{"id":30026,"date":"2019-10-31T21:33:18","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:33:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/na-puti-k-fundamentalnoj-teorii-soznaniya\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:33:18","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:33:18","slug":"na-puti-k-fundamentalnoj-teorii-soznaniya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/na-puti-k-fundamentalnoj-teorii-soznaniya","title":{"rendered":"Na cest\u011b k fundament\u00e1ln\u00ed teorii v\u011bdom\u00ed","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

P\u016fvod a povaha v\u011bdom\u00fdch pro\u017eitk\u016f \u2014 n\u011bkdy naz\u00fdvan\u00fdch latinsk\u00fdm slovem qualia<\/b> \u2014 byly pro n\u00e1s z\u00e1hadou od nejran\u011bj\u0161\u00ed antiky a\u017e do ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 doby. Mnoz\u00ed filozofov\u00e9 v\u011bdom\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b sou\u010dasn\u00fdch, pova\u017euj\u00ed existenci v\u011bdom\u00ed za tak zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed protiklad tomu, co, podle jejich n\u00e1zoru, je sv\u011bt z hmoty a pr\u00e1zdna, \u017ee ho vyhla\u0161uj\u00ed za iluzi. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, bu\u010f pop\u00edraj\u00ed existenci qualia v principu, nebo tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee je nemo\u017en\u00e9 je smyslupln\u011b studovat v\u011bdecky.<\/p>\n

Kdyby toto tvrzen\u00ed bylo pravdiv\u00e9 \u2014 tento \u010dl\u00e1nek by byl velmi kr\u00e1tk\u00fd. A pod odstavcem by nebylo nic. Ale n\u011bco tam je...<\/p>\n

\"Na
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nPokud je v\u011bdom\u00ed nemo\u017en\u00e9 uchopit pomoc\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f, sta\u010dilo by jen vysv\u011btlit, pro\u010d vy, j\u00e1 a t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161ichni ostatn\u00ed jsme si tak jisti, \u017ee v\u016fbec m\u00e1me city. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b bolestiv\u00fd zub mi vyvolal z\u00e1n\u011bt. Zru\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed argument, aby m\u011b p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dil, \u017ee moje bolest je iluzorn\u00ed, m\u011b ani na okam\u017eik nevytrhne z t\u011bchto muk. K takov\u00e9mu bezv\u00fdchodn\u00e9mu vykl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed vztahu mezi du\u0161\u00ed a t\u011blem nem\u00e1m \u017e\u00e1dnou n\u00e1klonnost, a proto asi budu pokra\u010dovat.<\/p>\n

V\u011bdom\u00ed je v\u0161e, co c\u00edt\u00ed\u0161 (na z\u00e1klad\u011b informac\u00ed ze smyslov\u00fdch org\u00e1n\u016f) a co pot\u00e9 pro\u017e\u00edv\u00e1\u0161 (d\u00edky vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed a porozum\u011bn\u00ed). <\/p>\n

Zaseknut\u00e1 melodie v hlav\u011b, chu\u0165 \u010dokol\u00e1dov\u00e9ho dezertu, hroziv\u00e1 bolest zubu, l\u00e1ska k d\u00edt\u011bti, abstraktn\u00ed my\u0161len\u00ed a uv\u011bdom\u011bn\u00ed si, \u017ee jednoho dne v\u0161em pro\u017eitk\u016fm p\u0159ijde konec.<\/p>\n

V\u011bdci se pomalu bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed k rozlu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed tajemstv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 dlouho zam\u011bstn\u00e1valo filozofy. A vrcholem t\u011bchto v\u011bdeck\u00fdch \u00fasil\u00ed se o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 \u2014 strukturovan\u00e1 pracovn\u00ed teorie v\u011bdom\u00ed. Nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edkladem aplikace t\u00e9to teorie je plnohodnotn\u00e1 AI (to nevylu\u010duje mo\u017enost vzniku AI bez teorie v\u011bdom\u00ed, ale na z\u00e1klad\u011b ji\u017e existuj\u00edc\u00edch empirick\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstup\u016f v oblasti v\u00fdvoje AI)<\/p>\n

V\u011bt\u0161ina v\u011bdc\u016f p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1 v\u011bdom\u00ed jako danost a sna\u017e\u00ed se porozum\u011bt jeho vztahu k objektivn\u00edmu sv\u011btu, kter\u00fd popisuje v\u011bda. P\u0159ed \u010dtvrt stolet\u00edm Francis Crick a ostatn\u00ed kognitivn\u00ed neurobiologov\u00e9<\/a><\/noindex> se rozhodli odlo\u017eit stranou filozofick\u00e9 diskuse o v\u011bdom\u00ed (kter\u00e9 tr\u00e1pily v\u011bdce minim\u00e1ln\u011b od doby Aristotela) a m\u00edsto toho se vydat na v\u00fdzkum jeho fyzick\u00fdch stop. <\/b><\/p>\n

Co p\u0159esn\u011b v extr\u00e9mn\u011b vzru\u0161ilov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti mozkov\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v\u011bdom\u00ed? Pokud se to poda\u0159\u00ed zjistit, mohou v\u011bdci doufat, \u017ee se p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed k \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho probl\u00e9mu.
\nKonkr\u00e9tn\u011b neurobiologov\u00e9 hledaj\u00ed neuronov\u00e9 korel\u00e1ty v\u011bdom\u00ed (NKV) \u2014 nejmen\u0161\u00ed neuronov\u00e9 mechanismy, kter\u00e9 spole\u010dn\u011b sta\u010d\u00ed pro jak\u00fdkoli konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed v\u011bdom\u00fd z\u00e1\u017eitek v pocitech. <\/b><\/p>\n

Co se mus\u00ed d\u00edt v mozku, abyste nap\u0159\u00edklad c\u00edtili zubn\u00ed bolest? Mus\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00e9 nervov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky vibrovat s n\u011bjakou magickou frekvenc\u00ed? Je t\u0159eba aktivovat n\u011bjak\u00e9 zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed \u201eneuronov\u00e9 v\u011bdom\u00ed\u201c? Kde by mohly b\u00fdt takov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky um\u00edst\u011bny v mozku?<\/p>\n

\"Na
\n<\/p>\n

Neuronov\u00e9 korel\u00e1ty v\u011bdom\u00ed<\/h2>\n

\nV definici NKV je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 upozorn\u011bn\u00ed \"minim\u00e1ln\u00ed\". V\u017edy\u0165 mozek jako celek lze pova\u017eovat za NKV \u2014 den co den vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed pocity. A p\u0159esto lze m\u00edsto ur\u010den\u00ed vyj\u00e1d\u0159it je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159esn\u011bji. Vezm\u011bme m\u00ed\u0161n\u00ed mozog \u2014 46centimetrovou flexibiln\u00ed trubici nervov\u00e9 tk\u00e1n\u011b uvnit\u0159 p\u00e1te\u0159e, kter\u00e1 obsahuje p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b miliardu nervov\u00fdch bun\u011bk. Pokud je v d\u016fsledku zran\u011bn\u00ed m\u00ed\u0161n\u00ed mozek zcela po\u0161kozen a\u017e do kr\u010dn\u00ed oblasti, posti\u017een\u00e9mu budou paralyzov\u00e1ny nohy, ruce a trup, nebude schopen \u0159\u00eddit st\u0159eva a mo\u010dov\u00fd m\u011bch\u00fd\u0159 a bude zbaven t\u011blesn\u00fdch pocit\u016f. P\u0159esto takov\u00ed paralyzovan\u00ed lid\u00e9 st\u00e1le pozn\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u017eivot v jeho rozmanitosti: vid\u00ed, sly\u0161\u00ed, c\u00edt\u00ed pachy, pro\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed emoce a pamatuj\u00ed si stejn\u011b dob\u0159e jako p\u0159ed tragickou ud\u00e1lost\u00ed, kter\u00e1 z\u00e1sadn\u011b zm\u011bnila jejich \u017eivot.<\/p>\n

Nebo vezm\u011bme moze\u010dek \u2014 \"mal\u00fd mozek\" v zadn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti mozku. Tento mozkov\u00fd syst\u00e9m, jeden z nejstar\u0161\u00edch z evolu\u010dn\u00edho hlediska, se pod\u00edl\u00ed na kontrole motoriky, poloze t\u011bla a ch\u016fzi, a tak\u00e9 odpov\u00edd\u00e1 za obratn\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed slo\u017eit\u00fdch sekvenc\u00ed pohyb\u016f.
\nHran\u00ed na klav\u00edr, psan\u00ed na kl\u00e1vesnici, sportovn\u00ed bruslen\u00ed nebo lezen\u00ed \u2014 ve v\u0161ech t\u011bchto \u010dinnostech je zapojen moze\u010dek. Je vybaven nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi neurony zvan\u00fdmi Purky\u0148ovy bu\u0148ky, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed chapadla rozv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00ed se jako kor\u00e1lov\u00fd mo\u0159sk\u00fd v\u011bj\u00ed\u0159 a skr\u00fdvaj\u00ed slo\u017eitou elektrickou dynamiku. A nav\u00edc moze\u010dek obsahuje nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed po\u010det neuron\u016f<\/b>, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 69 miliard (v\u011bt\u0161inou se jedn\u00e1 o moze\u010dkov\u00e9 labrocyty ve tvaru hv\u011bzdy) \u2014 \u010dty\u0159ikr\u00e1t v\u00edce<\/b>, ne\u017e cel\u00fd mozek dohromady (zapamatujte si \u2014 tohle je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd bod).<\/p>\n

Co se d\u011bje se v\u011bdom\u00edm, pokud \u010dlov\u011bk v d\u016fsledku mrtvice nebo p\u0159i chirurgick\u00e9m z\u00e1kroku \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b p\u0159ijde o moze\u010dek?<\/p>\n

V podstat\u011b se nic kritick\u00e9ho pro v\u011bdom\u00ed ned\u011bje! <\/b><\/h4>\n

\nPacienti s takov\u00fdm po\u0161kozen\u00edm si st\u011b\u017euj\u00ed na n\u011bkolik probl\u00e9m\u016f, jako je m\u00e9n\u011b plynul\u00e9 hran\u00ed na klav\u00edr nebo m\u00e9n\u011b obratn\u00e9 psan\u00ed na kl\u00e1vesnici, \u2014 ale nikdy na \u00faplnou ztr\u00e1tu n\u011bkter\u00e9ho aspektu sv\u00e9ho v\u011bdom\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Nejpodrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkum o vlivu po\u0161kozen\u00ed moze\u010dku na kognitivn\u00ed funkce byl rozs\u00e1hle studov\u00e1n v kontextu post-mrtvicov\u00e9ho moze\u010dkov\u00e9ho afektivn\u00edho syndromu<\/a><\/noindex>. Ale i v t\u011bchto p\u0159\u00edpadech, krom\u011b koordina\u010dn\u011b-prostorov\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f (v\u00fd\u0161e), byly zji\u0161t\u011bny pouze nekritick\u00e9 poruchy vykon\u00e1vac\u00edch aspekt\u016f \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, charakterizovan\u00e9 perseveracemi<\/a><\/noindex>, rozpt\u00fdlen\u00edm a m\u00edrn\u00fdm poklesem schopnosti u\u010dit se. <\/i><\/p>\n

\"Na
\n<\/p>\n

Rozs\u00e1hl\u00fd moze\u010dkov\u00fd apar\u00e1t nem\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd vztah k subjektivn\u00edm pro\u017eitk\u016fm. Pro\u010d? D\u016fle\u017eitou n\u00e1pov\u011bdu obsahuje jeho neuronov\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165 \u2014 je v\u00fdhradn\u011b homogenn\u00ed a paraleln\u00ed.<\/h4>\n

\nMoze\u010dek je prakticky \u00fapln\u011b \u0159adou p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho rozprost\u0159en\u00ed: jeden \u0159\u00e1dek neuron\u016f nap\u00e1j\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zase ovliv\u0148uje t\u0159et\u00ed. Neexistuj\u00ed v n\u011bm zp\u011btnovazebn\u00ed smy\u010dky, kter\u00e9 by rezonovaly v r\u00e1mci elektrick\u00e9 aktivity. Nav\u00edc se moze\u010dek funk\u010dn\u011b d\u011bl\u00ed na stovky, ne-li v\u00edce, nez\u00e1visl\u00fdch v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00edch modul\u016f. Ka\u017ed\u00fd z nich pracuje paraleln\u011b, s odd\u011blen\u00fdmi a p\u0159esn\u011b se nep\u0159ekr\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edmi vstupy a v\u00fdstupy, kter\u00e9 kontroluj\u00ed pohyby nebo r\u016fzn\u00e9 motorick\u00e9 \u010di kognitivn\u00ed syst\u00e9my. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 spolu navz\u00e1jem neinteraguj\u00ed, zat\u00edmco u v\u011bdom\u00ed \u2014 to je dal\u0161\u00ed neodmysliteln\u00e1 vlastnost.<\/p>\n

D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd z\u00e1v\u011br, kter\u00fd lze vyvodit z anal\u00fdzy m\u00edchy a moze\u010dku, je ten, \u017ee genialita v\u011bdom\u00ed se nerod\u00ed tak snadno na jak\u00e9mkoli m\u00edst\u011b vzru\u0161en\u00ed nervov\u00e9 tk\u00e1n\u011b. Je pot\u0159eba n\u011bco v\u00edc. Tento dodate\u010dn\u00fd faktor se skr\u00fdv\u00e1 v \u0161ed\u00e9 hmot\u011b, kter\u00e1 tvo\u0159\u00ed pov\u011bstnou k\u016fru mozku \u2014 jej\u00ed vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed povrch. V\u0161echna dostupn\u00e1 data nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee p\u0159i vzniku pocit\u016f hraj\u00ed roli neokortik\u00e1ln\u00ed<\/a><\/noindex> tk\u00e1n\u011b.<\/p>\n

Je mo\u017en\u00e9 je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce z\u00fa\u017eit oblast um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed ohniska v\u011bdom\u00ed. Uva\u017eujme nap\u0159\u00edklad o experimentech, ve kter\u00fd jsou prav\u00e9 a lev\u00e9 oko vystavena r\u016fzn\u00fdm podn\u011bt\u016fm. P\u0159edstavte si, \u017ee fotografie \"Lady Priory\" je viditeln\u00e1 pouze va\u0161emu lev\u00e9mu oku, zat\u00edmco sn\u00edmek \"Telsy S\" pouze prav\u00e9mu. M\u016f\u017eeme p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee uvid\u00edte n\u011bjak\u00e9 nov\u00e9 auto jako kombinaci Lady a Telsy. Ve skute\u010dnosti v\u0161ak b\u011bhem n\u011bkolika sekund uvid\u00edte Ladu, ta zmiz\u00ed a objev\u00ed se Tesla \u2014 a potom zase zmiz\u00ed a znovu se objev\u00ed Lada. Dv\u011b obr\u00e1zky se budou v nekone\u010dn\u00e9m tanci st\u0159\u00eddat \u2014 v\u011bdci tomu \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed binokul\u00e1rn\u00ed sout\u011b\u017een\u00ed, nebo sout\u011b\u017een\u00ed s\u00edtnic. Do mozku p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed nejednozna\u010dn\u00e1 informace zven\u010d\u00ed a on se nem\u016f\u017ee rozhodnout: je to Lada nebo Tesla?<\/i><\/p>\n

Pokud le\u017e\u00edte uvnit\u0159 tomografu, kter\u00fd registruje aktivitu mozku, v\u011bdci zaznamen\u00e1vaj\u00ed aktivitu v \u0161irok\u00e9m spektru kortik\u00e1ln\u00edch z\u00f3n, spole\u010dn\u011b naz\u00fdvan\u00fdch \"zadn\u00ed horkou z\u00f3nou\" (posterior hot zone). Jsou to pariet\u00e1ln\u00ed, t\u00fdln\u00ed a sp\u00e1nkov\u00e9 oblasti zadn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti mozkov\u00e9 k\u016fry, kter\u00e9 hraj\u00ed nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed roli p\u0159i sledov\u00e1n\u00ed toho, co vid\u00edme. <\/p>\n

Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee prim\u00e1rn\u00ed zrakov\u00e1 k\u016fra, kter\u00e1 p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1 a p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1 informace p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z o\u010d\u00ed, neodr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed to, co \u010dlov\u011bk vid\u00ed. Podobn\u00e9 rozd\u011blen\u00ed pr\u00e1ce lze pozorovat tak\u00e9 v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b sluchu a hmatov\u00e9ho vjemu: prim\u00e1rn\u00ed sluchov\u00e1 a prim\u00e1rn\u00ed somatosenzorick\u00e1 k\u016fra nep\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo k obsahu sluchov\u00e9ho a somatosenzorick\u00e9ho pro\u017eitku. V\u011bdom\u00e9 vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed (v\u010detn\u011b obraz\u016f Lady a Telsy) vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed f\u00e1ze zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed \u2014 v zadn\u00ed hork\u00e9 z\u00f3n\u011b.<\/p>\n

Z toho vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee zrakov\u00e9 obrazy, zvuky a dal\u0161\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00ed vjemy vznikaj\u00ed v r\u00e1mci zadn\u00ed k\u016fry mozku. Kolik neurobiologov\u00e9 mohou posoudit, t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161echny v\u011bdom\u00e9 pro\u017eitky poch\u00e1zej\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b odsud. <\/b><\/p>\n

\"Na
\n<\/p>\n

M\u011b\u0159i\u010d v\u011bdom\u00ed<\/h2>\n

\nPro operace jsou nap\u0159\u00edklad pacienti podrobov\u00e1ni anestezii, aby se neh\u00fdbali, udr\u017eovali stabiln\u00ed krevn\u00ed tlak, nec\u00edtili bolest a pozd\u011bji nem\u011bli traumatick\u00e9 vzpom\u00ednky. Bohu\u017eel to nelze v\u017edy dos\u00e1hnout: ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b stovky pacient\u016f pod vlivem anestezie jsou v n\u011bjak\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e p\u0159i v\u011bdom\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed skupinou pacient\u016f s v\u00e1\u017en\u00fdm po\u0161kozen\u00edm mozku v d\u016fsledku zran\u011bn\u00ed, infekc\u00ed nebo t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 intoxikace mohou b\u00fdt lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed po mnoho let existuj\u00ed, ani\u017e by m\u011bli mo\u017enost mluvit nebo reagovat na osloven\u00ed. Dok\u00e1zat, \u017ee c\u00edt\u00ed \u017eivot, je extr\u00e9mn\u011b obt\u00ed\u017en\u00fd \u00fakol.<\/h4>\n

\nP\u0159edstavte si kosmonauta ztracen\u00e9ho ve vesm\u00edru, kter\u00fd naslouch\u00e1 pokus\u016fm \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00edho st\u0159ediska nav\u00e1zat s n\u00edm kontakt. Poru\u0161en\u00e9 r\u00e1dio nep\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed jeho hlas, co\u017e zp\u016fsobuje, \u017ee sv\u011bt ho pova\u017euje za nezv\u011bstn\u00e9ho. P\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b takto lze popsat beznad\u011bjnou situaci pacient\u016f, jejich\u017e po\u0161kozen\u00fd mozek je p\u0159ipravil o kontakt s okoln\u00edm sv\u011btem \u2013 jak\u00fdsi extr\u00e9mn\u00ed zp\u016fsob osam\u011bl\u00e9ho v\u011bzn\u011bn\u00ed.<\/i><\/p>\n

Na po\u010d\u00e1tku 2000. let pou\u017eili Giulio Tononi z Wisconsinsk\u00e9 univerzity v Madisonu a Marcello Massimini poprv\u00e9 metodu nazvanou zap and zip<\/a><\/noindex>, aby zjistili, zda je \u010dlov\u011bk v bezv\u011bdom\u00ed nebo ne.<\/p>\n

V\u011bdci um\u00edstili na hlavu c\u00edvku s vodi\u010di a poslali elektrick\u00fd impuls (zap) \u2013 siln\u00fd n\u00e1boj magnetick\u00e9 energie, kter\u00fd vyvol\u00e1val kr\u00e1tkodob\u00fd elektrick\u00fd tok. To vzru\u0161ovalo a zpomalovalo spojen\u00e9 neurony v dan\u00fdch oblastech, a vlna rezonovala po k\u016f\u0159e mozku, dokud aktivita neovadla.<\/p>\n

S\u00ed\u0165 sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f elektroencefalografie um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch na hlav\u011b zaznamen\u00e1vala elektrick\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly. Jak se sign\u00e1ly postupn\u011b \u0161\u00ed\u0159ily, jejich stopy, z nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00e1 odpov\u00eddala ur\u010dit\u00e9mu bodu pod povrchem lebky, se p\u0159etv\u00e1\u0159ely na film.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1znamy neprok\u00e1zaly \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd typick\u00fd algoritmus \u2013 ale nebyly ani zcela n\u00e1hodn\u00e9. <\/h4>\n

\nZaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee \u010d\u00edm v\u00edce p\u0159edv\u00eddateln\u00e9 byly pulzuj\u00edc\u00ed a klesaj\u00edc\u00ed rytmy, t\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed byla pravd\u011bpodobnost, \u017ee mozek byl v bezv\u011bdom\u00ed. V\u011bdci toto hypot\u00e9zu zm\u011b\u0159ili, kdy\u017e komprimovali video data pomoc\u00ed algoritmu, kter\u00fd se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k archivaci po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fdch soubor\u016f ve form\u00e1tu ZIP. Komprese poskytla odhad slo\u017eitosti reakc\u00ed mozku. Dobrovoln\u00edci, kte\u0159\u00ed byli p\u0159i v\u011bdom\u00ed, prok\u00e1zali \"index slo\u017eitosti perturbac\u00ed\" od 0,31 do 0,70, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e index klesal pod 0,31, pokud byli ve stavu hlubok\u00e9ho sp\u00e1nku nebo v anest\u00e9zii.<\/p>\n

Pot\u00e9 t\u00fdm otestoval zip and zap na 81 pacientech, kte\u0159\u00ed byli v minim\u00e1ln\u00edm v\u011bdom\u00ed nebo nebyli p\u0159i smyslech (v k\u00f3matu). V prvn\u00ed skupin\u011b, u kter\u00e9 se projevovaly ur\u010dit\u00e9 zn\u00e1mky nereflektivn\u00edho chov\u00e1n\u00ed, metoda spr\u00e1vn\u011b uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee 36 z 38 je p\u0159i v\u011bdom\u00ed. Z 43 pacient\u016f ve \"zeleninov\u00e9m\" stavu, s nimi\u017e p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00ed u nemocni\u010dn\u00edho l\u016f\u017eka nikdy nedok\u00e1zali nav\u00e1zat komunikaci, bylo 34 za\u0159azeno do kategorie bezv\u011bdom\u00fdch, a dal\u0161\u00edch dev\u011bt ne. Jejich mozek reagoval obdobn\u011b jako u t\u011bch, kdo byli p\u0159i v\u011bdom\u00ed, co\u017e znamenalo, \u017ee tak\u00e9 byli p\u0159i v\u011bdom\u00ed, ale nebyli schopni komunikovat s bl\u00edzk\u00fdmi.<\/p>\n

Sou\u010dasn\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumy maj\u00ed za c\u00edl standardizovat a vylep\u0161it metodiku pro neurologick\u00e9 pacienty a tak\u00e9 ji roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it na pacienty psychiatri\u00ed a pediatrick\u00fdmi odd\u011blen\u00edmi. V pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu v\u011bdci odhal\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed soubor nervov\u00fdch mechanism\u016f, kter\u00e9 vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed pro\u017eitky. <\/h4>\n

\n\"Na
\n
\nVe skute\u010dnosti pot\u0159ebujeme p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010divou v\u011bdeckou teorii v\u011bdom\u00ed, kter\u00e1 by odpov\u011bd\u011bla na ot\u00e1zku, za jak\u00fdch podm\u00ednek takov\u00fd \u010di onak\u00fd fyzick\u00fd syst\u00e9m \u2014 a\u0165 u\u017e slo\u017eit\u00fd \u0159et\u011bzec neuron\u016f nebo k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00e9 tranzistory \u2014 poci\u0165uje vjemy. A pro\u010d se kvalita pro\u017eitk\u016f li\u0161\u00ed? Pro\u010d \u010dist\u011b modr\u00e1 obloha vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 jin\u00fd pocit ne\u017e sk\u0159\u00edpot \u0161patn\u011b se\u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 housle? Maj\u00ed tyto rozd\u00edly v pocitech n\u011bjakou konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed funkci? Pokud ano, jakou? Teorie by umo\u017enila p\u0159edv\u00eddat, kter\u00e9 syst\u00e9my budou schopny n\u011bco pro\u017e\u00edvat. V absenci teorie s ov\u011b\u0159iteln\u00fdmi predikcemi je jak\u00e9koli uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed o v\u011bdom\u00ed stroj\u016f zalo\u017eeno v\u00fdlu\u010dn\u011b na na\u0161em vnit\u0159n\u00edm pocitu, na kter\u00fd, jak uk\u00e1zala historie v\u011bdy, je nutno se spol\u00e9hat s opatrnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Jedna z hlavn\u00edch teori\u00ed v\u011bdom\u00ed je teorie glob\u00e1ln\u00edho neuronov\u00e9ho pracovn\u00edho prostoru<\/a><\/noindex> (GWT), kterou navrhl psycholog Bernard Baars a neurobiologov\u00e9 Stanislas Dehaene a Jean-Pierre Changeux. <\/h4>\n

\nNa za\u010d\u00e1tku tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee kdy\u017e si \u010dlov\u011bk n\u011bco uv\u011bdom\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edstup k t\u011bmto informac\u00edm z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 mnoho r\u016fzn\u00fdch oblast\u00ed mozku. Naopak, kdy\u017e \u010dlov\u011bk jedn\u00e1 nev\u011bdom\u011b, informace se lokalizuj\u00ed v konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed smyslov\u011b-pohybov\u00e9 soustav\u011b (senzo-motorick\u00e9). Nap\u0159\u00edklad, kdy\u017e rychle p\u00ed\u0161ete, d\u011bl\u00e1te to automaticky. Pokud byste se zeptali, jak to d\u011bl\u00e1te, nedok\u00e1zali byste odpov\u011bd\u011bt, proto\u017ee m\u00e1te omezen\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k t\u011bmto informac\u00edm, kter\u00e9 se lokalizuj\u00ed v nervov\u00fdch drah\u00e1ch spojuj\u00edc\u00edch o\u010di s rychl\u00fdmi pohyby prst\u016f. <\/p>\n

Glob\u00e1ln\u00ed dostupnost vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 pouze jeden tok v\u011bdom\u00ed, proto\u017ee pokud je n\u011bjak\u00fd proces dostupn\u00fd v\u0161em ostatn\u00edm proces\u016fm, je dostupn\u00fd pro v\u0161echny \u2013 v\u0161e souvis\u00ed se v\u0161\u00edm. To je mechanismus potla\u010den\u00ed alternativn\u00edch obraz\u016f.<\/b>
\nTakov\u00e1 teorie dob\u0159e vysv\u011btluje r\u016fzn\u00e1 psychick\u00e1 naru\u0161en\u00ed, kde poruchy jednotliv\u00fdch funk\u010dn\u00edch center spojen\u00e9 s vzory neuronov\u00e9 aktivity (nebo cel\u00e9 oblasti mozku) zkresluj\u00ed celkov\u00fd tok \u201epracovn\u00edho prostoru\u201c, \u010d\u00edm\u017e zkresluj\u00ed obraz ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s \u201enorm\u00e1ln\u00edm\u201c stavem (zdrav\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka).<\/i><\/p>\n

\"Na
\n<\/p>\n

Na cest\u011b k fundament\u00e1ln\u00ed teorii<\/h2>\n

\nTeorie \u201eGWT\u201c tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee v\u011bdom\u00ed vych\u00e1z\u00ed z ur\u010dit\u00e9ho typu zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed: zn\u00e1me ji od dob vzniku AI, kdy speci\u00e1ln\u00ed programy m\u011bly p\u0159\u00edstup k mal\u00e9mu ve\u0159ejn\u00e9mu \u00falo\u017ei\u0161ti dat. Jak\u00e9koli informace zapsan\u00e9 na \u201en\u00e1st\u011bnce\u201c se staly p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00fdmi pro celou \u0159adu pomocn\u00fdch proces\u016f \u2013 opera\u010dn\u00ed pam\u011b\u0165, jazyk, pl\u00e1novac\u00ed modul, rozpozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed obli\u010dej\u016f, objekt\u016f atd. Podle t\u00e9to teorie v\u011bdom\u00ed vznik\u00e1, kdy\u017e zapsan\u00e1 vstupn\u00ed senzorick\u00e1 informace je p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1na mnoha kognitivn\u00edm syst\u00e9m\u016fm \u2013 a ty zpracov\u00e1vaj\u00ed data pro verb\u00e1ln\u00ed reprodukci, ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed do pam\u011bti nebo vykon\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u010din\u016f.<\/p>\n

Jeliko\u017e m\u00edsto na takov\u00e9 n\u00e1st\u011bnce je omezen\u00e9, v ka\u017ed\u00e9m konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm okam\u017eiku m\u016f\u017eeme m\u00edt k dispozici pouze mal\u00fd objem informac\u00ed. S\u00ed\u0165 neuron\u016f p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161ej\u00edc\u00edch tyto zpr\u00e1vy se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v \u010deln\u00edm a temenn\u00edm laloku.<\/b><\/p>\n

Jakmile jsou tyto chud\u00e9 (rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e9) \u00fadaje p\u0159ed\u00e1ny do s\u00edt\u011b a st\u00e1vaj\u00ed se ve\u0159ejn\u011b dostupn\u00fdmi, informace se st\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u011bdomou. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, subjekt si j\u00ed je v\u011bdom. Sou\u010dasn\u00e9 stroje zat\u00edm nedos\u00e1hly takov\u00e9 \u00farovn\u011b kognitivn\u00ed slo\u017eitosti, ale to je jen ot\u00e1zka \u010dasu. <\/p>\n

Teorie \u201aGWT\u2018 tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee po\u010d\u00edta\u010de budoucnosti budou v\u011bdom\u00e9.<\/h4>\n

\nObecn\u00e1 informa\u010dn\u00ed teorie v\u011bdom\u00ed (IIT), kterou vyvinul Tononi a jeho spolupracovn\u00edci, vych\u00e1z\u00ed z \u00fapln\u011b jin\u00e9ho v\u00fdchoz\u00edho bodu \u2013 samotn\u00fdch pro\u017eitk\u016f. Ka\u017ed\u00fd pro\u017eitek m\u00e1 sv\u00e9 zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 charakteristiky. Je immanentn\u00ed, existuje pouze pro subjekt jako \u201amajitele\u2018; je strukturovan\u00fd (\u017elut\u00e9 taxi brzd\u00ed, kdy\u017e hn\u011bd\u00fd pes p\u0159eb\u00edh\u00e1 ulici); a je konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed \u2013 li\u0161\u00ed se od jak\u00e9hokoli jin\u00e9ho v\u011bdom\u00e9ho pro\u017eitku, jako jednotliv\u00fd sn\u00edmek ve filmu. Krom\u011b toho je celistv\u00fd a vymezen\u00fd. Kdy\u017e na tepl\u00e9m jasn\u00e9m dni sed\u00edte na lavi\u010dce v parku a sledujete, jak si hraj\u00ed d\u011bti, r\u016fzn\u00e9 prvky zku\u0161enosti \u2013 v\u00edtr, kter\u00fd udr\u017euje vlasy ve vzduchu, pocit radosti ze sm\u00edchu d\u011bt\u00ed \u2013 nelze odd\u011blit bez toho, ani\u017e by pro\u017eitek p\u0159estal b\u00fdt t\u00edm, \u010d\u00edm je.<\/p>\n

Tononi postuloval, \u017ee takov\u00e9 vlastnosti \u2013 tedy jak\u00e1si \u00farove\u0148 v\u011bdom\u00ed \u2013 m\u00e1 jak\u00fdkoli slo\u017eit\u00fd a propojen\u00fd mechanismus, v jeho\u017e struktu\u0159e je zak\u00f3dov\u00e1na sada p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinn\u00fdch vztah\u016f. To bude vn\u00edm\u00e1no jako n\u011bco, co vych\u00e1z\u00ed zevnit\u0159.<\/p>\n

Pokud v\u0161ak, podobn\u011b jako moze\u010dek, mechanismus postr\u00e1d\u00e1 slo\u017eitost a propojenost, nebude si ni\u010deho v\u011bdom. Jak \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 tato teorie, <\/p>\n

v\u011bdom\u00ed je inherentn\u00ed n\u00e1hodn\u00e1 schopnost spojen\u00e1 s takov\u00fdmi slo\u017eit\u00fdmi mechanismy, jako je lidsk\u00fd mozek.<\/h4>\n

\nTeorie tak\u00e9 odvozuje z komplexnosti, kter\u00e1 le\u017e\u00ed v z\u00e1kladn\u00ed propojen\u00e9 struktu\u0159e, jedno nez\u00e1porn\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo \u03a6 (vyslovuje se \u201efy\u201c), kter\u00e9 kvantitativn\u011b vyjad\u0159uje toto v\u011bdom\u00ed. Pokud je \u03a6 rovno nule, syst\u00e9m si v\u016fbec neuv\u011bdomuje sebe. Naopak, \u010d\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed je \u010d\u00edslo, t\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed inherentn\u00ed n\u00e1hodnou s\u00edlu syst\u00e9m m\u00e1 a t\u00edm v\u00edce je v\u011bdom\u00fd. Mozek, kter\u00fd se vyzna\u010duje obrovskou a vysoce specifickou konektivitou, m\u00e1 velmi vysok\u00e9 \u03a6, co\u017e nazna\u010duje vysokou \u00farove\u0148 v\u011bdom\u00ed. Teorie vysv\u011btluje r\u016fzn\u00e9 fakta: nap\u0159\u00edklad pro\u010d moze\u010dek nen\u00ed zapojen do v\u011bdom\u00ed nebo pro\u010d zip a zap po\u010d\u00edtadlo opravdu funguje (\u010d\u00edsla vyd\u00e1van\u00e1 po\u010d\u00edtadlem jsou v hrub\u00e9m p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed \u03a6).<\/p>\n

Teorie \u201eIIT\u201c p\u0159edpov\u00edd\u00e1, \u017ee pokro\u010dil\u00e1 simulace lidsk\u00e9ho mozku na b\u00e1zi digit\u00e1ln\u00edho po\u010d\u00edta\u010de nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt v\u011bdom\u00e1 \u2013 i kdy\u017e jej\u00ed projev nelze odli\u0161it od lidsk\u00e9ho. Podobn\u011b jako simulace rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9ho gravita\u010dn\u00edho p\u0159itahov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry ne deformuje \u010dasoprostorov\u00fd kontinuitu kolem aplikuj\u00edc\u00edho k\u00f3du po\u010d\u00edta\u010de, naprogramovan\u00e9<\/b> v\u011bdom\u00ed nikdy nevytvo\u0159\u00ed v\u011bdom\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d. Giulio Tononi a Marcello Massimini, \u010dasopis \u201eNature\u201c 557, S8-S12 (2018)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Podle IIT \u2013 v\u011bdom\u00ed nelze spo\u010d\u00edtat a vypo\u010d\u00edtat: mus\u00ed b\u00fdt integrov\u00e1no do struktury syst\u00e9mu.<\/h3>\n

\nHlavn\u00edm \u00fakolem sou\u010dasn\u00fdch neurobiolog\u016f je vyu\u017e\u00edt st\u00e1le sofistikovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1stroje ke zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed nekone\u010dn\u00fdch spojen\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch neuron\u016f, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed mozek, pro dal\u0161\u00ed vymezen\u00ed neuronov\u00fdch stop v\u011bdom\u00ed. S p\u0159ihl\u00e9dnut\u00edm k zamotan\u00e9mu uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed CNS to potrv\u00e1 desetilet\u00ed. A kone\u010dn\u011b formulovat hlavn\u00ed teorii na z\u00e1klad\u011b fragment\u016f existuj\u00edc\u00edch. Teorii, kter\u00e1 objasn\u00ed hlavn\u00ed h\u00e1danku na\u0161eho existov\u00e1n\u00ed: jak org\u00e1n, kter\u00fd v\u00e1\u017e\u00ed 1,36 kg a sv\u00fdm slo\u017een\u00edm p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 s\u00f3jov\u00fd tvaroh, zt\u011bles\u0148uje pocit \u017eivota.<\/p>\n

Jednou z nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00edch aplikac\u00ed t\u00e9to nov\u00e9 teorie, podle m\u00e9ho n\u00e1zoru, je mo\u017enost vytvo\u0159en\u00ed AI, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 v\u011bdom\u00ed a co je nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u2013 pocity. Nav\u00edc z\u00e1kladn\u00ed teorie v\u011bdom\u00ed umo\u017en\u00ed vyvinout metody a cesty k realizaci rychlej\u0161\u00ed evoluce kognitivn\u00edch schopnost\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka. \u010clov\u011bka \u2013 budoucnosti. <\/p>\n

\"Na
\n
\nHlavn\u00ed zdroj<\/a><\/noindex>
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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