{"id":141508,"date":"2025-08-25T11:11:55","date_gmt":"2025-08-25T09:11:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/yadru-linux-ispolnilos-34-goda"},"modified":"2026-02-08T18:03:20","modified_gmt":"2026-02-08T16:03:20","slug":"yadru-linux-ispolnilos-34-goda","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/yadru-linux-ispolnilos-34-goda","title":{"rendered":"J\u00e1dru Linuxu je 34 let.","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>25. srpna 1991 ozn\u00e1mil 21let\u00fd student Linus Torvalds na konferenci comp.os.minix vytvo\u0159en\u00ed pracovn\u00ed prototyp nov\u00e9 opera\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu Linux, kter\u00e9mu bylo dokon\u010deno portov\u00e1n\u00ed bash 1.08 a gcc 1.40. Prvn\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 vyd\u00e1n\u00ed j\u00e1dra Linux bylo p\u0159edstaveno 17. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed. J\u00e1dro 0.0.1 m\u011blo velikost 62 kB ve zkomprimovan\u00e9m form\u00e1tu a obsahovalo p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 10 tis\u00edc \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f zdrojov\u00e9ho k\u00f3du. Modern\u00ed j\u00e1dro Linux m\u00e1 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 41 milion\u016f \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du.<\/p>\n<p>J\u00e1dro Linux bylo vytvo\u0159eno pod vlivem opera\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu MINIX, kter\u00fd Linuse nespokojoval svou omezenou licenc\u00ed. Pozd\u011bji, kdy\u017e se Linux stal zn\u00e1m\u00fdm projektem, jeho nep\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9 se sna\u017eili obvinit Linuse z p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho kop\u00edrov\u00e1n\u00ed k\u00f3du n\u011bkter\u00fdch subsyst\u00e9m\u016f MINIX. \u00datok odrazil Andrew Tanenbaum, autor MINIX, kter\u00fd p\u0159ik\u00e1zal jednomu ze student\u016f prov\u00e9st podrobnou anal\u00fdzu k\u00f3du mezi MINIX a prvn\u00edch ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch verz\u00ed Linuxu. V\u00fdsledky v\u00fdzkumu uk\u00e1zaly pouze \u010dty\u0159i nev\u00fdznamn\u00e1 shodn\u00e1 m\u00edsta v k\u00f3du, dan\u00e1 po\u017eadavky POSIX a ANSI C.<\/p>\n<p>P\u016fvodn\u011b Linus zam\u00fd\u0161lel nazvat j\u00e1dro Freax, od slov \u201efree\u201c, \u201efreak\u201c a X (Unix). Ale n\u00e1zev \u201eLinux\u201c j\u00e1dro z\u00edskalo d\u00edky Ari Lemmke, kter\u00fd na Linusovu \u017e\u00e1dost um\u00edstil j\u00e1dro na FTP server univerzity a nazval adres\u00e1\u0159 s archivem nejen \u201efreax\u201c, jak po\u017eadoval Torvalds, ale \u201elinux\u201c. Pozoruhodn\u00e9 je, \u017ee podnikav\u00fd obchodn\u00edk William Della Croce se poda\u0159ilo zaregistrovat ochrannou zn\u00e1mku Linux a cht\u011bl v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu vybrat licen\u010dn\u00ed poplatky, ale pozd\u011bji si to rozmyslel a v\u0161echny pr\u00e1va na ochrannou zn\u00e1mku p\u0159edal Linusovi. Ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed maskot j\u00e1dra Linux, tu\u010d\u0148\u00e1k Tux, byl vybr\u00e1n v d\u016fsledku sout\u011b\u017ee, kter\u00e1 se konala v roce 1996. Jm\u00e9no Tux je pochopeno jako Torvalds UniX.<\/p>\n<p>Dynamika r\u016fstu k\u00f3dov\u00e9 z\u00e1kladny (po\u010det \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f zdrojov\u00e9ho k\u00f3du) j\u00e1dra:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>0.0.1 \u2013 z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1991, 10 tis\u00edc \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;<\/li>\n<li>1.0.0 \u2013 b\u0159ezen 1994, 176 tis\u00edc \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;<\/li>\n<li>1.2.0 \u2013 b\u0159ezen 1995, 311 tis\u00edc \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;<\/li>\n<li>2.0.0 \u2013 \u010derven 1996, 778 tis\u00edc \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;<\/li>\n<li>2.2.0 \u2013 leden 1999, 1.8 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;<\/li>\n<li>2.4.0 \u2013 leden 2001, 3.4 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;<\/li>\n<li>2.6.0 \u2013 prosinec 2003, 5.9 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;<\/li>\n<li>2.6.28 \u2013 prosinec 2008, 10.2 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;<\/li>\n<li>2.6.35 \u2013 srpen 2010, 13.4 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;<\/li>\n<li>3.0 \u2014 srpen 2011, 14.6 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;<\/li>\n<li>3.5 \u2014 \u010dervenec 2012, 15.5 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;<\/li>\n<li>3.10 \u2013 \u010dervenec 2013, 15.8 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;<\/li>\n<li>3.16 \u2013 srpen 2014, 17.5 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;<\/li>\n<li>4.1 \u2013 \u010derven 2015, 19.5 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;<\/li>\n<li>4.7 \u2013 \u010dervenec 2016, 21.7 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;<\/li>\n<li>4.12 \u2013 \u010dervenec 2017, 24.1 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;<\/li>\n<li>4.18 \u2014 srpen 2018, 25.3 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;<\/li>\n<li>5.2 \u2014 \u010dervenec 2019, 26.55 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;<\/li>\n<li>5.8 \u2014 srpen 2020, 28.4 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;<\/li>\n<li>5.13 \u2014 \u010derven 2021, 29.2 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;<\/li>\n<li>5.19 \u2014 srpen 2022, 30.5 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;<\/li>\n<li>6.4 \u2014 \u010derven 2023, 32.9 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du.<\/li>\n<li>6.10 \u2014 \u010dervenec 2024, 35.1 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du.<\/li>\n<li>6.16 \u2014 \u010dervenec 2025, 40,8 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pokrok ve v\u00fdvoji j\u00e1dra:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 0.0.1 \u2014 z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1991, prvn\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 vyd\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 podporuje pouze CPU i386 a spou\u0161t\u00ed se z disket.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 0.12 \u2014 leden 1992, k\u00f3d za\u010dal b\u00fdt distribuov\u00e1n pod licenc\u00ed GPLv2.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 0.95 \u2014 b\u0159ezen 1992, zaji\u0161t\u011bna mo\u017enost spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed X Window System, implementov\u00e1na podpora virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed pam\u011bti a swapov\u00e9ho prostoru.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 0.96-0.99 \u2014 1992-1993, za\u010dala pr\u00e1ce na s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9m z\u00e1sobn\u00edku. P\u0159edstavena souborov\u00e1 syst\u00e9m Ext2, p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora form\u00e1tu soubor\u016f ELF, p\u0159edstaveny ovlada\u010de pro zvukov\u00e9 karty a SCSI kontrol\u00e9ry, realizov\u00e1no na\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed modul\u016f j\u00e1dra a souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu \/proc.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">V roce 1992 se objevily prvn\u00ed distribuce SLS a Yggdrasil. V l\u00e9t\u011b 1993 byly zalo\u017eeny projekty Slackware a Debian.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 1.0 \u2014 b\u0159ezen 1994, prvn\u00ed ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed stabiln\u00ed vyd\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 1.2 \u2014 b\u0159ezen 1995, v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed po\u010dtu ovlada\u010d\u016f, podpora platforem Alpha, MIPS a SPARC, roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed mo\u017enost\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9ho z\u00e1sobn\u00edku, vznik paketov\u00e9ho filtru, podpora NFS.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 2.0 \u2014 \u010derven 1996, podpora v\u00edcej\u00e1drov\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">B\u0159ezen 1997: zalo\u017een LKML, mailing list v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159\u016f j\u00e1dra Linux;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">1998: spu\u0161t\u011bn prvn\u00ed cluster na b\u00e1zi Linuxu, kter\u00fd se dostal na seznam Top500, slo\u017een\u00fd z 68 uzl\u016f s CPU Alpha;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 2.2 \u2014 leden 1999, zv\u00fd\u0161ena efektivita spr\u00e1vy pam\u011bti, p\u0159id\u00e1no <a href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/lir\/ipv4\/\">podpora IPv6<\/a>, realizov\u00e1n nov\u00fd mezirezortn\u00ed firewall, p\u0159edstavena nov\u00e1 zvukov\u00e1 subsyst\u00e9m;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 2.4 \u2014 \u00fanor 2001, zaji\u0161t\u011bna podpora 8-j\u00e1drov\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f a 64 GB RAM, souborov\u00e1 syst\u00e9m Ext3, podpora USB, ACPI.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 2.6 \u2014 prosinec 2003, podpora SELinux, prost\u0159edky automatick\u00e9ho lad\u011bn\u00ed parametr\u016f j\u00e1dra, sysfs, p\u0159epracovan\u00fd syst\u00e9m spr\u00e1vy pam\u011bti.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">V roce 2005 byl p\u0159edstaven hypervizor Xen, kter\u00fd otev\u0159el \u00e9ru virtualizace;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">V z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2008 byl vyd\u00e1n prvn\u00ed release platformy Android, zalo\u017een\u00e9 na j\u00e1d\u0159e Linux;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">V \u010dervenci 2011 bylo po deseti letech v\u00fdvoje v\u011btve 2.6.x p\u0159ejato na \u010d\u00edslov\u00e1n\u00ed 3.x. Po\u010det objekt\u016f v Git repozit\u00e1\u0159i dos\u00e1hl 2 milion\u016f;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">V roce 2015 byla vyd\u00e1na j\u00e1dro Linux 4.0. Po\u010det git objekt\u016f v repozit\u00e1\u0159i dos\u00e1hl 4 miliony;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">V dubnu 2018 byl p\u0159ekon\u00e1n miln\u00edk 6 milion\u016f git objekt\u016f v repozit\u00e1\u0159i j\u00e1dra.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">V lednu 2019 byla vytvo\u0159ena v\u011btev j\u00e1dra Linux 5.0. Repozit\u00e1\u0159 dos\u00e1hl \u00farovn\u011b 6,5 milionu git objekt\u016f.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Publikovan\u00e9 j\u00e1dro 5.8 v srpnu 2020 se stalo nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm co do po\u010dtu zm\u011bn ze v\u0161ech jader za celou dobu existence projektu.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">V j\u00e1d\u0159e 5.13 byl stanoven rekord po\u010dtu v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159\u016f (2150), jejich\u017e zm\u011bny byly zahrnuty do j\u00e1dra.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">V srpnu 2022 byla vytvo\u0159ena v\u011btev j\u00e1dra Linux 6.0, proto\u017ee ve v\u011btvi 5.x se nahromadilo dostate\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed vyd\u00e1n\u00ed pro zm\u011bnu prvn\u00edho \u010d\u00edsla ve verzi.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">V j\u00e1d\u0159e 6.1, vydan\u00e9m v prosinci 2022, byla p\u0159id\u00e1na mo\u017enost pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jazyka Rust jako druh\u00e9ho jazyka pro v\u00fdvoj ovlada\u010d\u016f a modul\u016f j\u00e1dra.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">V \u00fanoru 2025 byla p\u0159ekon\u00e1na hranice 40 milion\u016f \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f zdrojov\u00e9ho k\u00f3du.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>P\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 65 % v\u0161ech zm\u011bn v j\u00e1d\u0159e bylo provedeno 20 nejaktivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi spole\u010dnostmi. Nap\u0159\u00edklad b\u011bhem v\u00fdvoje j\u00e1dra 6.16 bylo z v\u0161ech zm\u011bn 11,3 % (p\u0159ed rokem v j\u00e1d\u0159e 6.10 to bylo 15,3 %) p\u0159ipraveno spole\u010dnost\u00ed Intel, 7,6 % (6,9 %) \u2014 Red Hat, 6,3 % (7,4 %) \u2014 Google, 5,6 % (6,3 %) \u2014 Linaro, 5,4 % (4,6 %) \u2014 AMD, 3,6 % (1,9 %) \u2014 Qualcomm, 3,0 % (2,5 %) \u2014 SUSE, 2,9 % (3,2 %) \u2014 Meta, 2,6 % (3,3 %) \u2014 Oracle, 2,4 % (2,3 %) \u2014 Huawei, 2,4 % (1,5 %) \u2014 NVIDIA, 2,3 % (1,2 %) \u2014 ARM, 1,4 % (2,4 %) \u2014 IBM. 15,3 % (11,9 %) zm\u011bn p\u0159ipravili nez\u00e1visl\u00ed \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci nebo v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159i, kte\u0159\u00ed v\u00fdslovn\u011b neozn\u00e1mili svou pr\u00e1ci pro ur\u010dit\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti. Po\u010det \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du p\u0159idan\u00fdch do j\u00e1dra 6.16 vedou spole\u010dnosti Intel, Red Hat a Google, jejich\u017e pod\u00edl \u010dinil 9,2 %, 7,2 % a 6,9 % (v j\u00e1d\u0159e 6.10 vedly spole\u010dnosti Intel, Linaro a Red Hat s pod\u00edly 13,6 %, 13,3 % a 7,2 %).<\/p>\n<p>Zdroj: <a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=63771\">opennet.ru<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>25 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 21-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u0422\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0441 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 comp.os.minix \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b Linux, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f bash 1.08 \u0438 gcc 1.40. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d 17 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f. \u042f\u0434\u0440\u043e 0.0.1 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440 62 \u041a\u0431 \u0432 \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043b\u043e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-141508","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"25 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 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