavi\u010dce.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pro s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9 sokety byla implementov\u00e1na mo\u017enost SO_RESERVE_MEM, pomoc\u00ed kter\u00e9 lze rezervovat pro soket ur\u010dit\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed pam\u011bti, kter\u00e9 z\u016fstane v\u017edy dostupn\u00e9 pro soket a nebude vyjmuto. Pou\u017eit\u00ed t\u00e9to mo\u017enosti umo\u017e\u0148uje zv\u00fd\u0161it v\u00fdkon t\u00edm, \u017ee se zkr\u00e1t\u00ed v s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9m z\u00e1sobn\u00edku operace alokace a uvoln\u011bn\u00ed pam\u011bti, zejm\u00e9na za podm\u00ednek nedostatku pam\u011bti v syst\u00e9mu.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla provedena optimalizace v\u00fdkonu pl\u00e1nova\u010de paket\u016f fq (Fair Queuing), kter\u00e1 zv\u00fd\u0161ila propustnost o 5 % p\u0159i vysok\u00fdch z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e\u00edch v testu tcp_rr (TCP Request\/Response) a o 13 % p\u0159i neomezen\u00e9m toku UDP paket\u016f.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla provedena reorganizace s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00fdch struktur j\u00e1dra pro zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed efektivity ke\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed dat procesorem, co\u017e vedlo ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed v\u00fdkonu TCP z\u00e1sobn\u00edku na syst\u00e9mech obsluhuj\u00edc\u00edch velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed paraleln\u00edch po\u017eadavk\u016f.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora knihovny ASMLib 3 pro automatizovan\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b v datab\u00e1zov\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu Oracle.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla provedena optimalizace v\u00fdkonu a zlep\u0161en\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti mechanismu asynchronn\u00edho vstupu\/v\u00fdstupu io_uring. Byly p\u0159id\u00e1ny optimalizace na b\u00e1zi io_uring pro souborov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my XFS a Ext4, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed paraleln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 z\u00e1pisy do souboru ve v\u00edce vl\u00e1knech.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla vylep\u0161ena podpora souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu Btrfs. Pro za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed s podporou trim\/discard byla ve v\u00fdchoz\u00edm nastaven\u00ed povolena mo\u017enost montov\u00e1n\u00ed 'discard=async', kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje prov\u00e1d\u011bt tyto operace ihned pro v\u0161echny FS v asynchronn\u00edm re\u017eimu. Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora odes\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed a p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed komprimovan\u00fdch dat bez transformac\u00ed. Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora z\u00e1pisu bloky v\u011bt\u0161\u00edmi ne\u017e 64 KB. Byl zjednodu\u0161en \u00fa\u010det kv\u00f3t. Byla implementov\u00e1na podpora montov\u00e1n\u00ed klonovan\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Byly vylep\u0161eny kontroly z\u00e1pisu v re\u017eimu NOCOW (pr\u016fchodnost vzrostla o 9 %). Byly p\u0159id\u00e1ny mo\u017enosti montov\u00e1n\u00ed 'ignoremetacsums' a 'ignoresuperflags' pro ignorov\u00e1n\u00ed nespr\u00e1vn\u00fdch kontroln\u00edch sou\u010dt\u016f metadat a flag\u016f superbloku. Bylo zaji\u0161t\u011bno prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed \u00faloh pro odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, vyva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed a redistribuci blok\u016f v paraleln\u00edm re\u017eimu.\n<li class=\"l\"> Ve FS XFS bylo povoleno pou\u017eit\u00ed velikosti bloku p\u0159esahuj\u00edc\u00ed velikost str\u00e1nky pam\u011bti. Byly p\u0159id\u00e1ny velk\u00e9 po\u010ditadla extent\u016f pro velmi velk\u00e9 virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed disky. Byl p\u0159id\u00e1n re\u017eim atomick\u00e9ho potvrzen\u00ed (commit) obsahu soubor\u016f. Byla navr\u017eena experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed implementace kontroly (fsck) a obnovy FS v online re\u017eimu.\n<li class=\"l\"> V NFS je ve v\u00fdchoz\u00edm nastaven\u00ed zapnuta operace READ_PLUS, definovan\u00e1 ve specifikaci NFS 4.2, kter\u00e1 se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pro efektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010dten\u00ed dat ze soubor\u016f obsahuj\u00edc\u00edch mezery.\n<li class=\"l\"> Syst\u00e9m spr\u00e1vy pam\u011bti byl p\u0159eveden na pou\u017eit\u00ed datov\u00e9 struktury folios (folio pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00fdch str\u00e1nek). Folios p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed slou\u010den\u00e9 pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky (compound pages), ale li\u0161\u00ed se vylep\u0161enou s\u00e9mantikou a p\u0159ehledn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed organizac\u00ed pr\u00e1ce.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pro operace mapov\u00e1n\u00ed pam\u011bti je pou\u017eita datov\u00e1 struktura \u201ejavorov\u00fd strom\u201c, kter\u00e1 je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za efektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1hradu za strukturu \u201e\u010derveno-\u010dern\u00fd strom\u201c. Javorov\u00fd strom je variantou B-stromu, kter\u00e1 podporuje indexaci podle rozsah\u016f hodnot a je navr\u017eena pro efektivn\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed cache. <a href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/server\/dts-riga\/\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"371\">modern\u00edch procesor\u016f<\/a>.\n<li class=\"l\"> V mmap byly implementov\u00e1ny z\u00e1mky na \u00farovni jednotliv\u00fdch VMA (Virtual Memory Area), kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed v\u00fdkonu v\u00edcero\u010dn\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na datov\u00e1 struktura ptdesc, optimalizuj\u00edc\u00ed pr\u00e1ci s tabulkami pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00fdch str\u00e1nek odd\u011blen\u00edm struktur s metadata a daty pro pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky.             <\/ul>\n<p>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=63081\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f Oracle \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel 8 (UEK R8), \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0435 Oracle Linux \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u0443 \u0441 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0437 Red Hat Enterprise Linux. \u042f\u0434\u0440\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440 x86_64 \u0438 ARM64 (aarch64). \u0418\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0432\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438, \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0432 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c Git-\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 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