{"id":30402,"date":"2019-10-31T21:35:21","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:35:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/flexiremap-protiv-raid\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:35:21","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:35:21","slug":"flexiremap-protiv-raid","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/flexiremap-protiv-raid","title":{"rendered":"FlexiRemap\u00ae versus RAID","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Algoritmy RAID byly poprv\u00e9 p\u0159edstaveny ve\u0159ejnosti ji\u017e v roce 1987. Dodnes z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed nej\u017e\u00e1dan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed technologi\u00ed pro ochranu a zrychlen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupu k dat\u016fm v oblasti ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed. V\u011bk IT technologie, kter\u00e1 p\u0159ekro\u010dila 30letou hranici, v\u0161ak nen\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e zralost\u00ed, ale u\u017e starost\u00ed. P\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou je pokrok, ne\u00faprosn\u011b p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00edc\u00ed nov\u00e9 mo\u017enosti. V dob\u00e1ch, kdy prakticky neexistovaly \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 jin\u00e9 \u00falo\u017en\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ne\u017e HDD, algoritmy RAID umo\u017enily co nejefektivn\u011bji vyu\u017e\u00edvat dostupn\u00e9 \u00falo\u017en\u00e9 zdroje. S p\u0159\u00edchodem SSD se v\u0161ak situace z\u00e1sadn\u011b zm\u011bnila. Nyn\u00ed je RAID p\u0159i pr\u00e1ci s pevn\u00fdmi disky sp\u00ed\u0161e \"poutem\" na jejich v\u00fdkonu. Proto pro odhalen\u00ed pln\u00e9ho potenci\u00e1lu rychlostn\u00edch charakteristik SSD je nutn\u00fd zcela jin\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k pr\u00e1ci s nimi.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae versus RAID\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/1633250deaffc822dbd043caa229ea2b.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Krom\u011b zjevn\u00fdch rozd\u00edl\u016f mezi HDD a SSD z hlediska fungov\u00e1n\u00ed maj\u00ed tyto typy pam\u011bt\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b jednu d\u016fle\u017eitou charakteristiku: jak\u00fdkoliv pevn\u00fd disk m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159episovat jak\u00e1koliv data s granularitou jednoho bloku (dnes se nej\u010dast\u011bji pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 4KB). U SSD je proces p\u0159eps\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161ak mnohem slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed procedura:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Zm\u011bn\u011bn\u00e1 data jsou kop\u00edrov\u00e1na na nov\u00e9 m\u00edsto. P\u0159i\u010dem\u017e granularita \u2013 to je stejn\u00fd blok, ale skl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed se z n\u011bkolika str\u00e1nek a m\u00e1 velikost 256KB \u2013 4MB. Tj. p\u0159i zm\u011bn\u011b t\u011bchto 4KB je nutn\u00e9 zkop\u00edrovat tak\u00e9 v\u0161echny sousedn\u00ed str\u00e1nky, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed jeden blok.<\/li>\n<li>\"Star\u00e9\" bloky ozna\u010dit jako nevyu\u017eit\u00e9, aby je potom vymazal sb\u011bra\u010d \"odpadu\" (Garbage Collector).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae versus RAID\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/79f6a2a9657171387121b00c956f9034.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><i>Sekven\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1pis\/p\u0159epis na SSD<\/i><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b sekven\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1pisu\/p\u0159episu tato zvl\u00e1\u0161tnost fungov\u00e1n\u00ed SSD nehraje velkou roli z hlediska jeho v\u00fdkonu, proto\u017ee bloky jsou um\u00edst\u011bny bl\u00edzko sebe a sb\u011bra\u010d \"odpadu\" si s t\u00edmto \u00fakolem v pozad\u00ed docela dob\u0159e porad\u00ed. Ale v re\u00e1ln\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b, a to zejm\u00e9na v Enterprise segmentu, se na SSD nej\u010dast\u011bji pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 n\u00e1hodn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k dat\u016fm. A tato data jsou zapisov\u00e1na na nahodil\u00e1 m\u00edsta na disc\u00edch.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u010c\u00edm v\u00edce dat je zapisov\u00e1no na SSD, t\u00edm obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je pro sb\u011bra\u010de \"odpadu\" pracovat, proto\u017ee se v\u00fdrazn\u011b zvy\u0161uje fragmentace. V d\u016fsledku toho doch\u00e1z\u00ed k momentu, kdy proces \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b p\u0159est\u00e1v\u00e1 b\u00fdt \"pozadov\u00fd\": v\u00fdkon SSD se v\u00fdrazn\u011b sni\u017euje, nebo\u0165 zna\u010dnou \u010d\u00e1st jeho v\u00fdkonu zab\u00edr\u00e1 Garbage Collector.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae versus RAID\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/3374a6b98f220f7c4e4ff75a04565c26.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><i>Skute\u010dn\u00e9 um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed dat na SSD b\u011bhem ka\u017edodenn\u00edho pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/i><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Pro ilustraci efektu vlivu \u010dinnosti sb\u011bra\u010de \"odpadu\" v z\u00e1vislosti na re\u017eimu z\u00e1pisu na \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b lze prov\u00e9st z\u00e1kladn\u00ed testy: sekven\u010dn\u00ed a n\u00e1hodn\u00fd z\u00e1pis bloky 4KB na 100GB \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b. (Zdroj \u2013 spole\u010dnost <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.micron.com\/~\/media\/documents\/products\/technical-marketing-brief\/brief_ssd_effect_data_placement_writes.pdf\">Micron<\/a><\/noindex>)<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae versus RAID\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/7e3b1f25dd27463d2c7b08ae84ff44b4.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><i>V\u00fdkon p\u0159i sekven\u010dn\u00edm z\u00e1pisu<\/i><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae versus RAID\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/9c7d7be5982d6df688cf9481a0e9a826.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><i>V\u00fdkon p\u0159i n\u00e1hodn\u00e9m z\u00e1pisu<\/i><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Jak je vid\u011bt z test\u016f, pokles v\u00fdkonu m\u016f\u017ee dos\u00e1hnout v\u00edce ne\u017e dvojn\u00e1sobku. A to je pouze jedin\u00fd disk. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pou\u017eit\u00ed SSD jako sou\u010d\u00e1sti RAID skupiny se po\u010det p\u0159episovac\u00edch operac\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u011b zvy\u0161uje d\u00edky pr\u00e1ci s parity.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>V z\u00e1sad\u011b d\u00edky t\u011bmto vlastnostem fungov\u00e1n\u00ed SSD existuje pro n\u011b takov\u00fd parametr, jako je koeficient z\u00e1pisu (write amplification). To je pom\u011br objemu dat, kter\u00e9 byly zaps\u00e1ny na \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b, k objemu dat, kter\u00e1 skute\u010dn\u011b odeslal hostitel. A pro nejpopul\u00e1rn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed RAID5 je tento koeficient p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 3,5. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdsledkem je, \u017ee syst\u00e9my s klasick\u00fdm RAID v podstat\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed SSD pouze p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 10 % jejich skute\u010dn\u00e9 rychlosti a slab\u011b \u0161k\u00e1luj\u00ed v\u00fdkon p\u0159i zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010dtu disk\u016f nad deset.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Tak\u00e9 je t\u0159eba poznamenat, \u017ee nadbyte\u010dn\u00e9 z\u00e1pisov\u00e9 operace nejen\u017ee sni\u017euj\u00ed v\u00fdkon SSD, ale tak\u00e9 sni\u017euj\u00ed jeho zdaleka neomezen\u00fd zdroj, co\u017e t\u00edm p\u00e1dem zkracuje \u017eivotnost \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/accelstor.ru\/page\/flexiremap-technology\">Technologie FlexiRemap\u00ae<\/a><\/noindex>, kter\u00e1 je j\u00e1drem v\u0161ech produkt\u016f AccelStor, byla vyvinuta jako alternativa k klasick\u00fdm algoritm\u016fm RAID p\u0159i pr\u00e1ci se SSD. Inovativnost technologie byla ocen\u011bna r\u016fzn\u00fdmi patenty a cenami (v\u010detn\u011b na Flash Memory Summit 2016) a tak\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky nez\u00e1visl\u00fdch test\u016f (nap\u0159\u00edklad SPC1).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Podstata <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/accelstor.ru\/page\/flexiremap-advantages\">FlexiRemap\u00ae<\/a><\/noindex> spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v p\u0159evodu v\u0161ech p\u0159\u00edchoz\u00edch z\u00e1pisov\u00fdch po\u017eadavk\u016f, zejm\u00e9na typu random, na sadu blok\u016f, kter\u00e1 je co nejv\u00edce podobn\u00e1 sekven\u010dn\u00edmu z\u00e1pisu z hlediska \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b. V d\u016fsledku toho zapisov\u00e1n\u00ed na SSD prob\u00edh\u00e1 v maxim\u00e1ln\u011b komfortn\u00edm re\u017eimu a kone\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdkon p\u0159evy\u0161uje jak\u00e9hokoli syst\u00e9mu s klasick\u00fdm RAID.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>V\u0161echny SSD v syst\u00e9mech AccelStor jsou rozd\u011bleny do dvou symetrick\u00fdch skupin FlexiRemap\u00ae. Velikost skupiny z\u00e1vis\u00ed na modelu a \u010din\u00ed 5-11 \u00falo\u017ei\u0161\u0165. Pro odolnost v\u016f\u010di chyb\u00e1m se uvnit\u0159 skupiny pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 parita podobn\u00e1 RAID5. Ob\u011b skupiny se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed spole\u010dn\u011b a tvo\u0159\u00ed celkov\u00fd prostor pro ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed. Kone\u010dn\u00e1 odolnost v\u016f\u010di chyb\u00e1m bude tedy obdobn\u00e1 poli RAID50, kter\u00e9 se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze dvou skupin: syst\u00e9m je schopen ust\u00e1t selh\u00e1n\u00ed a\u017e dvou SSD, ale nikoli v\u00edce ne\u017e jednoho v ka\u017ed\u00e9 skupin\u011b FlexiRemap\u00ae.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae versus RAID\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/76adaa3e4a9dbd1394ba18dac79e21e5.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>V\u0161echny p\u0159\u00edchoz\u00ed z\u00e1pisov\u00e9 po\u017eadavky jsou rozd\u011bleny na bloky o velikosti 4KB, kter\u00e9 jsou v re\u017eimu round robin zapisov\u00e1ny na ob\u011b skupiny FlexiRemap\u00ae. P\u0159i tom syst\u00e9m neust\u00e1le sleduje popt\u00e1vku po zapsan\u00fdch bloc\u00edch a sna\u017e\u00ed se p\u0159i jejich zm\u011bn\u011b zapisovat podobn\u00e9 bloky co nejbl\u00ed\u017ee k sob\u011b. Vznik\u00e1 virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed ekvivalent stripingu, pokud se vyjad\u0159ujeme v term\u00ednech STH. V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je v\u00fdrazn\u011b usnadn\u011bna pr\u00e1ce se sb\u011brem \u201eodpadu\u201c: nebo\u0165 nepou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 bloky budou st\u00e1le nabl\u00edzku.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Stoj\u00ed za zm\u00ednku, \u017ee <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/accelstor.ru\/page\/modeli-vysokoj-dostupnosti-ha\">syst\u00e9my AccelStor<\/a><\/noindex> na rozd\u00edl od produkt\u016f konkurence nepou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed funkci cacheov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edchoz\u00edch po\u017eadavk\u016f v opera\u010dn\u00ed pam\u011bti \u0159adi\u010de. V\u0161echny p\u0159\u00edchoz\u00ed datov\u00e9 bloky jsou okam\u017eit\u011b zapisov\u00e1ny na SSD. Host z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 potvrzen\u00ed o \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9m z\u00e1pisu a\u017e po fyzick\u00e9m um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed dat na \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u00edch. V RAM se uchov\u00e1vaj\u00ed pouze tabulky um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed blok\u016f na SSD pro urychlen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupu a ur\u010den\u00ed, kam zapsat dal\u0161\u00ed datov\u00fd blok. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, pro spolehlivost jsou kopie t\u011bchto tabulek um\u00edst\u011bny i na samotn\u00fdch m\u00e9di\u00edch. V d\u016fsledku toho syst\u00e9my AccelStor nepot\u0159ebuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dnou ochranu cache ve form\u011b baterie\/kondenz\u00e1toru (ov\u0161em je mo\u017en\u00e9 nav\u00e1zat spojen\u00ed s UPS \u2013 pro \u201em\u011bkk\u00e9\u201c vypnut\u00ed v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b probl\u00e9m\u016f s nap\u00e1jen\u00edm).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>D\u00edky podobn\u00e9mu p\u0159\u00edstupu k organizaci z\u00e1znamu je sb\u011bra\u010d \"odpadk\u016f\" skute\u010dn\u011b schopen pracovat na pozad\u00ed, ani\u017e by m\u011bl z\u00e1sadn\u00ed vliv na rychlost \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b, co\u017e nakonec umo\u017e\u0148uje syst\u00e9mu vyu\u017e\u00edt a\u017e 90 % v\u00fdkonu SSD. V tom spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00ed vysok\u00e9 parametry IOPS v syst\u00e9mech AccelStor na pozad\u00ed All Flash, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed v z\u00e1kladu algoritmy RAID.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eitou vlastnost\u00ed technologie FlexiRemap\u00ae je v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed nadbyte\u010dn\u00fdch z\u00e1pisov\u00fdch operac\u00ed na SSD. Koeficient z\u00e1pis\u016f (write amplification) pro syst\u00e9my AccelStor \u010din\u00ed pouh\u00fdch 1,3, co\u017e ve standardn\u00edm jazyce znamen\u00e1 prodlou\u017een\u00ed \u017eivotnosti \u00falo\u017ei\u0161\u0165 ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s RAID5 v\u00edce ne\u017e 2,5x! <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae versus RAID\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/c503ed537aed33aa0e1e98595ed020a2.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>D\u00edky neust\u00e1l\u00e9mu monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed syst\u00e9mem politiky umis\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed dat na SSD se v\u0161echny \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b opot\u0159ebov\u00e1vaj\u00ed rovnom\u011brn\u011b. Tento p\u0159\u00edstup umo\u017e\u0148uje p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u011bt jejich \u017eivotnost a p\u0159edem poslat sign\u00e1l spr\u00e1vci o vy\u010derp\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1pisov\u00fdch zdroj\u016f.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee SSD mohou selhat. V takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b syst\u00e9m okam\u017eit\u011b zah\u00e1j\u00ed rebuild na jeden z disk\u016f hot spare. P\u0159itom skupina FlexiRemap\u00ae, nach\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed se ve stavu degraded, p\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00ed do re\u017eimu \u201epouze pro \u010dten\u00ed\u201c, a v\u0161echny z\u00e1pisov\u00e9 po\u017eadavky jsou sm\u011brov\u00e1ny na druhou skupinu. Tento ochrann\u00fd mechanismus je ur\u010den k urychlen\u00ed operace rebuild a sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnosti selh\u00e1n\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edho \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b ve stejn\u00e9 skupin\u011b. Nen\u00ed tajemstv\u00edm, \u017ee b\u011bhem rebuildu v\u0161echna \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b ve skupin\u011b za\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed kv\u016fli interferenc\u00edm operac\u00ed \u010dten\u00ed, z\u00e1pisu a obnovy na hot spare. T\u00edm se zvy\u0161uje pravd\u011bpodobnost selh\u00e1n\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edho disku. A \u010d\u00edm v\u00edce z\u00e1pisov\u00fdch operac\u00ed, t\u00edm d\u00e9le bude rebuild prob\u00edhat. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae versus RAID\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/c6389348c25427854ae24a17da9b89a7.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Po dokon\u010den\u00ed procesu obnovy a n\u00e1vratu skupiny FlexiRemap\u00ae do norm\u00e1ln\u00edho stavu nastane mal\u00fd nepom\u011br v z\u00e1pisov\u00fdch zdroj\u00edch mezi dv\u011bma skupinami. Proto pro jeho vyrovn\u00e1n\u00ed budou n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed z\u00e1pisov\u00e9 operace \u010dast\u011bji sm\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1ny na obnovenou skupinu (samoz\u0159ejm\u011b s ohledem na to, aby celkov\u00fd v\u00fdkon syst\u00e9mu v\u00fdrazn\u011b neutrp\u011bl).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed v\u00fdkonu syst\u00e9m\u016f All Flash, zalo\u017een\u00fdch na algoritmech RAID, nad n\u011bkter\u00e9 hodnoty (~280K IOPS@4K n\u00e1hodn\u00e9ho z\u00e1pisu) se nepoda\u0159\u00ed ani p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed slo\u017eit\u00fdch cache syst\u00e9m\u016f. Technologie FlexiRemap\u00ae, d\u00edky zcela odli\u0161n\u00e9mu p\u0159\u00edstupu k organizaci \u00falo\u017en\u00e9ho prostoru, nejen lehce p\u0159ekon\u00e1v\u00e1 tuto bari\u00e9ru, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 n\u011bkolikan\u00e1sobn\u011b prodlu\u017euje \u017eivotnost SSD. Tak\u017ee syst\u00e9my <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/accelstor.ru\">AccelStor<\/a><\/noindex> maj\u00ed v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 v\u00fdhody oproti All Flash pol\u00ed v mnoha ohledech (IOPS\/$, GB\/$, TCO, ROI), co\u017e je \u010din\u00ed ide\u00e1ln\u00edmi kandid\u00e1ty na kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pozice v datov\u00fdch centrech z\u00e1kazn\u00edk\u016f pro \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdch \u00faloh.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/accelstor\/blog\/445336\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0410\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043c\u044b RAID \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c 1987 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u041f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430 \u043a \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442 IT \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 30-\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436, \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0430 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441, \u043d\u0435\u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0412\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":22403,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30402","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - 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