{"id":140334,"date":"2025-08-09T23:12:05","date_gmt":"2025-08-09T21:12:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/reliz-debian-13"},"modified":"2025-08-09T23:12:05","modified_gmt":"2025-08-09T21:12:05","slug":"reliz-debian-13","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/reliz-debian-13","title":{"rendered":"Uvoln\u011bn\u00ed Debian 13","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Po dvou letech v\u00fdvoje do\u0161lo k vyd\u00e1n\u00ed Debian 13 \u201eTrixie\u201c, kter\u00fd je dostupn\u00fd pro osm ofici\u00e1ln\u011b podporovan\u00fdch architektur: Intel IA-32\/x86 (i686), AMD64\/x86-64, ARM EABI (armel), ARM64, ARMv7 (armhf), RISC-V, PowerPC 64 (ppc64el) a IBM System z (s390x). Aktualizace pro Debian 13 budou vyd\u00e1v\u00e1ny po dobu 5 let.    <\/p>\n<p>K dispozici jsou instala\u010dn\u00ed obrazy, kter\u00e9 lze st\u00e1hnout p\u0159es HTTP, jigdo nebo BitTorrent. Pro architekturu amd64 byly vyvinuty LiveUSB, dostupn\u00e9 v variant\u00e1ch s GNOME, KDE, LXDE, Xfce, Cinnamon a MATE, a tak\u00e9 v\u00edcerozm\u011brn\u00fd DVD, kter\u00fd kombinuje bal\u00ed\u010dky pro platformu amd64 s dodate\u010dn\u00fdmi bal\u00ed\u010dky pro architekturu i386. P\u0159ed procesem migrace z Debian 12 byste se m\u011bli sezn\u00e1mit s n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm dokumentem.      <\/p>\n<p>V repozit\u00e1\u0159i je k dispozici 69830 bin\u00e1rn\u00edch bal\u00ed\u010dk\u016f, co\u017e je o 5411 bal\u00ed\u010dk\u016f v\u00edce ne\u017e bylo nab\u00eddnuto v Debianu 12. Ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s Debianem 12 bylo p\u0159id\u00e1no 14116 nov\u00fdch bin\u00e1rn\u00edch bal\u00ed\u010dk\u016f, 8844 (12 %) zastaral\u00fdch nebo opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch bal\u00ed\u010dk\u016f bylo odstran\u011bno a 44326 (63 %) bal\u00ed\u010dk\u016f bylo aktualizov\u00e1no. Celkov\u00fd souhrnn\u00fd velikost v\u0161ech zdrojov\u00fdch text\u016f nab\u00edzen\u00fdch v distribuci \u010din\u00ed 1 463 291 186 \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du. Souhrnn\u00e1 velikost v\u0161ech bal\u00ed\u010dk\u016f je 403 GB.       <\/p>\n<p>Pro 96,9 % bal\u00ed\u010dk\u016f je zaji\u0161t\u011bna podpora reprodukovateln\u00fdch sestaven\u00ed, kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed potvrdit, \u017ee spustiteln\u00fd soubor byl sestaven p\u0159esn\u011b z uveden\u00fdch zdrojov\u00fdch text\u016f a neobsahuje ciz\u00ed zm\u011bny, kter\u00e9 by mohly b\u00fdt provedeny nap\u0159\u00edklad \u00fatokem na sestavovac\u00ed infrastrukturu nebo zad\u00e1n\u00edm do p\u0159eklada\u010de.    <\/p>\n<p>Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 zm\u011bny v Debian 13.0:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Byl p\u0159id\u00e1n ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed port distribuce pro syst\u00e9my zalo\u017een\u00e9 na 64bitov\u00e9 architektu\u0159e RISC-V.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byl p\u0159id\u00e1n port \u201eloong64\u201c pro syst\u00e9my zalo\u017een\u00e9 na architektu\u0159e instruk\u010dn\u00edho setu LoongArch, kter\u00fd se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v procesorech Loongson 3 5000 a implementuje RISC ISA, kter\u00fd je podobn\u00fd MIPS a RISC-V. Port nen\u00ed za\u0159azen mezi ofici\u00e1ln\u011b podporovan\u00e9.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byly odstran\u011bny porty \u201emipsel\u201c a \u201emips64el\u201c pro syst\u00e9my zalo\u017een\u00e9 na architektu\u0159e MIPS. Port \u201emipsel\u201c byl jedn\u00edm z nejstar\u0161\u00edch podporovan\u00fdch port\u016f Debianu, star\u0161\u00ed byl pouze port pro procesory i386. D\u016fvodem odstran\u011bn\u00ed byly technick\u00e9 probl\u00e9my, jako je omezen\u00ed velikosti pam\u011bti v prostoru u\u017eivatele na 2Gb a probl\u00e9my se sestaven\u00edm.\n<li class=\"l\"> Bylo ukon\u010deno vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed ofici\u00e1ln\u00edch instala\u010dn\u00edch bal\u00ed\u010dk\u016f a sad s j\u00e1drem pro 32bitov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my x86, ale je zachov\u00e1na dostupnost ofici\u00e1ln\u011b podporovan\u00e9ho repozit\u00e1\u0159e bal\u00ed\u010dk\u016f a multi-arch repozit\u00e1\u0159e, mo\u017enosti nasazen\u00ed 32bitov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed v izolovan\u00fdch kontejnerech a n\u00e1stroj\u016f pro sestavov\u00e1n\u00ed 32bitov\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed. Architektura i386 v Debianu nyn\u00ed omezuje podporu pouze na spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed 32bitov\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed v 64bitov\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed x86_64 (p\u0159i sestavov\u00e1n\u00ed se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed instrukce SSE2, kter\u00e9 nejsou dostupn\u00e9 ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b 32bitov\u00fdch procesor\u016f podporovan\u00fdch v Debian 12).\n<li class=\"l\"> Byl pln\u011b vy\u0159e\u0161en probl\u00e9m roku 2038. V\u0161echny bal\u00ed\u010dky byly p\u0159evedeny na pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed 64bitov\u00e9ho typu time_t v portech distribuce pro 32bitov\u00e9 architektury, u kter\u00fdch se st\u00e1le pou\u017e\u00edval 32bitov\u00fd typ time_t (ten nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt pro zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dasu po 19. lednu 2038 z d\u016fvodu p\u0159ete\u010den\u00ed \u010d\u00edta\u010de sekund, kter\u00e9 uplynuly od 1. ledna 1970).\n<li class=\"l\"> Ve instala\u010dn\u00edm programu byla zm\u011bn\u011bna logika spr\u00e1vy odd\u00edl\u016f EFI a p\u0159id\u00e1n re\u017eim obnoven\u00ed syst\u00e9m\u016f nainstalovan\u00fdch v pododd\u00edlu Btrfs. Byly odstran\u011bny firmware, kter\u00e9 nejsou pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 p\u0159i instalaci, kter\u00e9 nemohou fungovat bez svobodn\u00fdch bal\u00ed\u010dk\u016f, nebo jsou bezcenn\u00e9 p\u0159i aktu\u00e1ln\u00edch nastaven\u00edch j\u00e1dra. Byla zru\u0161ena podpora grub-legacy a win32-loader. Byla obnovena podpora pro pou\u017eit\u00ed znak\u016f, kter\u00e9 nejsou ASCII, v pln\u00e9m u\u017eivatelsk\u00e9m jm\u00e9nu. Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora pro desky a za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed: Pine64 Pinebook, MNT Reform 2, AM64x HummingBoard-T, Pine64 Star64, Wandboard rev D1, stejn\u011b jako notebooky a tablety zalo\u017een\u00e9 na ARM SoC Snapdragon X Elite.\n<li class=\"l\"> Do instal\u00e1toru a Live verz\u00ed byl p\u0159id\u00e1n re\u017eim vzd\u00e1len\u00e9ho bootov\u00e1n\u00ed \u201eHTTP Boot\u201c, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m jsou bootovac\u00ed obrazy dod\u00e1v\u00e1ny prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm protokolu HTTP (URL iso-obrazu se zad\u00e1v\u00e1 v rozhran\u00ed firmware UEFI nebo U-Boot).\n<li class=\"l\"> Pro ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed adres\u00e1\u0159e s do\u010dasn\u00fdmi soubory \/tmp je pou\u017eita souborov\u00fd syst\u00e9m tmpfs, kter\u00fd vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 RAM disk um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fd v opera\u010dn\u00ed pam\u011bti, jen\u017e m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt p\u0159i nedostatku voln\u00e9 pam\u011bti odlo\u017een na swapov\u00fd odd\u00edl. Pou\u017eit\u00ed tmpfs umo\u017e\u0148uje sn\u00ed\u017eit po\u010det z\u00e1pisov\u00fdch operac\u00ed na fyzick\u00fd disk, sn\u00ed\u017eit spot\u0159ebu energie pevn\u00fdch disk\u016f, prodlou\u017eit \u017eivotnost SSD disk\u016f a zlep\u0161it v\u00fdkon pr\u00e1ce s do\u010dasn\u00fdmi soubory. K navr\u00e1cen\u00ed ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed \/tmp do b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho FS lze pou\u017e\u00edt p\u0159\u00edkaz \u201esystemctl mask tmp.mount.\u201c\n<li class=\"l\"> Byly vylou\u010deny p\u0159\u00edkazy last, lastb a lastlog, kter\u00e9 byly napojeny na soubory \/var\/log\/wtmp, \/var\/log\/btmp, \/var\/run\/utmp a \/var\/log\/lastlog, pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed 32bitov\u00fd typ time_t, kter\u00fd nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 nahradit 64bitov\u00fdm bez zm\u011bny ABI Glibc a poru\u0161en\u00ed kompatibility s aplikacemi. M\u00edsto t\u011bchto utilit se doporu\u010duje pou\u017e\u00edvat utility wtmpdb, lastlog2 a lslogins.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pro ur\u010den\u00ed a p\u0159ipojen\u00ed \u0161ifrovan\u00fdch FS byl pou\u017eit bal\u00ed\u010dek systemd-cryptsetup.\n<li class=\"l\"> Na syst\u00e9mech s architekturou AMD64 a ARM64 jsou pou\u017eity roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed Intel CET (Control-flow Enforcement Technology), ARM PAC (Pointer Authentication) a BTI (Branch Target Identification) pro ochranu proti exploit\u016fm, kter\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed metody n\u00e1vratov\u00e9ho orientovan\u00e9ho programov\u00e1n\u00ed (ROP \u2014 Return-Oriented Programming). P\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed techniky ROP se \u00fato\u010dn\u00edk nesna\u017e\u00ed um\u00edstit sv\u016fj k\u00f3d do pam\u011bti, ale pracuje ji\u017e s existuj\u00edc\u00edmi fragmenty strojov\u00fdch instrukc\u00ed v na\u010dten\u00fdch knihovn\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 kon\u010d\u00ed instrukc\u00ed n\u00e1vratu \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed (obvykle se jedn\u00e1 o konce knihovn\u00edch funkc\u00ed). Funkce exploitu spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 ve vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed \u0159et\u011bzce vol\u00e1n\u00ed podobn\u00fdch blok\u016f (\u201egadgets\u201c) pro z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 funk\u010dnosti. Podstata ochrany spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee po p\u0159ed\u00e1n\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed funkci jsou adresy n\u00e1vratu ukl\u00e1d\u00e1ny procesorem nejen do b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho z\u00e1sobn\u00edku, ale tak\u00e9 do samostatn\u00e9ho st\u00ednov\u00e9ho z\u00e1sobn\u00edku, kter\u00fd nelze m\u011bnit p\u0159\u00edmo.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora utility run0, dod\u00e1van\u00e9 se systemd pro spou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed proces\u016f pod identifik\u00e1tory jin\u00fdch u\u017eivatel\u016f. Tato utilita je realizov\u00e1na jako nadstavba nad p\u0159\u00edkazem systemd-run a prezentov\u00e1na jako bezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed alternativa programu sudo.\n<li class=\"l\"> Je aktivov\u00e1na v\u011btev spr\u00e1vce bal\u00ed\u010dk\u016f APT 3.0, ve kter\u00e9 byl p\u0159epracov\u00e1n u\u017eivatelsk\u00fd rozhran\u00ed, byl aktivov\u00e1n motor pro \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed z\u00e1vislost\u00ed Solver3, p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora snapshot\u016f, bylo ukon\u010deno pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1stroje apt-key, byl p\u0159id\u00e1n kryptografick\u00fd backend pro knihovnu OpenSSL a byla implementov\u00e1na p\u0159\u00edkaz 'dist-clean'.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byl p\u0159id\u00e1n p\u0159\u00edkaz debian-repro-status pro kontrolu stavu reprodukovateln\u00e9 sestavy pro nainstalovan\u00e9 bal\u00ed\u010dky v aktu\u00e1ln\u00edm syst\u00e9mu.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla dokon\u010dena migrace distribuce z pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed samostatn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti \/usr na p\u0159edstavu, p\u0159i kter\u00e9 jsou adres\u00e1\u0159e \/bin, \/sbin a \/lib* zpracov\u00e1ny jako symbolick\u00e9 odkazy na odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed adres\u00e1\u0159e uvnit\u0159 \/usr.\n<li class=\"l\"> J\u00e1dro Linuxu bylo aktualizov\u00e1no na verzi 6.12. Byly zavedeny nov\u00e9 verze systemd 257, bash 5.2.37, Glibc 2.41, OpenSSL 3.5.\n<li class=\"l\"> Slo\u017een\u00ed obsahuje vyd\u00e1n\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed GNOME 48, KDE Plasma 6.3, LXDE 13, LXQt 2.1.0 a Xfce 4.20. Byla aktualizov\u00e1na grafick\u00e1 vrstva.\n<li class=\"l\">  Byly aktualizov\u00e1ny u\u017eivatelsk\u00e9 aplikace, jako nap\u0159\u00edklad LibreOffice 25.2, GIMP 3.0.2, Inkscape 1.4, Vim 9.1.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byly aktualizov\u00e1ny serverov\u00e9 aplikace, jako nap\u0159\u00edklad BIND 9.20, Postfix 3.10, Exim 4.98, PostgreSQL 17, MariaDB 11.8, nginx 1.26, OpenJDK 21, OpenSSH 10.0, Samba 4.22, QEMU 10.0, Docker 26.1.5, Xen 4.20.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byly aktualizov\u00e1ny v\u00fdvojov\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje, jako nap\u0159\u00edklad GCC 14.2, LLVM\/Clang 19, Perl 5.40, PHP 8.4, Python 3.13, Rust 1.85, Go 1.24.\n<ul>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=63702\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0437 Debian 13 &#171;Trixie&#187;, \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440: Intel IA-32\/x86 (i686), AMD64\/x86-64, ARM EABI (armel), ARM64, ARMv7 (armhf), RISC-V, PowerPC 64 (ppc64el) \u0438 IBM System z (s390x). \u041e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f Debian 13 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 5 \u043b\u0435\u0442. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b, \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e HTTP, jigdo [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-140334","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 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