{"id":30649,"date":"2019-10-31T21:36:42","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:36:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/bekap-nagotove-razrushaem-mify-v-chest-prazdnika\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:36:42","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:36:42","slug":"bekap-nagotove-razrushaem-mify-v-chest-prazdnika","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/bekap-nagotove-razrushaem-mify-v-chest-prazdnika","title":{"rendered":"Z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ipraveno: bour\u00e1me m\u00fdty k oslav\u011b sv\u00e1tku","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed
\n
\nZ\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed nen\u00ed modern\u00ed technologie, o kter\u00e9 by se hovo\u0159ilo na ka\u017ed\u00e9m rohu. M\u011blo by b\u00fdt standardem v ka\u017ed\u00e9 seri\u00f3zn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti, a to je v\u0161e. V na\u0161em bance z\u00e1lohujeme n\u011bkolik tis\u00edc server\u016f \u2013 je to slo\u017eit\u00e1 a zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce, o n\u011bkter\u00fdch nuanc\u00edch t\u00e9to problematiky a tak\u00e9 o b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch m\u00fdtech ohledn\u011b z\u00e1loh bych r\u00e1d pohovo\u0159il.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nT\u00e9matu se v\u011bnuji u\u017e t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 20 let, z toho posledn\u00ed 2 roky v Promsvyazbance. Na za\u010d\u00e1tku praxe jsem prov\u00e1d\u011bl z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed prakticky manu\u00e1ln\u011b, skripty, kter\u00e9 prost\u011b kop\u00edrovaly soubory. Potom se ve Windows objevily u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje: utilita Robocopy pro p\u0159\u00edpravu soubor\u016f a NT Backup pro kop\u00edrov\u00e1n\u00ed. A pot\u00e9 p\u0159i\u0161el \u010das specializovan\u00e9ho softwaru, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm Veritas Backup Exec, kter\u00fd se nyn\u00ed naz\u00fdv\u00e1 Symantec Backup Exec. Tak\u017ee se se z\u00e1lohami zn\u00e1m u\u017e dlouho.<\/p>\n

Jednodu\u0161e \u0159e\u010deno, z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed je uchov\u00e1n\u00ed kopie dat (virtu\u00e1ln\u00edch stroj\u016f<\/a>, aplikac\u00ed, datab\u00e1z\u00ed a soubor\u016f) pro p\u0159\u00edpad pot\u0159eby s ur\u010ditou pravidelnost\u00ed. P\u0159\u00edpad pot\u0159eby obvykle nast\u00e1v\u00e1 ve form\u011b hardwarov\u00e9ho nebo logick\u00e9ho selh\u00e1n\u00ed a vede ke ztr\u00e1t\u011b dat. \u00dakolem z\u00e1lohovac\u00edho syst\u00e9mu je zm\u00edrnit ztr\u00e1ty zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 \u00fabytkem informac\u00ed. Hardwarov\u00e9 selh\u00e1n\u00ed je nap\u0159\u00edklad selh\u00e1n\u00ed serveru nebo \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b, kde jsou ulo\u017eeny datab\u00e1ze. Logick\u00e9 selh\u00e1n\u00ed je ztr\u00e1ta nebo zm\u011bna \u010d\u00e1sti dat, tak\u00e9 v\u010detn\u011b lidsk\u00e9ho faktoru: omylem smazan\u00e9 tabulky, soubory, spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed chybn\u00fdch skript\u016f. Existuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 po\u017eadavky regula\u010dn\u00edch org\u00e1n\u016f na uchov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00fdch typ\u016f informac\u00ed po dlouhou dobu, nap\u0159\u00edklad a\u017e n\u011bkolik let.<\/p>\n

\"Z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed
\n
\nNejtypi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed z\u00e1loh je obnova ulo\u017een\u00e9 kopie datab\u00e1z\u00ed pro nasazen\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch testovac\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f, klon\u016f pro v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159e.<\/p>\n

Kolem z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed existuje n\u011bkolik typick\u00fdch m\u00fdt\u016f, kter\u00e9 je u\u017e na \u010dase vyvr\u00e1tit. Zde jsou ty nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. <\/p>\n

M\u00fdtus 1. Z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed je u\u017e d\u00e1vno jen malou funkc\u00ed v r\u00e1mci bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edch nebo \u00falo\u017en\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f.<\/h3>\n

\nZ\u00e1lo\u017en\u00ed syst\u00e9my jsou st\u00e1le samostatnou t\u0159\u00eddou \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed a jsou velmi nez\u00e1visl\u00e9. Maj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 d\u016fle\u017eitou \u00falohu. V podstat\u011b jsou posledn\u00ed obranou, kdy\u017e jde o ochranu dat. Z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed tedy prob\u00edh\u00e1 sv\u00fdm vlastn\u00edm tempem a podle vlastn\u00edho rozvrhu. Ka\u017ed\u00fd den se generuje zpr\u00e1va o serverech, existuj\u00ed ud\u00e1losti, kter\u00e9 slou\u017e\u00ed jako spou\u0161t\u011b\u010de pro monitorovac\u00ed syst\u00e9m.<\/p>\n

\"Z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed
\n
\nRole model p\u0159\u00edstupu k z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00edmu syst\u00e9mu umo\u017e\u0148uje delegovat \u010d\u00e1st pravomoc\u00ed spr\u00e1vc\u016fm c\u00edlov\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f pro spr\u00e1vu z\u00e1loh.<\/p>\n

M\u00fdtus 2. Kdy\u017e je RAID, z\u00e1loha u\u017e nen\u00ed pot\u0159eba.<\/h3>\n

\n\"Z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed
\n
\nRAIDov\u00e9 pole a replikace dat jsou bezpochyby dobr\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, jak chr\u00e1nit informa\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9my p\u0159ed hardwarov\u00fdmi selh\u00e1n\u00edmi a v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b existence standby serveru rychle p\u0159epnout na n\u011bj v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b poruchy hlavn\u00edho stroje.<\/p>\n

P\u0159ed logick\u00fdmi chybami, kter\u00e9 byly zp\u016fsobeny u\u017eivateli syst\u00e9mu, v\u0161ak redundance a replikace neochr\u00e1n\u00ed. Standby server se zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00fdm z\u00e1pisem \u2013 ano, m\u016f\u017ee pomoci, pokud je chyba odhalena d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e byla synchronizov\u00e1na. A co kdy\u017e byl okam\u017eik prop\u00e1snut? Pom\u016f\u017ee jen v\u010dasn\u011b proveden\u00e1 z\u00e1loha. Pokud v\u00edme, \u017ee data se zm\u011bnila v\u010dera, m\u016f\u017eeme obnovit syst\u00e9m do stavu ze p\u0159edv\u010derej\u0161ka a vyt\u00e1hnout z n\u011bj pot\u0159ebn\u00e1 data. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee logick\u00e9 chyby jsou nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, star\u00e1 dobr\u00e1 z\u00e1loha z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 osv\u011bd\u010den\u00fdm a pot\u0159ebn\u00fdm prost\u0159edkem.<\/p>\n

M\u00fdtus 3. Z\u00e1loha se d\u011bl\u00e1 jednou m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u011b.<\/h3>\n

\nFrekvence z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed je nastaviteln\u00e9 parametry, kter\u00e9 z\u00e1vis\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na po\u017eadavc\u00edch na z\u00e1lohovac\u00ed syst\u00e9m. Je zcela re\u00e1ln\u00e9 naj\u00edt data, kter\u00e1 se prakticky nikdy nem\u011bn\u00ed a nejsou obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1, jejich ztr\u00e1ta nebude kritick\u00e1 pro firmu.
\nOna data lze opravdu z\u00e1lohovat jednou m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u011b nebo dokonce m\u00e9n\u011b. Naopak, kriti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed data se ukl\u00e1daj\u00ed \u010dast\u011bji, v z\u00e1vislosti na ukazateli RPO (Recovery Point Objective), kter\u00fd ur\u010duje p\u0159\u00edpustnou ztr\u00e1tu dat. To m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt jednou t\u00fddn\u011b, jednou denn\u011b nebo dokonce n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t za hodinu. U n\u00e1s to jsou transak\u010dn\u00ed logy z DBMS.<\/p>\n

\"Z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed
\n
\nP\u0159i uveden\u00ed syst\u00e9m\u016f do provozu je nezbytn\u00e9 schv\u00e1lit dokumentaci k z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e1 obsahuje hlavn\u00ed body, p\u0159edpisy pro aktualizaci, postupy pro obnovu syst\u00e9mu, postupy pro uchov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1loh a podobn\u011b.<\/p>\n

M\u00fdtus 4. Objem z\u00e1loh neust\u00e1le roste a zab\u00edr\u00e1 ve\u0161ker\u00fd p\u0159id\u011blen\u00fd prostor.<\/h3>\n

\nZ\u00e1lohy maj\u00ed omezenou dobu uchov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. Nen\u00ed smyslupln\u00e9 nap\u0159\u00edklad skladovat v\u0161echny 365 denn\u00ed z\u00e1lohy po cel\u00fd rok. Obvykle je povoleno uchov\u00e1vat denn\u00ed z\u00e1lohy po dobu 2 t\u00fddn\u016f, po \u010dem\u017e jsou nahrazov\u00e1ny nov\u00fdmi, a na dlouhodob\u00e9 uchov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 ta verze, kter\u00e1 byla vytvo\u0159ena jako prvn\u00ed v m\u011bs\u00edci. Ta je rovn\u011b\u017e uchov\u00e1v\u00e1na po ur\u010ditou dobu \u2013 ka\u017ed\u00e1 z\u00e1loha m\u00e1 dobu \u017eivotnosti.<\/p>\n

\"Z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed
\n
\nExistuje ochrana proti ztr\u00e1t\u011b dat. Existuje pravidlo: p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e je z\u00e1loha smaz\u00e1na, mus\u00ed b\u00fdt vytvo\u0159ena n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed. Proto nebudou data smaz\u00e1na, pokud z\u00e1loha neprob\u011bhla, nap\u0159\u00edklad kv\u016fli nedostupnosti serveru. Jsou dodr\u017eov\u00e1ny nejen \u010dasov\u00e9 r\u00e1mce, ale tak\u00e9 se kontroluje po\u010det z\u00e1loh v sad\u011b. Pokud je v syst\u00e9mu nastaveno, \u017ee maj\u00ed b\u00fdt dv\u011b kompletn\u00ed z\u00e1lohy, budou v\u017edy dv\u011b, a star\u00e1 bude smaz\u00e1na teprve tehdy, kdy\u017e bude \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b zaps\u00e1na nov\u00e1 t\u0159et\u00ed. Tak\u017ee n\u00e1r\u016fst objemu, kter\u00fd z\u00e1lohy zab\u00edraj\u00ed, souvis\u00ed pouze s n\u00e1r\u016fstem po\u010dtu chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch dat a nez\u00e1vis\u00ed na \u010dase.<\/p>\n

M\u00fdtus 5. Spustila se z\u00e1loha \u2013 v\u0161e se zaseklo.<\/h3>\n

\nL\u00e9pe by se mohlo \u0159\u00edci: pokud se v\u0161e zaseklo, znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee administr\u00e1tor nem\u00e1 spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 dovednosti. Obecn\u011b plat\u00ed, \u017ee rychlost z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1vis\u00ed na mnoha faktorech. Nap\u0159\u00edklad na rychlosti samotn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed: jak rychl\u00e9 jsou tam diskov\u00e1 \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b, knihovny p\u00e1sek. Na rychlosti servery<\/a> syst\u00e9mu z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed: zda stihne zpracov\u00e1vat data, prov\u00e1d\u011bt kompresi a deduplikaci. A tak\u00e9 na rychlosti spojen\u00ed mezi klientem a serverem. <\/p>\n

Z\u00e1loha m\u016f\u017ee prob\u00edhat v jednom nebo v\u00edce vl\u00e1knech, v z\u00e1vislosti na tom, zda rezervovan\u00fd syst\u00e9m podporuje v\u00edcerozm\u011brnost. Nap\u0159\u00edklad datab\u00e1zov\u00fd syst\u00e9m Oracle umo\u017e\u0148uje vyu\u017e\u00edvat n\u011bkolik vl\u00e1ken podle po\u010dtu dostupn\u00fdch procesor\u016f, dokud rychlost p\u0159enosu nenaraz\u00ed na limit \u0161\u00ed\u0159ky p\u00e1sma s\u00edt\u011b.<\/p>\n

Pokud se pokus\u00edte prov\u00e1d\u011bt z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed s velk\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm vl\u00e1ken, hroz\u00ed p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00ed b\u011b\u017e\u00edc\u00edho syst\u00e9mu, co\u017e skute\u010dn\u011b za\u010dne zpomalovat jeho v\u00fdkon. Proto se vyb\u00edr\u00e1 optim\u00e1ln\u00ed po\u010det vl\u00e1ken, aby bylo zaji\u0161t\u011bno dostate\u010dn\u00e9 rychlostn\u00ed v\u00fdkonnosti. Pokud je kritick\u00e9 i to nejmen\u0161\u00ed sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed v\u00fdkonu, existuje skv\u011bl\u00e1 mo\u017enost, kdy je z\u00e1loha prov\u00e1d\u011bna nikoli z provozn\u00edho serveru, ale z jeho klonu \u2013 standby v terminologii datab\u00e1z\u00ed. Tento proces nezat\u011b\u017euje hlavn\u00ed pracovn\u00ed syst\u00e9m. Data lze odeb\u00edrat p\u0159es v\u00edce vl\u00e1ken, proto\u017ee server nen\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n k obsluze.<\/p>\n

Ve velk\u00fdch organizac\u00edch je pro z\u00e1lohovac\u00ed syst\u00e9m vytv\u00e1\u0159ena samostatn\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165, aby z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed neovlivnilo produk\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Krom\u011b toho m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt provoz p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en nejen p\u0159es s\u00ed\u0165, ale tak\u00e9 skrze SAN.
\n\"Z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed
\nSna\u017e\u00edme se distribuovat z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e tak\u00e9 podle \u010dasu. Z\u00e1lohy se v\u011bt\u0161inou prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed mimo pracovn\u00ed dobu: v noci, o v\u00edkendech. Krom\u011b toho se nespou\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed v\u0161echny najednou. Z\u00e1lohy virtu\u00e1ln\u00edch stroj\u016f jsou zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpadem. Tento proces prakticky nem\u00e1 vliv na v\u00fdkon samotn\u00e9ho stroje, tak\u017ee z\u00e1lohu lze rozlo\u017eit b\u011bhem denn\u00edch hodin, a ne odkl\u00e1dat v\u0161e na noc. Je mnoho nuance, ale pokud se v\u0161echno zohledn\u00ed, z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed nebude m\u00edt vliv na v\u00fdkon syst\u00e9m\u016f.<\/p>\n

M\u00fdtus 6. Spustil jsem z\u00e1lohovac\u00ed syst\u00e9m \u2013 a je zaji\u0161t\u011bna odolnost proti v\u00fdpadk\u016fm.<\/h3>\n

\nNikdy nezapom\u00ednejte, \u017ee z\u00e1lohovac\u00ed syst\u00e9m je posledn\u00ed lini\u00ed obrany, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee p\u0159ed n\u00edm by m\u011blo b\u00fdt je\u0161t\u011b n\u011bkolik syst\u00e9m\u016f, kter\u00e9 zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed kontinuitu, vysokou dostupnost a odolnost proti katastrof\u00e1m IT infrastruktury a informa\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f podniku.<\/p>\n

Ned\u00e1vejte se do iluze, \u017ee z\u00e1loha obnov\u00ed v\u0161echna data a rychle obnov\u00ed p\u0159eru\u0161enou slu\u017ebu. Ztr\u00e1ta dat od okam\u017eiku z\u00e1lohy do okam\u017eiku poruchy je zaru\u010dena a data na nov\u00fd server mohou b\u00fdt nahr\u00e1v\u00e1na n\u011bkolik hodin (nebo dn\u016f, jak to vyjde). Proto m\u00e1 smysl vytv\u00e1\u0159et plnohodnotn\u00e9 syst\u00e9my odoln\u00e9 proti v\u00fdpadk\u016fm, ani\u017e byste se spol\u00e9hali pouze na z\u00e1lohu.<\/p>\n

M\u00fdtus 7. Nastavil jsem z\u00e1lohu jednou, zkontroloval, \u017ee funguje. Te\u010f sta\u010d\u00ed jen sledovat logy.<\/h3>\n

\nTo je jeden z nejv\u00edce \u0161kodliv\u00fdch m\u00fdt\u016f, jeho\u017e fal\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed si uv\u011bdom\u00ed\u0161 a\u017e b\u011bhem incidentu. Z\u00e1znamy o \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9m proveden\u00ed z\u00e1lohy nejsou z\u00e1rukou, \u017ee v\u0161echno prob\u011bhlo tak, jak m\u011blo. Ulo\u017eenou kopii je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 p\u0159edem zkontrolovat na obnovitelnost. Tedy spustit proces obnoven\u00ed v testovac\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed a pod\u00edvat se na v\u00fdsledek. <\/p>\n

A n\u011bco m\u00e1lo o pr\u00e1ci administr\u00e1tora<\/h3>\n

\nRu\u010dn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem ji\u017e nikdo data nekop\u00edruje. Modern\u00ed z\u00e1lohovac\u00ed syst\u00e9my um\u00ed z\u00e1lohovat prakticky v\u0161e, sta\u010d\u00ed je dob\u0159e nastavit. Pokud p\u0159ibyde nov\u00fd server \u2013 nastavit politiky: vybrat obsah, kter\u00fd se bude z\u00e1lohovat, ur\u010dit parametry uchov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a aplikovat rozvrh.<\/p>\n

\"Z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed
\n
\nP\u0159esto je pr\u00e1ce po\u0159\u00e1d dost kv\u016fli rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9mu parku server\u016f, mezi nimi\u017e jsou datab\u00e1ze, po\u0161tovn\u00ed syst\u00e9my, clustery virtu\u00e1ln\u00edch stroj\u016f a souborov\u00e9 zdroje jak na Windows, tak na Linux\/Unix. Zam\u011bstnanci, kte\u0159\u00ed udr\u017euj\u00ed funk\u010dnost syst\u00e9mu z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed, se nenud\u00ed.<\/p>\n

P\u0159i t\u00e9to p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti chci pop\u0159\u00e1t v\u0161em admin\u016fm pevn\u00e9 nervy, p\u0159esnost v pohybech a nekone\u010dn\u00fd prostor pro uchov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1loh!<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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