{"id":168524,"date":"2026-04-13T11:12:24","date_gmt":"2026-04-13T09:12:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/reliz-yadra-linux-7-0"},"modified":"2026-04-13T11:12:24","modified_gmt":"2026-04-13T09:12:24","slug":"reliz-yadra-linux-7-0","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/reliz-yadra-linux-7-0","title":{"rendered":"Vyd\u00e1n\u00ed j\u00e1dra Linux 7.0","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Po dvou m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch v\u00fdvoje Linus Torvalds p\u0159edstavil vyd\u00e1n\u00ed j\u00e1dra Linux 7.0. Mezi nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi zm\u011bnami jsou: pravidla pro pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed AI asistent\u016f, za\u0159azen\u00ed Rustu mezi hlavn\u00ed funkce j\u00e1dra, zlep\u0161en\u00ed v\u00fdkonu swapov\u00e1n\u00ed, povolen\u00ed re\u017eimu PREEMPT_LAZY jako v\u00fdchoz\u00ed, podpora filtr\u016f pro operace io_uring, nov\u00e1 FS Nullfs, infrastruktura fserror, monitorovac\u00ed n\u00e1stroje XFS, podpora remapov\u00e1n\u00ed v Btrfs, povolen\u00ed verze NFS 4.1 jako v\u00fdchoz\u00ed, integrace postkvantov\u00e9ho kryptografick\u00e9ho algoritmu ML-DSA, aktivace AccECN v s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9m subsyst\u00e9mu a po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed podpora WiFi 8.      <\/p>\n<p>\u010c\u00edslo 7.0 bylo p\u0159id\u011bleno, proto\u017ee v \u0159ad\u011b 6.x se nahromadilo dostatek vyd\u00e1n\u00ed k zm\u011bn\u011b prvn\u00edho \u010d\u00edsla verze (v dob\u011b jeho vyd\u00e1n\u00ed bylo 6.0 vytvo\u0159eno ihned po 5.19). Zm\u011bna \u010d\u00edslov\u00e1n\u00ed se prov\u00e1d\u00ed z estetick\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f a je to form\u00e1ln\u00ed krok, kter\u00fd odstra\u0148uje nep\u0159\u00edjemnosti zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 hromad\u011bn\u00edm velk\u00e9ho po\u010dtu vyd\u00e1n\u00ed v s\u00e9rii.       <\/p>\n<p>Do nov\u00e9 verze bylo p\u0159ijato 15624 oprav od 2477 v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159\u016f, velikost patche je 56 MB (zm\u011bny se dotkly 18053 soubor\u016f, bylo p\u0159id\u00e1no 704060 \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du, odstran\u011bno 278132 \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f). V minul\u00e9m vyd\u00e1n\u00ed bylo 15657 oprav od 2237 v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159\u016f, velikost patche byla 52 MB. P\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 51 % v\u0161ech zm\u011bn p\u0159edlo\u017een\u00fdch ve verzi 7.0 se t\u00fdk\u00e1 ovlada\u010d\u016f za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, asi 11 % zm\u011bn se vztahuje k aktualizaci k\u00f3du specifick\u00e9ho pro hardwarov\u00e9 architektury, 14 % je spojeno se s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00fdm stackem, 5 % s filesyst\u00e9my a 3 % s intern\u00edmi subsyst\u00e9my j\u00e1dra.       <\/p>\n<p>Hlavn\u00ed novinky v j\u00e1dru 7.0 (1, 2, 3):  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Diskov\u00fd subsyst\u00e9m, vstup\/v\u00fdstup a souborov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla zavedena infrastruktura fserror a p\u0159id\u00e1no API pro z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed o chyb\u00e1ch vstupu\/v\u00fdstupu a po\u0161kozen\u00ed metadat p\u0159i pr\u00e1ci se soubory. Navrhovan\u00e1 infrastruktura unifikuje p\u0159enos \u00fadaj\u016f o chyb\u00e1ch v souborov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech do u\u017eivatelsk\u00e9ho prostoru prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm mechanismu fsnotify.\n<li class=\"l\"> Do XFS byly p\u0159id\u00e1ny nov\u00e9 mo\u017enosti pro monitoring stavu souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu z prostoru u\u017eivatele. Byla navr\u017eena ioctl operace XFS_IOC_HEALTH_MONITOR, kter\u00e1 vrac\u00ed souborov\u00fd deskriptor, p\u0159es kter\u00fd lze z\u00edsk\u00e1vat informace o selh\u00e1n\u00edch souvisej\u00edc\u00edch s po\u0161kozen\u00edm metadat nebo v\u00fdskytem chyb p\u0159i vstupu\/v\u00fdstupu, a sledovat zm\u011bny stav\u016f FS, jako je odpojen\u00ed a ukon\u010den\u00ed \u010dinnosti. D\u00e1le byl navr\u017een spravovan\u00fd prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm systemd na pozad\u00ed b\u011b\u017e\u00edc\u00ed proces xfs_healer, kter\u00fd zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1 ud\u00e1losti stavu FS z prostoru u\u017eivatele a v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pot\u0159eby automaticky spou\u0161t\u00ed obnovovac\u00ed procedury.\n<li class=\"l\"> Do souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu Btrfs byla p\u0159id\u00e1na experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed podpora struktury \u201estrom remapov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c (remap tree), kter\u00e1 by mohla b\u00fdt v budoucnu vyu\u017eita jako mezivrstva p\u0159i prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed opera\u010dn\u00edch vstup\u016f a v\u00fdstup\u016f. Podstata p\u0159idan\u00e9 funkce spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee po p\u0159esunut\u00ed dat na \u00falo\u017en\u00e9m za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed m\u00edsto aktualizace v\u0161ech souvisej\u00edc\u00edch struktur v dodate\u010dn\u00e9 struktu\u0159e \u201eremap tree\u201c se uchov\u00e1vaj\u00ed star\u00e9 a nov\u00e9 adresy dat, po \u010dem\u017e jsou p\u0159i p\u0159\u00edstupu k dat\u016fm adresy nahrazeny. Nov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup je prezentov\u00e1n jako spolehliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a flexibiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, a tak\u00e9 usnad\u0148uje budouc\u00ed roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed funkcionality Btrfs.\n<li class=\"l\"> V Btrfs byla zavedena podpora p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho vstupu\/v\u00fdstupu v situac\u00edch, kdy velikost bloku p\u0159esahuje velikost pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky v syst\u00e9mu.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byl za\u0159azen nov\u00fd souborov\u00fd syst\u00e9m \u201eNullfs\u201c, kter\u00fd lze pou\u017e\u00edt jako z\u00e1stupnou FS pro ko\u0159enovou FS. Souborov\u00fd syst\u00e9m Nullfs je v\u017edy pr\u00e1zdn\u00fd, neobsahuje data a nepodporuje zm\u011bny. \u00da\u010delem Nullfs je pou\u017e\u00edt ho jako po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed FS pro zjednodu\u0161en\u00ed procesu zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed syst\u00e9mu - na Nullfs se pak p\u0159ipojuj\u00ed jin\u00e9 FS a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 vol\u00e1n\u00ed pivot_root() k p\u0159epnut\u00ed ko\u0159enov\u00e9 FS m\u00edsto \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed obsahu initramfs a pou\u017eit\u00ed s n\u00edm souvisej\u00edc\u00ed ko\u0159enov\u00e9 FS.\n<li class=\"l\"> Bylo implementov\u00e1no aktualizace informace o \u010dase modifikace soubor\u016f v neblokuj\u00edc\u00edm re\u017eimu. P\u0159edt\u00edm vol\u00e1n\u00ed file_update_time_flags() s flagem IOCB_NOWAIT vracelo chybu \u201e-EAGAIN\u201c, co\u017e neumo\u017e\u0148ovalo prov\u00e1d\u011bt operace p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho z\u00e1pisu v neblokuj\u00edc\u00edm re\u017eimu.\n<li class=\"l\"> Ve souborov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech byla do kategorie voliteln\u00fdch mo\u017enost\u00ed zahrnuta podpora notifika\u010dn\u00edch z\u00e1mk\u016f (lease). Tento mechanismus nen\u00ed ve v\u00fdchoz\u00edm nastaven\u00ed aktivov\u00e1n kv\u016fli probl\u00e9m\u016fm se souborov\u00fdmi syst\u00e9my, kter\u00e9 nebyly p\u016fvodn\u011b navr\u017eeny pro jeho pou\u017eit\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad ho nepodporuj\u00ed souborov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my 9p a cephfs.\n<li class=\"l\"> Ve souborov\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu EROFS (Extendable Read-Only File System), kter\u00fd je ur\u010den pro pou\u017eit\u00ed na odd\u00edlech dostupn\u00fdch pouze pro \u010dten\u00ed, je pro kompresi ve v\u00fdchoz\u00edm nastaven\u00ed pou\u017eit algoritmus LZMA. K dispozici jsou tak\u00e9 algoritmy DEFLATE a Zstandard, kter\u00e9 ji\u017e nejsou ozna\u010deny jako experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed. Bylo implementov\u00e1no sd\u00edlen\u00ed z\u00e1znam\u016f v str\u00e1nkov\u00e9m cache (page-cache) pro identick\u00e9 soubory v jednotliv\u00fdch souborov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech EROFS.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byl odstran\u011bn re\u017eim laptop_mode, kter\u00fd \u0161et\u0159il energii t\u00edm, \u017ee odkl\u00e1dal a slou\u010dil operace z\u00e1pisu na pevn\u00fd disk s c\u00edlem prodlou\u017eit dobu, po kterou disk z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 v re\u017eimu sp\u00e1nku, a sn\u00ed\u017eit po\u010det probuzen\u00ed. Re\u017eim ztratil relevanci, proto\u017ee v modern\u00edch mobiln\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch jsou pevn\u00e9 disky nahrazeny SSD.\n<li class=\"l\"> Souborov\u00fd syst\u00e9m F2FS p\u0159e\u0161el na pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed velk\u00fdch svazk\u016f str\u00e1nek pam\u011bti (large folios).\n<li class=\"l\"> Obnoven\u00ed pr\u00e1ce na ovlada\u010di ntfs3 vyvinut\u00e9m spole\u010dnost\u00ed Paragon Software. Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora operac\u00ed se soubory zalo\u017een\u00fdmi na iomap, implementov\u00e1ny mo\u017enosti llseek SEEK_DATA\/SEEK_HOLE a p\u0159id\u00e1n re\u017eim delalloc pro odlo\u017een\u00e9 p\u0159id\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed blok\u016f. Mezit\u00edm byl v \u00fanoru schv\u00e1len n\u00e1vrh na za\u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed nov\u00e9 implementace NTFS - ntfsplus, navr\u017een\u00e9 jako n\u00e1hrada za ntfs3, na seznamu v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159\u016f j\u00e1dra.\n<li class=\"l\"> Ve v\u00fdchoz\u00edm nastaven\u00ed je p\u0159i sestaven\u00ed zahrnuta verze protokolu NFS 4.1 (CONFIG_NFS_V4_1). Bylo zaji\u0161t\u011bno exportn\u00ed z\u00e1mkov\u00e1n\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm NFS specializovan\u00fdch pseudo-File System\u016f, jako jsou pidfs a nsfs. V NFSD byla implementov\u00e1na experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed mo\u017enost vyu\u017eit\u00ed POSIX ACL a p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora dynamick\u00e9 zm\u011bny poolu vl\u00e1ken (thread-pool) podle z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee.                                <\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Pam\u011b\u0165 a syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 slu\u017eby<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla schv\u00e1lena ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed pravidla pro pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed AI asistent\u016f a za\u010dle\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed automaticky generovan\u00e9ho obsahu do j\u00e1dra. P\u0159i p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed generovan\u00e9ho k\u00f3du je p\u0159edeps\u00e1no ozna\u010dit ho uveden\u00edm pou\u017eit\u00fdch AI asistent\u016f pomoc\u00ed tagu \u201eAssisted-by\u201c. AI asistent\u016fm je zak\u00e1z\u00e1no p\u0159id\u00e1vat tag \u201eSigned-off-by\u201c - \u010dlov\u011bk, kter\u00fd p\u0159edal patch, je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za jeho autora, nese odpov\u011bdnost za p\u0159edanou zm\u011bnu a garantuje jej\u00ed kvalitu. V\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159\u016fm je p\u0159edeps\u00e1no prov\u00e1d\u011bt manu\u00e1ln\u00ed revizi k\u00f3du generovan\u00e9ho prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm AI a kontrolovat shodu v\u00fdsledku s licen\u010dn\u00edmi po\u017eadavky.\n<li class=\"l\"> Podpora Rust byla p\u0159evedena z experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch funkc\u00ed na z\u00e1kladn\u00ed funkce j\u00e1dra. Podpora Rust nen\u00ed aktivn\u00ed ve v\u00fdchoz\u00edm nastaven\u00ed a nevede k zahrnut\u00ed Rustu mezi povinn\u00e9 buildovac\u00ed z\u00e1vislosti j\u00e1dra.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla dokon\u010dena integrace mechanismu \u201eSwap Table\u201c do j\u00e1dra, co\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje zv\u00fd\u0161it v\u00fdkon str\u00e1nkov\u00e1n\u00ed. Zrychlen\u00ed je dosa\u017eeno d\u00edky sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed konkurence o p\u0159\u00edstup k mezipam\u011bti str\u00e1nkov\u00e1n\u00ed, efektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v mezipam\u011bti a sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed fragmentace. Backend zalo\u017een\u00fd na Swap Table byl pou\u017eity pro mezipam\u011b\u0165 str\u00e1nkov\u00e1n\u00ed nam\u00edsto backendu XArray a umo\u017enil ve testu redis-benchmark s BGSAVE zv\u00fd\u0161it po\u010det zpracovan\u00fdch po\u017eadavk\u016f o 22%.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora nov\u00e9ho roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed Thread Safety Analysis ve Clangu 22, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uje b\u011bhem kompilace identifikovat potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1vody a chyby zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 nespr\u00e1vn\u00fdm stanovov\u00e1n\u00edm z\u00e1mk\u016f. Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed nab\u00edz\u00ed \u0159adu atribut\u016f, jako jsou GUARDED_BY(\u2026, ) , REQUIRES(\u2026, ) , RELEASE(\u2026, ) a ACQUIRE(\u2026, ), kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed ozna\u010dit funkce kryt\u00e9 z\u00e1mky a odd\u011blovat oblasti pokryt\u00ed z\u00e1mky (definovat kontext). B\u011bhem kompilace prob\u00edh\u00e1 kontrola correctness pou\u017eit\u00ed synchroniza\u010dn\u00edch primitiv, jako jsou mutexy, na z\u00e1klad\u011b posouzen\u00ed aktivity nebo neaktivity souvisej\u00edc\u00edho kontextu.\n<li class=\"l\"> Do syst\u00e9mov\u00e9ho vol\u00e1n\u00ed open_tree byl p\u0159id\u00e1n flag OPEN_TREE_NAMESPACE, kter\u00fd usnad\u0148uje konfiguraci izolovan\u00fdch kontejner\u016f a zrychluje spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed kontejner\u016f na syst\u00e9mech s velk\u00fdm po\u010dtem p\u0159ipojen\u00ed. Podobn\u011b jako OPEN_TREE_CLONE nov\u00fd flag kop\u00edruje pouze specifikovan\u00fd strom p\u0159ipojen\u00ed (mount tree), ale m\u00edsto lok\u00e1ln\u00edho souborov\u00e9ho deskriptoru vrac\u00ed souborov\u00fd deskriptor v nov\u00e9m prostoru n\u00e1zv\u016f p\u0159ipojen\u00ed, ve kter\u00e9m je zkop\u00edrovan\u00fd strom namontov\u00e1n na vrcholu kopie skute\u010dn\u00e9ho ko\u0159enov\u00e9ho FS. Flag OPEN_TREE_NAMESPACE je pot\u0159ebn\u00fd pro opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odd\u011blen\u00e9ho prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed operac\u00ed unshare(CLONE_NEWNS) a pivot_root(), kter\u00e9 se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed p\u0159i vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed kontejner\u016f.\n<li class=\"l\"> Do syst\u00e9mov\u00e9ho vol\u00e1n\u00ed rseq byl p\u0159id\u00e1n mechanismus pro roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed kvant\u016f \u010dasu (time slice), kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje z\u00edskat dal\u0161\u00ed procesorov\u00fd \u010das pro nep\u0159eru\u0161ovan\u00fd chod kritick\u00e9 sekce. My\u0161lenka spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, aby se zabr\u00e1nilo p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00ed pl\u00e1nova\u010dem \u00faloh v kritick\u00e9 sekci s nastavenou uzam\u010den\u00edm, co\u017e vede k p\u0159ed\u00e1n\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed jin\u00fdm vl\u00e1kn\u016fm, kter\u00e1 vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed zdroje, na kter\u00fdch z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nastavena uzam\u010den\u00ed. Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed kvanta \u010dasu se prov\u00e1d\u00ed bez dodate\u010dn\u00fdch n\u00e1klad\u016f, ale ani bez p\u0159\u00edsn\u00fdch z\u00e1ruk, kter\u00e9 jsou poskytov\u00e1ny p\u0159i pln\u00e9m regulov\u00e1n\u00ed priorit.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pro architektury arm64, loongarch, powerpc, riscv, s390 a x86 byl re\u017eim preemption (vytla\u010den\u00ed) v pl\u00e1nova\u010di \u00faloh zm\u011bn\u011bn z PREEMPT_NONE na PREEMPT_LAZY. Po\u010det mo\u017en\u00fdch re\u017eim\u016f byl sn\u00ed\u017een ze \u010dty\u0159 na dva \u2014 PREEMPT_FULL a PREEMPT_LAZY (re\u017eimy PREEMPT_NONE a PREEMPT_VOLUNTARY z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed pouze pro architektury, kter\u00e9 nepodporuj\u00ed PREEMPT_FULL a PREEMPT_LAZY). Re\u017eim PREEMPT_LAZY pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 model pln\u00e9ho vytla\u010den\u00ed (PREEMPT_FULL) pro realtime \u00falohy (RR\/FIFO\/DEADLINE), ale zpo\u017e\u010fuje vytla\u010den\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch \u00faloh (SCHED_NORMAL) a\u017e do konce tikov\u00e9ho intervalu. Vnesen\u00e1 prodleva vede k omezen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f vytla\u010den\u00ed dr\u017eitel\u016f z\u00e1mk\u016f, co\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eit v\u00fdkon k konfigurac\u00edm vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edm model dobrovoln\u00e9ho vytla\u010den\u00ed (voluntary preemption), tj. PREEMPT_LAZY umo\u017e\u0148uje zachovat funk\u010dnost pln\u00e9ho vytla\u010den\u00ed pro realtime \u00falohy, ale minimalizuje pokles v\u00fdkonu pro b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 \u00falohy.\n<p>Povolen\u00ed PREEMPT_LAZY vedlo k v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 regresi, kter\u00e1 sni\u017euje v\u00fdkon PostgreSQL na syst\u00e9mech ARM64 na polovinu. Aby se zm\u00edrnil pokles v\u00fdkonu, bylo v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159\u016fm PostgreSQL navr\u017eeno vyu\u017e\u00edt mo\u017enost PR_RSEQ_SLICE_EXTENSION, aby se sn\u00ed\u017eila pravd\u011bpodobnost vyhozen\u00ed dr\u017eitele z\u00e1mku.       <\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Pokra\u010duje p\u0159enos zm\u011bn z v\u011btve Rust-for-Linux, souvisej\u00edc\u00edch s pou\u017eit\u00edm jazyka Rust jako druh\u00e9ho jazyka pro v\u00fdvoj ovlada\u010d\u016f a modul\u016f j\u00e1dra. D\u00edky d\u0159\u00edve integrovan\u00e9 knihovn\u011b \u201esyn\u201c, kter\u00e1 usnad\u0148uje psan\u00ed slo\u017eit\u00fdch maker, se poda\u0159ilo zkr\u00e1tit velikost Rust k\u00f3du v j\u00e1d\u0159e zjednodu\u0161en\u00edm definic existuj\u00edc\u00edch procedur\u00e1ln\u00edch maker. Byly roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159eny mo\u017enosti knihoven kernel, macros a pin-init.\n<li class=\"l\"> Do syst\u00e9mu asynchronn\u00edho vstupu\/v\u00fdstupu io_uring byla p\u0159id\u00e1na mo\u017enost pro pou\u017eit\u00ed nekruhov\u00fdch front (non-circular submission queue), kter\u00e9 jsou efektivn\u011bji ke\u0161ov\u00e1ny v situac\u00edch, kdy je prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed po\u017eadavku dokon\u010deno d\u0159\u00edve ne\u017e n\u00e1vrat ze syst\u00e9mov\u00e9ho vol\u00e1n\u00ed.\n<li class=\"l\"> V subsyst\u00e9mu eBPF byla v mechanismu BTF (BPF Type Format), kter\u00fd poskytuje informace pro ov\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed typ\u016f v pseudok\u00f3du BPF, pro vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed lad\u00edc\u00edch informac\u00ed pou\u017eit bin\u00e1rn\u00ed vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, co\u017e zlep\u0161ilo efektivitu na\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed BPF program\u016f. Podpora implicitn\u00edch argument\u016f p\u0159i vol\u00e1n\u00ed kfunc (funkce j\u00e1dra dostupn\u00e9 pro pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed v programech BPF), definovan\u00fdch s flagem KF_IMPLICIT_ARGS, byla p\u0159id\u00e1na do eBPF.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byl odstran\u011bn k\u00f3d pro podporu po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edho RAM disku (initrd) na z\u00e1klad\u011b linuxrc, kter\u00fd byl ji\u017e d\u00e1vno prohl\u00e1\u0161en za zastaral\u00fd. Zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed implementace initrd pl\u00e1nuj\u00ed odstranit v roce 2027. M\u00edsto initrd by m\u011blo b\u00fdt pou\u017eito initramfs (rozd\u00edl spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee initrd umis\u0165uje po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed zav\u00e1d\u011bc\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed do diskov\u00e9ho obrazu, zat\u00edmco initramfs \u2014 do souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu).\n<li class=\"l\"> V blokov\u00e9m za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed zram, kter\u00e9 se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pro kompresn\u00ed ulo\u017een\u00ed \u00falo\u017en\u00e9ho odd\u00edlu v pam\u011bti, byla zm\u011bn\u011bna logika pr\u00e1ce se zkomprimovan\u00fdmi str\u00e1nkami pam\u011bti p\u0159i voliteln\u00e9m p\u0159esunu dat do trval\u00e9ho \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b zapln\u011bn\u00ed dostupn\u00e9 opera\u010dn\u00ed pam\u011bti. D\u0159\u00edve byly str\u00e1nky pam\u011bti dekomprimov\u00e1ny p\u0159ed z\u00e1pisem na fyzick\u00e9 m\u00e9dium, nyn\u00ed se ukl\u00e1daj\u00ed tak, jak jsou, ve zkomprimovan\u00e9 podob\u011b, co\u017e sni\u017euje z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e CPU a \u0161et\u0159\u00ed energii p\u0159i provozu na baterie.\n<li class=\"l\"> Do utilitky timerlat, ur\u010den\u00e9 k m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159i pr\u00e1ci pl\u00e1nova\u010de \u00faloh, byla p\u0159id\u00e1na mo\u017enost \u201e--bpf-action\u201c pro spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed BPF program\u016f v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed dan\u00e9ho prahu.\n<li class=\"l\"> Do syst\u00e9mu sledov\u00e1n\u00ed ftrace byla p\u0159id\u00e1na nastaven\u00ed \u201ebitmask-list\u201c pro v\u00fdstup bitov\u00fdch masek v \u010diteln\u00e9m form\u00e1tu (ve form\u011b seznamu bit\u016f, nikoli \u010d\u00edsla v \u0161estn\u00e1ctkov\u00e9 soustav\u011b). Do tracefs byly p\u0159id\u00e1ny mo\u017enosti pro audit filtr\u016f a spou\u0161t\u011b\u010d\u016f. Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na p\u0159\u00edkaz \u201eperf sched stats\u201c pro sb\u011br a zobrazen\u00ed statistik o pr\u00e1ci pl\u00e1nova\u010de \u00faloh.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byly p\u0159id\u00e1ny sestavovac\u00ed mo\u017enosti LOGO_LINUX_MONO_FILE, LOGO_LINUX_VGA16_FILE a LOGO_LINUX_CLUT224_FILE pro ur\u010den\u00ed souboru s obr\u00e1zkem loga, kter\u00e9 se zobraz\u00ed p\u0159i spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed j\u00e1dra, nam\u00edsto standardn\u00edho loga s tu\u010d\u0148\u00e1kem Tux.                                <\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Virtualizace a bezpe\u010dnost<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> V syst\u00e9mu asynchronn\u00edho vstupu\/v\u00fdstupu io_uring byla implementov\u00e1na mo\u017enost p\u0159ipojen\u00ed BPF program\u016f s filtry, kter\u00e9 kontroluj\u00ed, co mohou konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed SQE (Submission Queue Entry) operace d\u011blat (podobn\u00e9 syst\u00e9mov\u00fdm vol\u00e1n\u00edm v io_uring). P\u0159idan\u00e1 mo\u017enost je analogi\u00ed filtr\u016fm syst\u00e9mov\u00fdch vol\u00e1n\u00ed. Filtry lze p\u0159id\u011blovat konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm \u00faloh\u00e1m a d\u011bd\u00ed se p\u0159i vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch proces\u016f po zavol\u00e1n\u00ed fork(). P\u0159i aktivn\u00edch filtrech mohou p\u0159idan\u00e9 filtry pouze p\u0159ipojit dodate\u010dn\u00e1 omezen\u00ed, ale ne deaktivovat st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed. Implementovan\u00e1 funkce umo\u017en\u00ed blokovat metody obch\u00e1zen\u00ed filtr\u016f syst\u00e9mov\u00fdch vol\u00e1n\u00ed v sandboxov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00edch, kter\u00e9 jsou zalo\u017eeny na prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed obdobn\u00fdch operac\u00ed nam\u00edsto syst\u00e9mov\u00fdch vol\u00e1n\u00ed, nab\u00eddnut\u00fdch v io_uring.\n<li class=\"l\"> V SELinux byla p\u0159id\u00e1na mo\u017enost spr\u00e1vy p\u0159\u00edstupu k token\u016fm BPF, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed neprivilegovan\u00fdm proces\u016fm vykon\u00e1vat n\u011bkter\u00e9 privilegovan\u00e9 operace s BPF, nap\u0159\u00edklad na\u010d\u00edtat BPF programy do j\u00e1dra a vytv\u00e1\u0159et map struktury.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora algoritmu pro tvorbu digit\u00e1ln\u00edch podpis\u016f ML-DSA (CRYSTALS-Dilithium), zalo\u017een\u00e9ho na teorii m\u0159\u00ed\u017eek a odoln\u00e9ho v\u016f\u010di \u00fatok\u016fm na kvantov\u00fdch po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u00edch. Byla poskytnuta mo\u017enost pou\u017eit\u00ed ML-DSA pro autentizaci jadern\u00fdch modul\u016f.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla odstran\u011bna mo\u017enost pou\u017eit\u00ed sch\u00e9matu pro tvorbu digit\u00e1ln\u00edch podpis\u016f s algoritmem SHA-1 pro ov\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed jadern\u00fdch modul\u016f (podpora na\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed podepsan\u00fdch modul\u016f z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1).\n<li class=\"l\"> Do z\u00e1znamu auditu NETFILTER_PKT byla p\u0159id\u00e1na pole 'sport' a 'dport' pro inspekci \u010d\u00edsel s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00fdch port\u016f, a ne pouze <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/lir\/ipv4\/\" title=\"IP adress\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\">IP adress<\/a>.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pro syst\u00e9my s architekturou RISC-V byla implementov\u00e1na podpora roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed Zicfiss a Zicfilp, kter\u00e1 poskytuje hardwarov\u00e9 mo\u017enosti pro aplikaci ochrany CFI (Control Flow Integrity), blokuj\u00edc\u00ed naru\u0161en\u00ed norm\u00e1ln\u00edho po\u0159ad\u00ed vykon\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed instrukc\u00ed (control flow) v d\u016fsledku vyu\u017eit\u00ed exploit\u016f, kter\u00e9 m\u011bn\u00ed ulo\u017een\u00e9 v pam\u011bti ukazatele na funkce.\n<li class=\"l\"> V hypervizoru <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/vps\/abuzoustojchivye-vps\/\" title=\"KVM\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\">KVM<\/a> byla implementov\u00e1na mo\u017enost p\u0159enosu do hostitelsk\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f informace o podpo\u0159e roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed ERAPS (Enhanced Return Address Predictor Security) procesorem, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uje obej\u00edt n\u011bkter\u00e9 operace obnoven\u00ed stavu CPU p\u0159i n\u00e1vratu \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed hostitelsk\u00e9mu syst\u00e9mu. Krom\u011b toho byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora p\u0159i\u0159azen\u00ed hardware pro sledov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdkonu (PMU, Performance Monitoring Unit) k hostitelsk\u00fdm syst\u00e9m\u016fm, co\u017e zvy\u0161uje p\u0159esnost profilov\u00e1n\u00ed ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s vyu\u017eit\u00edm emulovan\u00fdch PMU.\n<li class=\"l\"> Do ovlada\u010de hypervizoru Hyper-V byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora debugfs rozhran\u00ed pro prohl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed statistik o pracovn\u00ed aktivit\u011b hypervizoru.                        <\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>S\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e1 subsyst\u00e9m<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Bylo ve v\u00fdchoz\u00edm nastaven\u00ed aktivov\u00e1no roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed AccECN (Accurate Explicit Congestion Notification), kter\u00e9 implementuje vylep\u0161enou variantu roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed ECN, umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed hostitel\u016fm v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00ed ozna\u010dovat IP pakety m\u00edsto jejich odm\u00edtnut\u00ed, co\u017e d\u00e1v\u00e1 mo\u017enost ur\u010dit vznik po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed f\u00e1ze z\u00e1cpy v komunika\u010dn\u00edch kan\u00e1lech bez ztr\u00e1ty paket\u016f. P\u016fvodn\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed ECN m\u00e1 omezen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 dovoluje vystavit pouze jeden sign\u00e1l o p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00ed v r\u00e1mci jednoho cyklu p\u0159enosu TCP (RTT, Round-Trip Time, odesl\u00e1n\u00ed po\u017eadavku a p\u0159ijet\u00ed odpov\u011bdi). AccECN toto omezen\u00ed odstra\u0148uje a umo\u017e\u0148uje p\u0159ij\u00edma\u010di pos\u00edlat odes\u00edlateli v\u00edce ne\u017e jednu zna\u010dku o p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00ed v hlavi\u010dce TCP paketu. Algoritmy pro \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00ed mohou vyu\u017e\u00edt z\u00edskan\u00e9 informace pro p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed reakci na p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00ed a vyhnout se n\u00e1hl\u00e9mu sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed intenzity odes\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed paket\u016f p\u0159i vzniku drobn\u00e9ho p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00ed.\n<li class=\"l\"> Do implementace algoritmu \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00fdch front Cake byla p\u0159id\u00e1na mo\u017enost zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u011bkolika front pro rozd\u011blen\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee mezi v\u00edce j\u00e1dry CPU. Algoritmus CAKE se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed negativn\u00edho dopadu do\u010dasn\u00e9ho vyrovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed paket\u016f na hranic\u00edch s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a je zam\u011b\u0159en na dosa\u017een\u00ed maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 propustnosti a minim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b latenc\u00ed, i na pomal\u00fdch komunika\u010dn\u00edch kan\u00e1lech.\n<li class=\"l\"> Do soket\u016f VSOCK, pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch pro interakci s virtu\u00e1ln\u00edmi stroji, byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00fdch prostor\u016f jmen (network namespace).\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na z\u00e1kladn\u00ed implementace budouc\u00edho standardu WiFi 8 (802.11bn, Ultra High Reliability WiFi).\n<li class=\"l\"> Byly p\u0159id\u00e1ny optimalizace, kter\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161ily v\u00fdkon zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edchoz\u00edch UDP paket\u016f o 12 % b\u011bhem zat\u011b\u017ek\u00e1vac\u00edho testov\u00e1n\u00ed v 100gigabitov\u00e9 s\u00edti.                      <\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Hardware<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> V ovlada\u010di AMDGPU byla implementov\u00e1na podpora IP blok\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch v nov\u00fdch GPU AMD, jako jsou SMUIO 15.x, PSP 15.x, IH 6.1.1\/7.1, MMHUB 3.4\/4.2, GC 11.5.4\/12.1, SDMA 6.1.4\/7.1\/7.11.4 a JPEG 5.3.\n<li class=\"l\"> V ovlada\u010di Nouveau bylo zlep\u0161eno \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed frekvence na syst\u00e9mech Tegra 186+.\n<li class=\"l\"> Do ovlada\u010de i915 byla p\u0159id\u00e1na po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed podpora displejov\u00e9ho IP bloku Xe3p_LPD, kter\u00fd se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v procesorech Intel Nova Lake-P.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla pokra\u010dov\u00e1na pr\u00e1ce na drm ovlada\u010di (Direct Rendering Manager) Xe pro GPU zalo\u017een\u00e9 na architektu\u0159e Intel Xe, kter\u00e1 se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 ve grafik\u00e1ch Intel rodiny Arc a integrovan\u00e9 grafice, po\u010d\u00ednaje procesory Tiger Lake. Byl p\u0159id\u00e1n re\u017eim Multi Queue. Byly p\u0159id\u00e1ny komponenty nezbytn\u00e9 pro diagnostiku zamrz\u00e1n\u00ed GPU v Mesa. Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora mechanismu MERT pro \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupu k pam\u011bti GPU.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla pokra\u010dov\u00e1na integrace komponent ovlada\u010de Nova pro GPU NVIDIA vybaven\u00e9 GSP firmwarem, pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdm od s\u00e9rie NVIDIA GeForce RTX 2000 zalo\u017een\u00e9 na mikroarchitektu\u0159e Turing. Ovlada\u010d je naps\u00e1n v programovac\u00edm jazyce Rust. V nov\u00e9 verzi byla provedena p\u0159\u00edprava na implementaci podpory GPU zalo\u017een\u00fdch na mikroarchitektu\u0159e Turing a byly provedeny r\u016fzn\u00e9 vnit\u0159n\u00ed zm\u011bny.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora \u0159adi\u010d\u016f a perifern\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed s v\u00edcakan\u00e1lov\u00fdm rozhran\u00edm SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uje p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161et data v n\u011bkolika paraleln\u00edch toc\u00edch.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byl p\u0159id\u00e1n ovlada\u010d pro kombinovan\u00e9 konektory Type-C, pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 na za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch s \u010dipy Apple Silicon, kter\u00e9 kombinuj\u00ed rozhran\u00ed USB3, DP-AltMode a Thunderbolt\/USB4.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora zvukov\u00fdch subsyst\u00e9m\u016f \u010dip\u016f Tegra238, Minisforum V3 SE, iBasso DC04U, Intel Nova Lake, Nova Lake S a Focusrite Forte.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora ARM platforem, SoC a za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed: Arduino UnoQ, OrangePi 6 Plus, OrangePi CM5, Anbernic RG-DS, Realtek Kent, Qualcomm Kaanapali, Mediatek Ezurio, Facebook Anacapa, Microchip LAN9668, Khadas VIM1S, QNAP TS133, i.MX952, i.MX93, i.MX94, VHIP4 EvalBoard, TQ-Systems MBLS1028A, Agilex5, Radxa CM3J, Glymur,\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora chytr\u00fdch telefon\u016f a tablet\u016f: Fairphone Gen 6 (SoC Qualcomm Milos\/Snapdragon 7s Gen 3), Pixel 3\/3 xl, Microsoft Surface Pro 11.          <\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Z\u00e1rove\u0148 Latinskoamerick\u00e1 nadace pro svobodn\u00fd software vytvo\u0159ila variantu pln\u011b svobodn\u00e9ho j\u00e1dra 7.0 \u2013 Linux-libre 7.0-gnu, zbaven\u00e9ho prvk\u016f firmwaru a ovlada\u010d\u016f obsahuj\u00edc\u00edch nesvobodn\u00e9 komponenty nebo \u010d\u00e1sti k\u00f3du, jejich\u017e pou\u017eit\u00ed je omezeno v\u00fdrobcem. Ve verzi 7.0 byla provedena \u010distka od blob\u016f ovlada\u010de iwlwifi. Byly aktualizov\u00e1ny k\u00f3dy \u010dist\u011bn\u00ed v ovlada\u010d\u00edch amdgpu, adreno, TI PRUeth, air_en8811h, ath12k, TI VPE, rtw8852b, rt1320, rt5575 SPI, tas2783, Intel catpt. Byla provedena \u010distka n\u00e1zv\u016f blob\u016f v dts souborech (devicetree) pro ARM \u010dipy.<br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=65194\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u0422\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux 7.0. \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439: \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f AI-\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 Rust \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0438, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430 PREEMPT_LAZY, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 io_uring, \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0424\u0421 Nullfs, \u0438\u043d\u0444\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 fserror, \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0430 XFS, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043f\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0430 \u0432 Btrfs, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0438 NFS 4.1, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-168524","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 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