{"id":30675,"date":"2019-10-31T21:36:50","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:36:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/ispolzovanie-teplovyh-potentsialov-dlya-analiza-territorij\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:36:50","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:36:50","slug":"ispolzovanie-teplovyh-potentsialov-dlya-analiza-territorij","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/ispolzovanie-teplovyh-potentsialov-dlya-analiza-territorij","title":{"rendered":"Pou\u017eit\u00ed tepeln\u00fdch potenci\u00e1l\u016f pro anal\u00fdzu \u00fazem\u00ed","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Pou\u017eit\u00ed
\nP\u0159\u00edklad v\u00fdpo\u010dtu tepeln\u00fdch potenci\u00e1l\u016f pro venkovn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 m\u011bsta Ni\u017en\u00ed Novgorod<\/i><\/p>\n

\u00dazem\u00ed m\u011bsta je slo\u017eit\u00fd, heterogenn\u00ed syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd se neust\u00e1le m\u011bn\u00ed. \u00dazem\u00ed lze popsat a hodnotit m\u011bstsk\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed pomoc\u00ed prostorov\u00fdch objekt\u016f (faktor\u016f). Faktory popisuj\u00edc\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed se li\u0161\u00ed charakterem vlivu (kladn\u00e9, z\u00e1porn\u00e9) a geometrickou konfigurac\u00ed (body, linie, polygony). <\/p>\n

\u010casto je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 ur\u010dit m\u00edru vlivu ka\u017ed\u00e9ho jednotliv\u00e9ho objektu na \u00farove\u0148 rozvoje \u00fazem\u00ed jako celku nebo na n\u011bjak\u00fd jeho specifick\u00fd aspekt. V sou\u010dasnosti se probl\u00e9m ur\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed a popisu takov\u00fdch pojm\u016f jako \u201ekultura\u201c, \u201esoci\u00e1ln\u00ed sf\u00e9ra\u201c, \u201esoci\u00e1ln\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed\u201c, \u201ekvalitn\u00ed \u017eivot\u201c, \u201eekonomick\u00fd rozvoj\u201c a \u201ezdrav\u00ed obyvatelstva\u201c st\u00e1v\u00e1 st\u00e1le aktu\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00edm. Nejednozna\u010dnost t\u011bchto pojm\u016f se zvy\u0161uje, pokud je chceme aplikovat na r\u016fzn\u00e9 soci\u00e1ln\u00ed skupiny, obyvatelstvo r\u016fzn\u00e9ho v\u011bku a pohlav\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Tak\u00e9 je t\u0159eba poznamenat, \u017ee hranice m\u011bsta v modern\u00edm pojet\u00ed jsou dost relativn\u00ed. Denn\u00ed migrace obyvatelstva a dopravn\u00ed dostupnost vzd\u00e1len\u00fdch oblast\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce \u201erozmaz\u00e1vaj\u00ed hranici\u201c m\u011bsta. \u0160iroce pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd pojem aglomerace v z\u00e1sad\u011b odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed hranice m\u011bsta, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 d\u011bl\u00e1 samotn\u00fd pojem hranice m\u011bsta je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce v\u00e1gn\u00edm.<\/p>\n

Navzdory v\u00fd\u0161e popsan\u00fdm probl\u00e9m\u016fm jsou anal\u00fdza a hodnocen\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed v sou\u010dasnosti jedn\u00edm z perspektivn\u00edch a zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch sm\u011bru, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uje \u0159e\u0161it mnoh\u00e9 aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fakoly m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed.
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

\u010cl\u00e1nek navrhuje k projedn\u00e1n\u00ed metodu anal\u00fdzy \u00fazem\u00ed s vyu\u017eit\u00edm \u201etepeln\u00fd\u201c model. Z\u00e1kladem t\u00e9to metody je zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed potenci\u00e1l\u016f vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00fdch objekty (faktory) r\u016fzn\u00e9 povahy (bodov\u00e9, liniov\u00e9 a plo\u0161n\u00e9). Anal\u00fdza \u00fazem\u00ed pomoc\u00ed t\u00e9to metody umo\u017e\u0148uje p\u0159ej\u00edt od souboru prostorov\u00fdch dat (faktor\u016f), kter\u00e9 popisuj\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed, k p\u0159esn\u00e9mu \u010d\u00edseln\u00e9mu (bodov\u00e9mu) hodnocen\u00ed v ka\u017ed\u00e9m bod\u011b \u00fazem\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Analyzovan\u00e9 v r\u00e1mci teritori\u00e1ln\u00ed anal\u00fdzy potenci\u00e1ly maj\u00ed fyzickou interpretaci \u2013 \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed tepla v prost\u0159ed\u00edch r\u016fzn\u00e9 dimenze (2D, 3D). Tento jev lze p\u0159edstavit ve form\u011b \u201etepeln\u00fdch\u201c obraz\u016f (\u201etepeln\u00fdch\u201c map \u00fazem\u00ed), kter\u00e9 poskytuj\u00ed p\u0159edstavu o stupni rozvoje \u00fazem\u00ed v z\u00e1vislosti na intenzit\u011b barvy obrazu. <\/p>\n

Faktory \u00fazem\u00ed<\/b><\/h3>\n

Anal\u00fdza \u00fazem\u00ed zahrnuje hled\u00e1n\u00ed a zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed o vlivov\u00fdch faktorech na \u00fazem\u00ed a o jejich indik\u00e1torech. Vlivov\u00fdmi faktory jsou objekty, kter\u00e9 ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed okoln\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed a maj\u00ed soubor charakteristik a prostorov\u00fdch sou\u0159adnic. P\u0159\u00edklady vlivov\u00fdch faktor\u016f mohou zahrnovat obchody, pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 objekty, silnice, lesy, vodn\u00ed objekty.<\/p>\n

Indik\u00e1tory vlivu jsou objekty, odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00edc\u00ed<\/i> vliv objekt\u016f a tak\u00e9 maj\u00ed soubor charakteristik a prostorov\u00fdch sou\u0159adnic. P\u0159\u00edklady indik\u00e1tor\u016f vlivu: bankomaty, reklamn\u00ed billboardy, pam\u00e1tn\u00edky.<\/p>\n

V dal\u0161\u00edm textu budeme pou\u017e\u00edvat pojem vlivov\u00e9 faktory, kter\u00fd zahrnuje oba term\u00edny \u2013 faktory a indik\u00e1tory vlivu.<\/p>\n

N\u00ed\u017ee uv\u00e1d\u00edme p\u0159\u00edklad prostorov\u00fdch dat, kter\u00e1 p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed vlivov\u00e9 faktory.<\/p>\n

\"Pou\u017eit\u00ed
\n
\nJedn\u00edm z d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch krok\u016f v procesu anal\u00fdzy \u00fazem\u00ed je f\u00e1ze sb\u011bru a zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed vstupn\u00edch informac\u00ed. Dnes je k dispozici mnoho informac\u00ed o vlivov\u00fdch faktorech na \u00fazem\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 m\u00edry podrobnosti. <\/p>\n

Informace mohou b\u00fdt z\u00edsk\u00e1ny z otev\u0159en\u00fdch zdroj\u016f nebo zdroj\u016f s omezen\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edstupem. V mnoha p\u0159\u00edpadech je otev\u0159en\u00fdch informac\u00ed dostate\u010dn\u011b pro anal\u00fdzu, a\u010dkoliv zpravidla vy\u017eaduj\u00ed pom\u011brn\u011b pracn\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Mezi otev\u0159en\u00fdmi zdroji je podle na\u0161eho n\u00e1zoru l\u00eddrem zdroj \u2013 OpenStreetMap (OSM). Informace z\u00edsk\u00e1van\u00e9 z tohoto zdroje jsou aktualizov\u00e1ny denn\u011b po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n

Informace ze zdroje OpenStreetMap (OSM) jsou prezentov\u00e1ny v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch form\u00e1tech:<\/p>\n

\u2014 OSM form\u00e1t. Hlavn\u00ed form\u00e1t s p\u0159\u00edponou \u201e.osm\u201c se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k popisu grafick\u00fdch obraz\u016f XML \u2013 uzly, cesty, vztahy.<\/p>\n

\u2014 \u201ePolsk\u00fd form\u00e1t\u201c. Textov\u00fd form\u00e1t s p\u0159\u00edponou \u201e.mp\u201c se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pro pr\u00e1ci s grafikou.<\/p>\n

\u2014 PBF form\u00e1t. Form\u00e1t pro ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed dat s p\u0159\u00edponou \u201e.osm.pbf\u201c.<\/p>\n

Jako zdroje informac\u00ed lze tak\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt:<\/p>\n

\u2014 2GIS<\/b>
\nTento zdroj obsahuje kvalitn\u00ed, m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u011b zpracov\u00e1van\u00e9 informace s vynikaj\u00edc\u00edm 3\u00farov\u0148ov\u00fdm klasifik\u00e1torem pro podniky a organizace. <\/p>\n

\u2014 Soubory KML (Keyhole Markup Language)<\/b>
\nSoubory KML (Keyhole Markup Language) jsou form\u00e1t soubor\u016f, kter\u00fd se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k zobrazen\u00ed geografick\u00fdch dat v aplikac\u00edch Google Earth, Google Maps a Google Maps pro mobiln\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Pomoc\u00ed soubor\u016f KML m\u016f\u017eete:
\n \u2014 nastavovat r\u016fzn\u00e9 ikony a vytv\u00e1\u0159et popisky pro ozna\u010den\u00ed m\u00edst na povrchu Zem\u011b
\n \u2014 vytv\u00e1\u0159et r\u016fzn\u00e9 \u00fahly pohledu pro vybran\u00e9 objekty, m\u011bn\u011bn\u00edm polohy kamery
\n \u2014 pou\u017e\u00edvat r\u016fzn\u00e1 p\u0159ekr\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se obr\u00e1zky
\n \u2014 definovat styly pro p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed zobrazen\u00ed objektu, pou\u017e\u00edvat HTML k\u00f3d pro vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed hypertextov\u00fdch odkaz\u016f a integrovan\u00fdch obr\u00e1zk\u016f
\n \u2014 pou\u017e\u00edvat slo\u017eky pro hierarchick\u00e9 seskupov\u00e1n\u00ed prvk\u016f
\n \u2014 dynamicky z\u00edsk\u00e1vat a aktualizovat soubory KML z vzd\u00e1len\u00fdch nebo lok\u00e1ln\u00edch s\u00edt\u00ed
\n \u2014 z\u00edsk\u00e1vat data KML v souladu se zm\u011bnami v prost\u0159edku pro 3D zobrazen\u00ed<\/p>\n

\u2014 Feder\u00e1ln\u00ed slu\u017eba st\u00e1tn\u00ed registrace, katastru a kartografie \"Rosreestr\"<\/b>
\nInformace na port\u00e1lu Rosreestr jsou cenn\u00e9 sv\u00fdm obsahem a aktu\u00e1lnost\u00ed, av\u0161ak bohu\u017eel nenab\u00edzej\u00ed mo\u017enost z\u00edsk\u00e1vat grafiku k objekt\u016fm kapit\u00e1lov\u00e9ho stavebnictv\u00ed a pozemk\u016fm na bezplatn\u00e9m z\u00e1klad\u011b. Port\u00e1l Rosreestr tak\u00e9 obsahuje velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed informac\u00ed s omezen\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edstupem.<\/p>\n

\u2014 Statistick\u00e9 \u00fa\u0159ady<\/b>
\nStatistick\u00e1 data \u2013 legitimn\u00ed zdroj informac\u00ed o \u00fazem\u00ed, nicm\u00e9n\u011b k dne\u0161n\u00edmu dni jsou data z statistick\u00fdch \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f dostupn\u00e1 pouze pro ur\u010dit\u00e9 ukazatele, v\u011bt\u0161inou ve zpr\u00e1v\u00e1ch statistick\u00fdch \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f a zpr\u00e1v\u00e1ch region\u00e1ln\u00edch \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f.<\/p>\n

\u2014 Informa\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9my st\u00e1tn\u00edch org\u00e1n\u016f<\/b>
\nKvalitn\u00ed informace se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v informa\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9mech st\u00e1tn\u00edch org\u00e1n\u016f, av\u0161ak pouze mal\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st z nich je publikov\u00e1na v otev\u0159en\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edstupu a je dostupn\u00e1 pro anal\u00fdzu.<\/p>\n

Proveden\u00ed anal\u00fdzy \u00fazem\u00ed neklade \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 specifick\u00e9 po\u017eadavky na slo\u017een\u00ed informac\u00ed, v podstat\u011b lze pou\u017e\u00edt v\u0161e, co se poda\u0159ilo nal\u00e9zt, informace z otev\u0159en\u00fdch zdroj\u016f jsou obvykle zam\u011bniteln\u00e9. Je v\u0161ak t\u0159eba poznamenat, \u017ee i jedna jedin\u00e1 informace z\u00edskan\u00e1 z OSM sta\u010d\u00ed k proveden\u00ed anal\u00fdzy nezn\u00e1m\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Anal\u00fdza \u00fazem\u00ed pomoc\u00ed \u201etepeln\u00e9ho\u201c modelu. Fyzick\u00e1 interpretace potenci\u00e1l\u016f.<\/b><\/h3>\n

Jak ji\u017e bylo zm\u00edn\u011bno d\u0159\u00edve, anal\u00fdza \u00fazem\u00ed je dnes aktu\u00e1ln\u00edm t\u00e9matem a siln\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem pro argumentovan\u00e9 p\u0159itahov\u00e1n\u00ed investic do rozvoje infrastruktury r\u016fzn\u00fdch m\u011bstsk\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n

R\u016fznorodost \u00fakol\u016f \u0159e\u0161en\u00fdch pomoc\u00ed prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed anal\u00fdzy \u00fazem\u00ed lze slou\u010dit do n\u011bkolika hlavn\u00edch sm\u011br\u016f: <\/p>\n

\u2014 Z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed co nejv\u00edce interpretovateln\u00e9ho a podrobn\u00e9ho hodnocen\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed v ka\u017ed\u00e9m jeho bod\u011b.
\n\u0158e\u0161en\u00edm stanoven\u00e9ho \u00fakolu lze z\u00edskat soubor bodov\u00fdch hodnocen\u00ed v ka\u017ed\u00e9m bod\u011b \u00fazem\u00ed, kter\u00fd poskytuje p\u0159edstavu o \u00farovni rozvoje \u00fazem\u00ed jako celku, stejn\u011b jako v n\u011bkter\u00e9 specifick\u00e9 oblasti. Takovou specifickou oblast\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nap\u0159\u00edklad kultura, pr\u016fmysl, obchod atd. <\/p>\n

\u2014 Ur\u010den\u00ed nejv\u00fdhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch m\u00edst pro um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed investi\u010dn\u00edch objekt\u016f ur\u010dit\u00e9ho typu (nap\u0159\u00edklad bank, specializovan\u00fdch obchod\u016f, n\u00e1kupn\u011b-z\u00e1bavn\u00edch center atd.) na vybran\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u2014 Anal\u00fdza nej\u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho vyu\u017eit\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed.
\nTento sm\u011br umo\u017e\u0148uje prov\u00e1d\u011bt podrobn\u00e9 zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed charakteristik \u00fazem\u00ed, tr\u017en\u00ed situace, kter\u00e1 se formuje v prozkouman\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed, a identifikaci popt\u00e1van\u00fdch variant. <\/p>\n

\u2014 Ur\u010den\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku jednoho faktoru do modelu ceny, na p\u0159\u00edkladu vzniku nov\u00fdch silnic a nov\u00fdch tras. <\/p>\n

\u2014 Anal\u00fdza r\u016fzn\u00fdch aspekt\u016f jednoho \u00fazem\u00ed a anal\u00fdza r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed (srovn\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed).<\/p>\n

Originalita navrhovan\u00e9 metody anal\u00fdzy \u00fazem\u00ed v \u010dl\u00e1nku pomoc\u00ed \u201etepeln\u00e9ho\u201c modelu spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed ukazatel\u016f rozvoje \u00fazem\u00ed \u2014 potenci\u00e1l\u016f, vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00fdch \u010d\u00edseln\u011b a odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00edc\u00edch m\u00edru vlivu objektu (faktoru vlivu) na \u00fazem\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Pro pochopen\u00ed podstaty v\u00fdzkumu je t\u0159eba \u0159\u00edct p\u00e1r slov o samotn\u00e9m tepeln\u00e9m potenci\u00e1lu a poskytnout jeho fyzickou interpretaci.<\/p>\n

Ve fyzice existuj\u00ed takov\u00e9 pojmy jako s\u00edly pole<\/i> a s\u00edlov\u00e1 funkce<\/i>. S\u00edlov\u00e9 pole m\u00e1 dimenzi energie, s\u00edlov\u00e1 funkce \u2013 dimenzi s\u00edly. <\/p>\n

Pro Newton\u016fv z\u00e1kon gravita\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edly je s\u00edlov\u00e9 pole definov\u00e1no vzorcem:<\/p>\n

F=k\/r2, kde
\nk \u2013 konstanta;
\nr \u2013 vzd\u00e1lenost mezi vz\u00e1jemn\u011b p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00edmi objekty.<\/p>\n

S\u00edlov\u00e1 funkce \u03d5 je ur\u010dena v\u00fdrazem: <\/p>\n

d\u03d5=-F*dr, kde
\n\u03d5 \u2014 potenci\u00e1l s\u00edlov\u00e9ho pole;
\nd\u03d5, dr \u2013 diferenci\u00e1ly;
\nr \u2014 vzd\u00e1lenost mezi vz\u00e1jemn\u011b p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00edmi objekty,<\/p>\n

n\u00e1sledn\u011b \u03d5=k\/r. <\/p>\n

Fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed smysl potenci\u00e1lu s\u00edlov\u00e9ho pole \u03d5 \u2013 to je pr\u00e1ce E, kterou s\u00edlov\u00e9 pole vykon\u00e1 p\u0159i pohybu ur\u010ditou vzd\u00e1lenost\u00ed. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b Newtonova z\u00e1kona gravitace p\u0159i zm\u011bn\u011b vzd\u00e1lenosti od objektu od r2 do r1 je s\u00edlov\u00e1 funkce ur\u010dena vzorcem<\/p>\n

E=k*(1\/r1-1\/r2), kde
\nE \u2013 pr\u00e1ce, kterou s\u00edlov\u00e9 pole vykon\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159i pohybu ur\u010ditou vzd\u00e1lenost\u00ed;
\nr1, r2 \u2013 po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed a kone\u010dn\u00e9 um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed objektu. <\/p>\n

Pro \u00fakol anal\u00fdzy \u00fazem\u00ed lze vliv objekt\u016f (faktor\u016f) na \u00fazem\u00ed pova\u017eovat za s\u00edlu (s\u00edlov\u00e1 funkce<\/i>), a \u00farove\u0148 rozvoje \u00fazem\u00ed jako celkov\u00fd tepeln\u00fd potenci\u00e1l (s\u00edly pole<\/i>) ze v\u0161ech objekt\u016f (faktor\u016f). V \u00faloh\u00e1ch fyziky je tepeln\u00fd potenci\u00e1l teplota, a v \u00faloh\u00e1ch anal\u00fdzy \u00fazem\u00ed s pou\u017eit\u00edm \u201etepeln\u00fdm\u201c modelem potenci\u00e1l p\u0159edstavuje celkov\u00fd vliv v\u0161ech faktor\u016f na bod \u00fazem\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Prostorov\u00e1 data p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed body, linie, polygony. Pro v\u00fdpo\u010det potenci\u00e1l\u016f se pod\u00e9ln\u00e1 prostorov\u00e1 data rozd\u011bl\u00ed na mal\u00e9 fragmenty. Pro ka\u017ed\u00fd fragment se vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1v\u00e1 potenci\u00e1l z bodu se sou\u010dinitelem odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edm velikosti fragmentu objektu (faktoru). <\/p>\n

Data se d\u011bl\u00ed na smyslov\u00e9 skupiny na z\u00e1klad\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00e9 podobnosti. Nap\u0159\u00edklad, objekty obchodu jsou seskupeny podle zbo\u017e\u00ed. Existuj\u00ed skupiny lesn\u00edch objekt\u016f, vodn\u00edch objekt\u016f, os\u00eddlen\u00fdch m\u00edst, zast\u00e1vek dopravy atd. Seskupen\u00e1 podle smyslu skupiny p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed faktor. Proch\u00e1zen\u00edm v\u0161emi objekty (faktory) z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1me soubor tepeln\u00fdch potenci\u00e1l\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou vhodn\u00e9 pro dal\u0161\u00ed zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Vyu\u017eit\u00ed potenci\u00e1l\u016f (\u201eteplotn\u00edch map\u201c) umo\u017e\u0148uje p\u0159echod od prostorov\u00fdch dat k \u201eteplotn\u00edm\u201c obraz\u016fm objekt\u016f (faktor\u016f) ovliv\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edch \u00fazem\u00ed (vizualizace potenci\u00e1l\u016f). Tento p\u0159echod d\u00e1v\u00e1 mo\u017enost ur\u010dit m\u00edru p\u0159\u00edtomnosti faktoru v ka\u017ed\u00e9m bod\u011b \u00fazem\u00ed a prov\u00e1d\u011bt dal\u0161\u00ed anal\u00fdzu, tj. zobrazit r\u016fzn\u00e9 sm\u011bry rozvoje m\u011bsta v barv\u011b. Takto z\u00edsk\u00e1me z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 intenzity pro ka\u017ed\u00fd bod \u00fazem\u00ed.<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edklady \u201eteplotn\u00edch\u201c obraz\u016f \u00fazem\u00ed m\u011bsta Ni\u017en\u00edho Novgorodu z pohledu n\u011bkolika faktor\u016f jsou uvedeny n\u00ed\u017ee.<\/p>\n

\"Pou\u017eit\u00ed
\n\u201eTeplotn\u00ed\u201c mapa m\u011bsta Ni\u017en\u00edho Novgorodu, odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00edc\u00ed faktor \u201eL\u00e9kov\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165\u201c<\/i><\/p>\n

\"Pou\u017eit\u00ed
\n\u201eTeplotn\u00ed\u201c mapa m\u011bsta Ni\u017en\u00edho Novgorodu, odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00edc\u00ed faktor \u201ePolikliniky pro dosp\u011bl\u00e9\u201c<\/i><\/p>\n

\"Pou\u017eit\u00ed
\n\u201eTeplotn\u00ed\u201c mapa m\u011bsta Ni\u017en\u00edho Novgorodu, odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00edc\u00ed faktor \u201eD\u011btsk\u00e9 polikliniky\u201c<\/i><\/p>\n

\"Pou\u017eit\u00ed
\n\u201eTeplotn\u00ed\u201c mapa m\u011bsta Ni\u017en\u00edho Novgorodu, odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00edc\u00ed faktor \u201ePr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 z\u00f3ny\u201c<\/i><\/p>\n

\u201eTeplotn\u00ed\u201c obrazy \u00fazem\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed ur\u010dit koncentraci potenci\u00e1l\u016f od r\u016fzn\u00fdch objekt\u016f vlivu. D\u00e1le je nutn\u00e9 spojit z\u00edskan\u00e9 potenci\u00e1ly do integra\u010dn\u00ed charakteristiky, kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje prov\u00e9st hodnocen\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b velk\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed faktor\u016f. K tomu je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed metoda, kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje analyzovat velk\u00fd objem informac\u00ed, rozpozn\u00e1vat objekty a tak\u00e9 sn\u00ed\u017eit rozm\u011brnost dat, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e ztr\u00e1c\u00ed co nejm\u00e9n\u011b informac\u00ed. Jednou z takov\u00fdch metod je metoda hlavn\u00edch komponent (Principal Component Analysis, PCA). Podrobn\u011bji o t\u00e9to metod\u011b se m\u016f\u017eete do\u010d\u00edst v Wikipedie<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Podstatou metody je nalezen\u00ed line\u00e1rn\u00ed kombinace p\u016fvodn\u00edch parametr\u016f, kter\u00e1 se nejv\u00edce m\u011bn\u00ed v oblasti anal\u00fdzy. Pro prostorov\u00e1 data \u2013 nejv\u00edce se m\u011bn\u00edc\u00ed na \u00fazem\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Metoda hlavn\u00edch komponent vy\u010dle\u0148uje objekty (faktory), kter\u00e9 se nejv\u00edce m\u011bn\u00ed na \u00fazem\u00ed. V d\u016fsledku pr\u00e1ce metody vznikaj\u00ed nov\u00e9 prom\u011bnn\u00e9 \u2013 hlavn\u00ed komponenty, kter\u00e9 jsou informativn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s p\u016fvodn\u00edmi daty, pomoc\u00ed kter\u00fdch je snaz\u0161\u00ed analyzovat, popisovat a vizualizovat \u00fazem\u00ed, na z\u00e1klad\u011b kter\u00e9ho je jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed budovat modely. <\/p>\n

Hlavn\u00ed komponenty p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed analytick\u00e9 v\u00fdrazy \u2013 sou\u010det potenci\u00e1l\u016f vstupn\u00edch faktor\u016f s n\u011bkter\u00fdmi koeficienty. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, pokud m\u00e1 n\u011bjak\u00fd faktor v\u00fdznamn\u00fd vliv na \u00fazem\u00ed, ale nem\u011bn\u00ed se v analyzovan\u00e9 oblasti, metoda hlavn\u00edch komponent tento faktor do hlavn\u00edch komponent nezahrne.<\/p>\n

Hlavn\u00ed komponenty jsou se\u0159azeny podle klesaj\u00edc\u00ed informace \u2013 tj. rozlo\u017een\u00ed v \u00fazem\u00ed. Prvn\u00ed hlavn\u00ed komponenty nesou v sob\u011b podstatn\u011b v\u00edce informac\u00ed ne\u017e jednotliv\u00e9 faktory a dob\u0159e popisuj\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed. Obvykle, p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b sta faktor\u016f, prvn\u00ed hlavn\u00ed komponenta nese asi 50 % v\u0161ech informac\u00ed (rozptylu) v \u00fazem\u00ed. Hlavn\u00ed komponenty nekolaboruj\u00ed mezi sebou a mohou b\u00fdt pou\u017eity pro modely jako charakteristiky \u00fazem\u00ed v ka\u017ed\u00e9m bod\u011b.<\/p>\n

Hlavn\u00ed komponenta, jako\u017eto ur\u010dit\u00fd abstraktn\u011b po\u010d\u00edtan\u00fd ukazatel \u00fazem\u00ed, nem\u00e1 jasn\u00e9 pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed a klasifikaci. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, soubor faktor\u016f, kter\u00e9 se siln\u011b koreluj\u00ed s hlavn\u00ed komponentou, umo\u017e\u0148uje interpretovat hlavn\u00ed komponenty. Obvykle se s hlavn\u00edmi komponentami koreluj\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed faktory: <\/p>\n

\u2014 \u00farove\u0148 rozvoje infrastruktury;
\n \u2014 dopravn\u00ed slo\u017eka \u00fazem\u00ed;
\n \u2014 klimatick\u00e9 z\u00f3ny;
\n \u2014 \u00farove\u0148 rozvoje zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed;
\n \u2014 ekonomick\u00fd potenci\u00e1l \u00fazem\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed anal\u00fdza, v\u010detn\u011b clusterizace, prob\u00edh\u00e1 s n\u011bkolika prvn\u00edmi v\u00fdznamn\u00fdmi hlavn\u00edmi komponentami.<\/p>\n

Na obr\u00e1zc\u00edch lze vid\u011bt grafick\u00e9 zobrazen\u00ed prvn\u00edch hlavn\u00edch komponent v teritoriu n\u011bkolika m\u011bst Rusk\u00e9 federace.<\/p>\n

\"Pou\u017eit\u00ed
\nPrvn\u00ed hlavn\u00ed komponenta, charakterizuj\u00edc\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 rozvoje m\u011bstsk\u00e9 infrastruktury m\u011bsta N. Novgorod.<\/i> <\/p>\n

\"Pou\u017eit\u00ed
\nPrvn\u00ed hlavn\u00ed komponenta, charakterizuj\u00edc\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 rozvoje m\u011bstsk\u00e9 infrastruktury m\u011bsta Jekat\u011brinburg.<\/i><\/p>\n

\"Pou\u017eit\u00ed
\nPrvn\u00ed hlavn\u00ed komponenta, charakterizuj\u00edc\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 rozvoje m\u011bstsk\u00e9 infrastruktury m\u011bsta Kazan.<\/i><\/p>\n

\"Pou\u017eit\u00ed
\nPrvn\u00ed hlavn\u00ed komponenta, charakterizuj\u00edc\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 rozvoje m\u011bstsk\u00e9 infrastruktury m\u011bsta Perm.<\/i><\/p>\n

\"Pou\u017eit\u00ed
\nPrvn\u00ed hlavn\u00ed komponenta, charakterizuj\u00edc\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 rozvoje m\u011bstsk\u00e9 infrastruktury m\u011bsta Samara.<\/i><\/p>\n

\"Pou\u017eit\u00ed
\nPrvn\u00ed hlavn\u00ed komponenta, charakterizuj\u00edc\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 rozvoje m\u011bstsk\u00e9 infrastruktury m\u011bsta Chabarovsk.<\/i><\/p>\n

Integr\u00e1ln\u00ed vlastnosti: klasifikace<\/b><\/h3>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed f\u00e1ze pr\u00e1ce na anal\u00fdze \u00fazem\u00ed spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v hled\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00f3n zastav\u011bn\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed homogenn\u00edch co do kvality. Tento proces se zakl\u00e1d\u00e1 na anal\u00fdze hodnot hlavn\u00edch komponent v ka\u017ed\u00e9m bod\u011b \u00fazem\u00ed. \u00dakol hled\u00e1n\u00ed uveden\u00fdch homogenn\u00edch z\u00f3n m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt \u0159e\u0161en klasifikac\u00ed \u2013 procesem seskupov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed podle principu bl\u00edzkosti souhrnu charakteristik. <\/p>\n

Klasifikace \u00fazem\u00ed sleduje dva c\u00edle:<\/p>\n

\u2014 vytvo\u0159en\u00ed l\u00e9pe vn\u00edman\u00e9 vizualizace \u00fazem\u00ed;
\n \u2014 vymezen\u00ed oblast\u00ed pro sestaven\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch model\u016f.<\/p>\n

\u00dazem\u00ed jsou klasifikov\u00e1na v souladu s vybran\u00fdmi faktory pro anal\u00fdzu. Tyto faktory mohou b\u00fdt faktory ovliv\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edmi cenotvorbu nebo faktory popisuj\u00edc\u00edmi n\u011bjak\u00fd aspekt rozvoje \u00fazem\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad soci\u00e1ln\u00ed sf\u00e9ru. <\/p>\n

Existuj\u00ed dv\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 klasick\u00e9 metody klasifikace: metoda K-means a metoda dendrogramu. P\u0159i pr\u00e1ci s \u00fazem\u00edmi se dob\u0159e osv\u011bd\u010dila metoda K-means, jej\u00ed\u017e zvl\u00e1\u0161tnost\u00ed je \"p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed\" klastru, p\u0159ipojen\u00edm k r\u016fstov\u00fdm bod\u016fm nov\u00fdch objekt\u016f. V\u00fdhody metody K-means spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00ed v podobnosti jej\u00ed pr\u00e1ce s p\u0159irozen\u00fdm procesem formov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed: integrace podobn\u00fdch, nikoli rozd\u011blen\u00ed odli\u0161n\u00fdch.<\/p>\n

Metodou K-means byl proveden v\u00fdpo\u010det pro Ni\u017enij Novgorod (obr\u00e1zek n\u00ed\u017ee).<\/p>\n

\"Pou\u017eit\u00ed
\nSoulad klastr\u016f s \u00farovn\u00ed rozvoje \u00fazem\u00ed na p\u0159\u00edkladu m\u011bsta N.Novgorod<\/i><\/p>\n

P\u0159i navrhovan\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edstupu lze z\u00edskat p\u0159edstavu o \u00fazem\u00ed podle r\u016fzn\u00fdch t\u00e9mat. Zaj\u00edmav\u00fdmi t\u00e9maty pro n\u00e1s mohou b\u00fdt nap\u0159\u00edklad \u00farove\u0148 rozvoje m\u011bstsk\u00e9 infrastruktury, \u00farove\u0148 \"elitnosti\" \u00fazem\u00ed, \u00farove\u0148 rozvoje kultury, soci\u00e1ln\u00ed slo\u017eka rozvoje \u00fazem\u00ed. Tato t\u00e9mata jsou \u0161patn\u011b definovan\u00fdmi integr\u00e1ln\u00edmi pojmy a skl\u00e1daj\u00ed se z mnoha vz\u00e1jemn\u011b propojen\u00fdch faktor\u016f.<\/p>\n

P\u0159i ur\u010dit\u00e9m algoritmu v\u00fdb\u011bru parametr\u016f pro anal\u00fdzu (v\u010detn\u011b zapojen\u00ed odborn\u00edk\u016f) obdr\u017e\u00edme tematick\u00e9 mapy, kter\u00e9 poskytnou p\u0159edstavu o jednom aspektu rozvoje \u00fazem\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Pod integr\u00e1ln\u00edmi vlastnostmi rozum\u00edme prvn\u00ed hlavn\u00ed komponenty, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e p\u0159edn\u011b nejv\u00edce informativn\u00ed prvn\u00ed hlavn\u00ed komponentu a klasifikaci \u00fazem\u00ed podle vybran\u00fdch parametr\u016f. <\/p>\n

Tematick\u00e9 mapy prvn\u00edch hlavn\u00edch komponent podle r\u016fzn\u00fdch aspekt\u016f v\u00fdvoje jsou zn\u00e1zorn\u011bny na obr\u00e1zc\u00edch n\u00ed\u017ee.<\/p>\n

\"Pou\u017eit\u00ed
\nTematick\u00e1 mapa \u201eObjekty kultury\u201c na p\u0159\u00edkladu m\u011bsta N. Novgorod<\/i><\/p>\n

\"Pou\u017eit\u00ed
\nTematick\u00e1 mapa \u201eSoci\u00e1ln\u00ed sf\u00e9ra\u201c na p\u0159\u00edkladu m\u011bsta N. Novgorod<\/i><\/p>\n

Integrovan\u00e9 charakteristiky umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed pochopit zvl\u00e1\u0161tnosti \u00fazem\u00ed, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e operuj\u00ed s mnoha faktory s minim\u00e1ln\u00edmi ztr\u00e1tami informac\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Na z\u00e1v\u011br je t\u0159eba op\u011bt zd\u016fraznit, \u017ee anal\u00fdza \u00fazem\u00ed je v sou\u010dasnosti z\u00e1sadn\u00edm krokem p\u0159i \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed \u00fakol\u016f rozvoje m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, v\u00fdb\u011bru m\u00edst pro investice do v\u00fdstavby, hled\u00e1n\u00ed nejv\u00fdhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed nov\u00fdch objekt\u016f a dal\u0161\u00edch \u00fakol\u016f. <\/p>\n

Navrhovan\u00e1 metoda anal\u00fdzy \u00fazem\u00ed s vyu\u017eit\u00edm \u201etepeln\u00e9ho\u201c modelu faktor\u016f r\u016fzn\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu nen\u00ed kritick\u00e1 k souboru faktor\u016f, tzn. neomezuje a neklade po\u017eadavky na v\u00fdchoz\u00ed informace.<\/p>\n

R\u016fznorodost a redundantnost v\u00fdchoz\u00edch informac\u00ed, stejn\u011b jako mo\u017enost vyu\u017e\u00edvat otev\u0159en\u00e9 \u00fadaje, poskytuj\u00ed neomezen\u00e9 perspektivy pro anal\u00fdzu jak\u00fdchkoli \u00fazem\u00ed<\/i> sv\u011bta.<\/p>\n

V n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch publikac\u00edch, v\u011bnovan\u00fdch \u00fakol\u016fm anal\u00fdzy \u00fazem\u00ed, pl\u00e1nujeme odhalit zvl\u00e1\u0161tnosti sestavov\u00e1n\u00ed model\u016f s vyu\u017eit\u00edm hlavn\u00edch komponent a metody jejich realizace pro \u00fakoly, jako je: <\/p>\n

\u2014 v\u00fdb\u011br nejlep\u0161\u00edho m\u00edsta pro um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed nov\u00e9ho objektu;
\n \u2014 vytvo\u0159en\u00ed cenov\u00e9 plochy pro konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed kategorii objekt\u016f s vyu\u017eit\u00edm tr\u017en\u00ed hodnoty;
\n \u2014 hodnocen\u00ed ziskovosti ur\u010dit\u00e9ho typu \u010dinnosti v z\u00e1vislosti na um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed objekt\u016f.<\/p>\n

Tak\u00e9 pl\u00e1nujeme p\u0159edstavit metody zp\u011btn\u00e9ho p\u0159echodu od hlavn\u00edch komponent k faktor\u016fm, co\u017e umo\u017en\u00ed z\u00edskat model z faktor\u016f pro dan\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed.
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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