{"id":29855,"date":"2019-10-31T21:32:20","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:32:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/gosudarstvennyj-internet-rasskaz-udalyonshhika-o-vpn-v-kitae\/"},"modified":"2026-07-04T18:21:41","modified_gmt":"2026-07-04T16:21:41","slug":"gosudarstvennyj-internet-rasskaz-udalyonshhika-o-vpn-v-kitae","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/gosudarstvennyj-internet-rasskaz-udalyonshhika-o-vpn-v-kitae","title":{"rendered":"St\u00e1tn\u00ed internet: p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh vzd\u00e1len\u00e9ho pracovn\u00edka o VPN v \u010c\u00edn\u011b","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Cenzura je \u00fazce spjata s politikou. Ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00ed glob\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed<\/a> svoboda na internetu jasn\u011b ilustruje tuto z\u00e1vislost: st\u00e1ty, kde jsou poru\u0161ov\u00e1na lidsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va, blokuj\u00ed 'ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed' zdroje nebo omezuj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup k celosv\u011btov\u00e9 s\u00edti.
\n\"St\u00e1tn\u00ed<\/p>\n

Pouze 13 z 65 zem\u00ed, jejich\u017e anal\u00fdzu provedli v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci z Freedom House v roce 2017, nebr\u00e1n\u00ed<\/a> informa\u010dn\u00ed svobod\u011b sv\u00fdch ob\u010dan\u016f. V\u011bt\u0161ina ostatn\u00edch u\u017eivatel\u016f celosv\u011btov\u00e9ho internetu m\u016f\u017ee z\u00edskat p\u0159\u00edstup k blokovan\u00fdm zdroj\u016fm pouze pomoc\u00ed VPN slu\u017eeb<\/a>. Mezi n\u011b pat\u0159\u00ed i obyvatel\u00e9 \u010c\u00edny, kde se v posledn\u00ed dob\u011b zp\u0159\u00edsnily<\/a> lovy na neleg\u00e1ln\u00ed VPN.<\/p>\n

Frontendov\u00fd v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159 Ararat Martirosyan, kter\u00fd \u017eije v \u010c\u00edn\u011b a pracuje na d\u00e1lku, n\u00e1m \u0159ekl, co se d\u011bje s m\u00edstn\u00edmi VPN slu\u017ebami<\/a> a kde podle jeho n\u00e1zoru je nejv\u00edce svobodn\u00fd internet. Publikujeme zde jeho vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.
\n<\/a><\/p>\n

Chronologie omezen\u00ed<\/h3>\n

Ji u\u017e v roce 2008 byl v \u010c\u00edn\u011b zablokov\u00e1n Youtube. O rok pozd\u011bji p\u0159i\u0161el \u010das na Twitter, Facebook a slu\u017eby Google \u2013 byly zablokov\u00e1ny Google Docs, Google Calendar, Google Drive a samotn\u00fd Google.com. V roce 2014 byl zni\u010den p\u0159\u00edstup k Instagramu. Ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed verze \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f je takov\u00e1, \u017ee v\u0161echny tyto zdroje \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed pro ob\u010dany \u010c\u00edny ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed informace, ale existuje i jin\u00e1 verze.<\/p>\n

Projekt 'Zlat\u00fd \u0161t\u00edt' (nebo Velk\u00e1 \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e1 firewalla)<\/i>, kter\u00fd filtruje 'nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd' obsah podle kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch slov a omezuje p\u0159\u00edstup na webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky z m\u00edstn\u00edho \u010dern\u00e9ho seznamu, funguje v \u010c\u00edn\u011b od roku 2003. Z\u00e1padn\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b nebyly do tohoto seznamu zahrnuty. Proto mnoz\u00ed pova\u017euj\u00ed, \u017ee masivn\u00ed blokace let 2008-2009 jednodu\u0161e pomohly st\u00e1tu bojovat s nepokojem<\/a> mezi Ujgbury v Sin-\u0165iangu na z\u00e1pad\u011b zem\u011b. Tak\u00e9 si to mysl\u00edm: v roce 2009 byly nepokoje potla\u010deny silou a informace o tom byly v\u0161emo\u017en\u011b skr\u00fdv\u00e1ny \u2013 ani m\u00e9dia, ani lidskopr\u00e1vn\u00ed aktivist\u00e9 nemohli adekv\u00e1tn\u011b sledovat situaci. S jistotou je zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee Instagram byl zablokov\u00e1n kv\u016fli protest\u016fm<\/a> v Hongkongu.<\/p>\n

\"St\u00e1tn\u00ed
\nZjistit, zda 'Zlat\u00fd \u0161t\u00edt' povoluje proj\u00edt pot\u0159ebn\u00fdm odkazem, lze p\u0159es WebSitePulse<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

Spolu s \u201edistributory ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00edho obsahu\u201c byly zablokov\u00e1ny tak\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 zdroje. V d\u016fsledku blokov\u00e1n\u00ed server\u016f a IP adres p\u0159estaly fungovat webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky, kter\u00e9 komunikovaly s Googlem \u2013 nap\u0159\u00edklad se nena\u010d\u00edtaly googleovsk\u00e9 fonty (to se stalo tak\u00e9 v Rusku). Zasa\u017eeny byly tak\u00e9 online vysok\u00e9 \u0161koly a prost\u00fd z\u00e1bavn\u00ed obsah \u201eze Z\u00e1padu\u201c. Zaj\u00edmav\u00fd fakt: s \u010d\u00ednskou 4G SIM kartou ani z jin\u00e9 zem\u011b nelze nav\u0161t\u00edvit zak\u00e1zan\u00e9 zdroje.<\/a> Pr\u00e1v\u011b tehdy si lid\u00e9 uv\u011bdomili, \u017ee blokace se d\u00e1 obej\u00edt. Zpo\u010d\u00e1tku byly proxy, s jejich\u017e pomoc\u00ed mohli u\u017eivatel\u00e9 komunikovat s vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm sv\u011btem. Ale do roku 2012 se vl\u00e1da dostala i k nim. Tehdy v zemi za\u010dal boom<\/p>\n

; slu\u017eby, kter\u00e9 funguj\u00ed v \u010c\u00edn\u011b ji\u017e dlouho, dnes mohou odolat i sjezdu Komunistick\u00e9 strany, i kdy\u017e b\u011bhem t\u00e9to v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti se po cel\u00e9 zemi VPN<\/a>ciz\u00ed provoz zastavuje a \u017eivot se v\u0161ude zastavuje. zablokov\u00e1n<\/a> Protecionismus a expanze VPN<\/p>\n

P\u0159edstavte si, \u017ee v\u0161echny zdroje, kter\u00e9 pr\u00e1v\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1te, jsou zablokov\u00e1ny. Zb\u00fdv\u00e1 v\u00e1m pou\u017e\u00edvat pouze ty, kter\u00e9 nejsou zak\u00e1zan\u00e9. \u010c\u00ednsk\u00e9 IT spole\u010dnosti za\u010daly zb\u011bsile r\u016fst, vym\u00fd\u0161lely m\u00edstn\u00ed analogy z\u00e1padn\u00edch slu\u017eeb:<\/h3>\n

Youku m\u00edsto Youtube,<\/a> Weibo m\u00edsto Twitter,<\/a> Baidu m\u00edsto Google,<\/a> WeChat m\u00edsto messenger\u016f (a jin\u00fdch platebn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f). Blokace pomohly \u010c\u00edn\u011b za\u010d\u00edt \u00fasp\u011b\u0161nou protekcionistickou politiku.<\/a> I p\u0159es hojnost \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdch slu\u017eeb a aplikac\u00ed se mnoho technicky zdatn\u00fdch u\u017eivatel\u016f za\u010dalo p\u0159ipojovat k Internetu p\u0159es VPN. Byly to mal\u00e9 a neleg\u00e1ln\u00ed slu\u017eby, kter\u00e9 byly neust\u00e1le blokov\u00e1ny. V\u0161e se zm\u011bnilo, kdy\u017e v letech 2014-2015 p\u0159i\u0161li do \u010c\u00edny z\u00e1padn\u00ed VPN poskytovatel\u00e9. Vl\u00e1da je p\u0159inutila z\u00edskat speci\u00e1ln\u00ed licenci nebo opustit zemi.<\/p>\n

Zde jsou leg\u00e1ln\u00ed pouze st\u00e1tn\u00ed VPN: takov\u00e9 m\u00edstn\u00ed slu\u017eby z\u00edsk\u00e1vaj\u00ed licenci od \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f a mohou je pou\u017e\u00edvat pr\u00e1vnick\u00e9 osoby. Fyzick\u00e9 osoby \u2013 tedy oby\u010dejn\u00ed ob\u010dan\u00e9 \u2013 mohou tak\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvat takovou VPN, ale pouze pro vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed nebo v\u011bdeck\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely.<\/p>\n

Zde jsou leg\u00e1ln\u00ed pouze st\u00e1tn\u00ed VPN: takov\u00e9 m\u00edstn\u00ed slu\u017eby z\u00edsk\u00e1vaj\u00ed licenci od org\u00e1n\u016f a mohou b\u00fdt pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny pr\u00e1vnick\u00fdmi osobami. Fyzick\u00e9 osoby \u2013 tedy b\u011b\u017en\u00ed ob\u010dan\u00e9 \u2013 mohou tak\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvat takovou VPN, ale pouze pro vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed nebo v\u011bdeck\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely.<\/p>\n

Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, \u010c\u00edna ud\u011blala v\u0161e pro to, aby byl m\u00edstn\u00ed VPN p\u0159\u00edstupn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e zahrani\u010dn\u00ed. A tak to tak\u00e9 dopadlo. Existuje ur\u010dit\u00fd bal\u00ed\u010dek VPN, kter\u00fd je k dispozici, ale pro jeho pou\u017eit\u00ed se u\u017eivatel mus\u00ed ofici\u00e1ln\u011b registrovat, tedy od\u016fvodnit st\u00e1tu svou touhu obej\u00edt z\u00e1kaz a poskytnout mu sv\u00e9 osobn\u00ed \u00fadaje. To se slab\u011b podob\u00e1 princip\u016fm VPN, na kter\u00e9 jsme v\u0161ichni zvykl\u00ed, \u017ee?<\/p>\n

\u0160iroce zn\u00e1m\u00fd je vtipn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad: tv\u016frce Zlat\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00edtu, vystupuj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159ed studenty, musel pou\u017e\u00edt VPN, aby z\u00edskal p\u0159\u00edstup na jihokorejskou webovou str\u00e1nku. Mimochodem, o tom psali na Habr<\/a>. Je t\u0159eba si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jak\u00e9hokoli (!) VPN v \u010c\u00edn\u011b nen\u00ed zak\u00e1z\u00e1no, ale samotn\u00ed neleg\u00e1ln\u00ed poskytovatel\u00e9 mohou dostat<\/a> a\u017e 6 let v\u011bzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Funkce \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho modelu<\/h3>\n

Funkce \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho modelu kontroly spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee zde je v\u0161e blokov\u00e1no otev\u0159en\u011b. Nov\u00fd web se dostal na \u010dernou listinu? O tom pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b ofici\u00e1ln\u011b prohl\u00e1s\u00ed. V\u0161echno je legislativn\u011b regulov\u00e1no, a proto se o blokac\u00edch p\u0159edem informuje v m\u00e9di\u00edch.<\/p>\n

Podle m\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti se \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 obyvatelstvo o blokace nezaj\u00edm\u00e1. Nepoci\u0165uj\u00ed touhu po Facebooku nebo Twitteru. V\u011bt\u0161ina z nich neovl\u00e1d\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd jazyk krom\u011b \u010d\u00edn\u0161tiny: pro\u010d by jim m\u011bl anglick\u00fd YouTube, kdy\u017e mohou sledovat \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e1 videa na Youku? Krom\u011b toho se \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd design a cel\u00e1 logika webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nek v\u00fdrazn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed od toho, na co jsou zvykl\u00ed Evropan\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Hlavn\u00ed vlastnost\u00ed \u010c\u00edny je, \u017ee u\u017eivatel\u016fm je v\u017edy nab\u00edzena alternativa k blokovan\u00fdm zdroj\u016fm. Kdy\u017e v Rusku za\u010dali masivn\u011b blokovat Telegram, nikdo nenab\u00eddl \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd jin\u00fd messenger jako n\u00e1hradu. Nikdo ne\u0159ekl: \u201eKluci, tady jsme ud\u011blali sv\u016fj Telegram, speci\u00e1ln\u011b p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00fd pro Rusy.\u201c Hloup\u00e9 n\u00e1vrhu<\/a> pou\u017e\u00edvat ICQ nebo TamTam od Mail.ru \u2014 to se nepo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Nepodporuji blokace, ale pokud se n\u011bco blokuje, m\u011blo by to slou\u017eit ob\u010dan\u016fm: v \u010c\u00edn\u011b se b\u011bhem 3-4 let IT spole\u010dnosti, kter\u00e9 d\u0159\u00edve nemohly sout\u011b\u017eit s zahrani\u010dn\u00edmi slu\u017ebami, nyn\u00ed prosadily na velk\u00e9m trhu. St\u00e1t je podporuje r\u016fzn\u00fdmi dotacemi a ve v\u0161em pom\u00e1h\u00e1. \u010c\u00edna vytvo\u0159ila tak \u00fazk\u00fd hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd okruh pomoc\u00ed leg\u00e1ln\u00edch VPN a kontroly nad webov\u00fdm prostorem, \u017ee m\u00edstn\u00edm firm\u00e1m nezbylo jin\u00e1 mo\u017enost: byly jim poskytnuty v\u0161echny podm\u00ednky pro r\u016fst. Mnoh\u00e9 \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 analogie zahrani\u010dn\u00edch hosting\u016f jsou mnohem lep\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ty, kter\u00e9 jsou blokovan\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Ale jsou tu i nev\u00fdhody. Nap\u0159\u00edklad, abyste spustili sv\u016fj online projekt, mus\u00edte z\u00edskat speci\u00e1ln\u00ed licenci ICP<\/a>. Ta mus\u00ed b\u00fdt u ka\u017ed\u00e9ho webu registrovan\u00e9ho na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010c\u00edny. Vyd\u00e1v\u00e1 ji Ministerstvo pr\u016fmyslu a informa\u010dn\u00edch technologi\u00ed \u010cLR. Tato licence v\u00e1m umo\u017e\u0148uje registrovat dom\u00e9nu, p\u0159ipojit se k serveru a dostat sv\u016fj web do s\u00edt\u00ed poskytovatel\u016f. Je to dlouh\u00fd a byrokraticky slo\u017eit\u00fd proces.<\/p>\n

\"St\u00e1tn\u00ed<\/p>\n

Screenshot hlavn\u00ed str\u00e1nky \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho Googlu \u2014 Baidu. \u010c\u00edslo licence mus\u00ed b\u00fdt uvedeno v pati\u010dce ka\u017ed\u00e9ho \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho webu.<\/i><\/p>\n

Svobodn\u00fd internet?<\/h3>\n

V \u010c\u00edn\u011b jsem od roku 2013 a mohu pracovat na d\u00e1lku pouze d\u00edky VPN. D\u0159\u00edve jsem p\u0159i za\u010d\u00e1tku pr\u00e1ce zap\u00ednal spoustu r\u016fzn\u00fdch klient\u016f s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi protokoly, nastavoval je 2-3 hodiny denn\u011b a pak jsem si po\u0159\u00eddil placenou slu\u017ebu a t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nem\u00e1m \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my.<\/p>\n

V \u010c\u00edn\u011b jsem rychle pochopil, \u017ee svobodn\u00fd internet je m\u00fdtus. Ve skute\u010dnosti m\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00e1 zem\u011b a ka\u017ed\u00e1 oblast vlastn\u00ed firewall: t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161ude je s\u00ed\u0165 tak \u010di onak kontrolov\u00e1na. Pokud se p\u0159ipoj\u00edm k internetu z rusk\u00e9ho serveru, dostanu se k mnoha zak\u00e1zan\u00fdm zdroj\u016fm, kter\u00e9 budou v sousedn\u00edm Kazachst\u00e1nu otev\u0159en\u00e9. Pokud se p\u0159ihl\u00e1s\u00edm z taiwansk\u00e9ho serveru, v\u011bt\u0161ina online kin a torrent\u016f nebude fungovat, stejn\u011b jako v \u010c\u00edn\u011b. Abych se c\u00edtil svobodn\u011bji, pot\u0159ebuji zn\u00e1t ur\u010dit\u00fd soubor server\u016f a rozum\u011bt tomu, kter\u00e9 zdroje jsou dostupn\u00e9 v t\u00e9 \u010di on\u00e9 zemi.<\/p>\n

Uzav\u0159en\u00fd internet se ji\u017e stal sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed na\u0161eho sv\u011bta. Nejen \u010c\u00edna, ale i Ji\u017en\u00ed Korea a dokonce i Austr\u00e1lie kontroluj\u00ed sv\u016fj webov\u00fd prostor. V Ji\u017en\u00ed Koreji je to v\u0161ak trochu jinak: tam jsou blokov\u00e1ny nikoli zdroje, ale samotn\u00fd materi\u00e1l. Nejv\u00edce svobodn\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165 je, mysl\u00edm, nyn\u00ed v Japonsku, Estonsku, Loty\u0161sku, N\u011bmecku a Skandin\u00e1vii.<\/p>\n

Artem Kozlyuk<\/b>, vedouc\u00ed projektu RosKomSvoboda, o mo\u017enosti \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti v Rusku:<\/i><\/p>\n

Opakov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho omezuj\u00edc\u00edho modelu v Rusku nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9. Infrastrukturn\u011b a historicky se internet v t\u011bchto zem\u00edch vyv\u00edjel zcela jinak. \u010c\u00ed\u0148an\u00e9 za\u010dali budovat \u201eZlatou ze\u010f\u201c u\u017e v 90. letech, od doby, co internet pronikl do t\u00e9to zem\u011b. V Rusku se internet do roku 2012 vyv\u00edjel v podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch voln\u00e9ho trhu, podle principu seberegulace. D\u00edky tomu m\u00e1me tis\u00edce poskytovatel\u016f, rychl\u00fd a levn\u00fd internet. Ano, od roku 2012 se v\u0161e posunulo sm\u011brem k p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e9 kontrole internetov\u00e9ho odv\u011btv\u00ed: hostitel\u016f a oper\u00e1tor\u016f, zprost\u0159edkovatel\u016f a slu\u017eeb. Ale \u00fapln\u00e9 omezen\u00ed nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 kv\u016fli hlubok\u00fdm struktur\u00e1ln\u00edm d\u016fvod\u016fm. Vezm\u011bme si nap\u0159\u00edklad \u010d\u00ednskou mnohamilionovou arm\u00e1du provl\u00e1dn\u00edch blogger\u016f, \u201eStrana 5 mao\u201c (5 mao = 50 kopek: \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 se, \u017ee tolik plat\u00ed blogger\u016fm za jeden koment\u00e1\u0159 na Weibu), kter\u00e1 ru\u010dn\u011b monitoruje cel\u00e9 internetov\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Aby m\u011blo Rusko vliv takov\u00e9ho rozsahu na runet a vybudovalo efektivn\u00ed cenzurn\u00ed stroj, muselo by investovat miliardy rubl\u016f. A ty te\u010f nejsou. <\/i><\/p>\n

Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, jednotliv\u00e9 \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 prvky si Rusko m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159et\u00e1hnout k sob\u011b. Nen\u00ed nutn\u00e9 extrapolovat, ale p\u0159ij\u00edt k podobn\u00fdm pohled\u016fm. To ji\u017e nyn\u00ed d\u011bl\u00e1, ale obchody s omezen\u00edmi pom\u00e1haj\u00ed VPN. V \u010c\u00edn\u011b tak\u00e9 existuj\u00ed mezery, a pokud chce \u010dlov\u011bk z\u00edskat p\u0159\u00edstup k ur\u010dit\u00fdm internetov\u00fdm platform\u00e1m, z\u00edsk\u00e1 ho. Ale tam st\u00e1t poskytuje ob\u010dan\u016fm relevantn\u00ed n\u00e1hradu za zahrani\u010dn\u00ed zdroje. P\u0159itom t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161echny rusk\u00e9 pokusy vytvo\u0159it analogick\u00e9 z\u00e1padn\u00edm slu\u017eb\u00e1m byly ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Co si mysl\u00ed publikum Habra o mo\u017en\u00e9m zopakov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e v Rusku? Zejm\u00e9na nyn\u00ed, kdy\u017e byl z\u00e1kon \u201eo suver\u00e9nn\u00edm internetu\u201c p\u0159ijat v prvn\u00edm \u010dten\u00ed. Je u n\u00e1s skute\u010dn\u011b tolik rozd\u00edl\u016f?<\/p>\n

Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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