{"id":30716,"date":"2019-10-31T21:37:05","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:37:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/kak-zapretit-standartnye-paroli-i-zastavit-vseh-tebya-nenavidet\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:37:05","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:37:05","slug":"kak-zapretit-standartnye-paroli-i-zastavit-vseh-tebya-nenavidet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kak-zapretit-standartnye-paroli-i-zastavit-vseh-tebya-nenavidet","title":{"rendered":"Jak zak\u00e1zat standardn\u00ed hesla a donutit v\u0161echny, aby t\u011b nen\u00e1vid\u011bli","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u010clov\u011bk je, jak je zn\u00e1mo, l\u00edn\u00e1 bytost. <br \/>\nA to zejm\u00e9na, kdy\u017e jde o v\u00fdb\u011br siln\u00e9ho hesla.<\/p>\n<p>Mysl\u00edm, \u017ee se ka\u017ed\u00fd administr\u00e1tor n\u011bkdy setkal s probl\u00e9mem pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed slab\u00fdch a standardn\u00edch hesel. Tento jev je b\u011b\u017en\u00fd zejm\u00e9na mezi vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi mana\u017eery spole\u010dnosti. Ano, pr\u00e1v\u011b mezi t\u011bmi, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup k d\u016fv\u011brn\u00fdm nebo obchodn\u00edm informac\u00edm, a bylo by velmi ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed odstra\u0148ovat n\u00e1sledky \u00faniku\/hacknut\u00ed hesla a dal\u0161\u00edch incident\u016f.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nVe sv\u00e9 praxi jsem m\u011bl p\u0159\u00edpad, kdy v dom\u00e9n\u011b Active Directory s aktivn\u00ed politikou hesel lid\u00e9 z \u00fa\u010detnictv\u00ed p\u0159i\u0161li na to, \u017ee heslo ve tvaru \u201ePas$w0rd1234\u201c skv\u011ble odpov\u00edd\u00e1 po\u017eadavk\u016fm politiky. N\u00e1sledkem bylo \u0161irok\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed tohoto hesla v\u0161ude a ve v\u0161em. Li\u0161ilo se obvykle jen sadou \u010d\u00edsel. <\/p>\n<p>Moc jsem tou\u017eil m\u00edt mo\u017enost nejen aktivovat politiku hesel a definovat sadu znak\u016f, ale tak\u00e9 filtrovat podle slovn\u00edku. Abychom vylou\u010dili mo\u017enost pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed takov\u00e9ho typu hesel.<\/p>\n<p>Spole\u010dnost Microsoft n\u00e1m laskav\u011b sd\u011bluje na odkazu, \u017ee kdokoliv, kdo um\u00ed spr\u00e1vn\u011b dr\u017eet kompil\u00e1tor, IDE a spr\u00e1vn\u011b vyslovovat C++, je schopen si s\u00e1m zkompilovat pot\u0159ebnou knihovnu a pou\u017e\u00edvat ji podle vlastn\u00edho uv\u00e1\u017een\u00ed. V\u00e1\u0161 pokorn\u00fd sluha na to nebyl schopen, a tak jsem musel hledat hotov\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Po dlouh\u00e9 hodin\u011b hled\u00e1n\u00ed se objevily dv\u011b varianty \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9mu. Mluv\u00edm samoz\u0159ejm\u011b o OpenSource \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. Proto\u017ee placen\u00fdch variant je od a do.<\/p>\n<p><u>Varianta \u010d. 1.<\/u> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/jephthai\/OpenPasswordFilter\"><b>OpenPasswordFilter<\/b><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Nen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 aktualizace u\u017e asi 2 roky. Origin\u00e1ln\u00ed instal\u00e1tor funguje pouze ob\u010das, je pot\u0159eba to upravit ru\u010dn\u011b. Vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed svou vlastn\u00ed slu\u017ebu. P\u0159i aktualizaci souboru hesel DLL automaticky nebere zm\u011bn\u011bn\u00fd obsah, je pot\u0159eba zastavit slu\u017ebu, \u010dekat na timeout, upravit soubor, spustit slu\u017ebu. <\/p>\n<p><b><u>Nen\u00ed to nic moc!<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n<p><u>Varianta \u010d. 2.<\/u> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/ryanries\/PassFiltEx\"><b>PassFiltEx<\/b><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Projekt je aktivn\u00ed, \u017eiv\u00fd a ani ho nemus\u00edte nutit.<br \/>\nInstalace filtru spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v kop\u00edrov\u00e1n\u00ed dvou soubor\u016f a vytvo\u0159en\u00ed n\u011bkolika z\u00e1znam\u016f registru. Soubor s hesly nen\u00ed v lokaci, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee je dostupn\u00fd pro \u00fapravy a podle z\u00e1m\u011bru autora projektu se prost\u011b \u010dte jednou za minutu. D\u00edky dal\u0161\u00edm z\u00e1znam\u016fm registru lze prov\u00e9st dal\u0161\u00ed konfiguraci jak samotn\u00e9ho filtru, tak i nuanc\u00ed politiky hesel.<\/p>\n<p>Tak tedy. <br \/>\nD\u00e1no: dom\u00e9na Active Directory test.local<br \/>\n testovac\u00ed pracovn\u00ed stanice Windows 8.1 (pro podm\u00ednku \u00fakolu \u2014 bezv\u00fdznamn\u00e9)<br \/>\n filtr hesel PassFiltEx<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>St\u00e1hn\u011bte si posledn\u00ed vyd\u00e1n\u00ed z odkazu <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/ryanries\/PassFiltEx\/releases\">PassFiltEx<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li>Kop\u00edrujeme <i>PassFiltEx.dll<\/i> v <i>C:WindowsSystem32<\/i> (nebo <i>%SystemRoot%System32<\/i>).<br \/>\nKop\u00edrujeme <i>PassFiltExBlacklist.txt<\/i> v <i>C:WindowsSystem32<\/i> (nebo <i>%SystemRoot%System32<\/i>). Pokud bude pot\u0159eba, dopln\u00edme jej vlastn\u00edmi \u0161ablonami<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak zak\u00e1zat standardn\u00ed hesla a donutit v\u0161echny, aby t\u011b nen\u00e1vid\u011bli\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/c14d6bbd157b85ff4834caab40dbf0c7.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>\n<\/li>\n<li>Upravujeme v\u011btev registru: <b>HKLMSYSTEMCurrentControlSetControlLsa<\/b> =&gt; <i>Notification Packages<\/i><br \/>\nP\u0159idat <i>PassFiltEx<\/i> na konci seznamu. (Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed je t\u0159eba uv\u00e9st.) \u00dapln\u00fd seznam bal\u00ed\u010dk\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch pro kontrolu bude vypadat takto &#171;<i>rassfm scecli PassFiltEx<\/i>&#171;.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak zak\u00e1zat standardn\u00ed hesla a donutit v\u0161echny, aby t\u011b nen\u00e1vid\u011bli\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/438c34e142f15140860a1f2cf9d007af.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>\n<\/li>\n<li>Restartujeme \u0159adi\u010d dom\u00e9ny.<\/li>\n<li>Opakujeme v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fd postup pro v\u0161echny \u0159adi\u010de dom\u00e9ny.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nD\u00e1le lze p\u0159idat n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed z\u00e1znamy registru, co\u017e d\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed flexibilitu p\u0159i pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed tohoto filtru:<\/p>\n<p>Odd\u00edl: <b>HKLMSOFTWAREPassFiltEx<\/b> \u2014 vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed se automaticky.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> <b>HKLMSOFTWAREPassFiltExBlacklistFileName<\/b>, REG_SZ, V\u00fdchoz\u00ed: PassFiltExBlacklist.txt\n<p><i>BlacklistFileName<\/i> \u2014 umo\u017e\u0148uje zadat vlastn\u00ed cestu k souboru se \u0161ablonami hesel. Pokud m\u00e1 tento z\u00e1znam registru pr\u00e1zdnou hodnotu nebo neexistuje, pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se v\u00fdchoz\u00ed cesta, a to \u2014 <i>%SystemRoot%System32<\/i>. Lze zadat i s\u00ed\u0165ovou cestu, ALE je t\u0159eba m\u00edt na pam\u011bti, \u017ee soubor se \u0161ablonami mus\u00ed m\u00edt jasn\u011b stanoven\u00e1 opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00ed pro \u010dten\u00ed, z\u00e1pis, odstran\u011bn\u00ed, zm\u011bnu.\n<\/li>\n<li> <b>HKLMSOFTWAREPassFiltExTokenPercentageOfPassword<\/b>, REG_DWORD, V\u00fdchoz\u00ed: 60\n<p><i>TokenPercentageOfPassword<\/i> \u2014 umo\u017e\u0148uje ur\u010dit procento masky v nov\u00e9m hesle. V\u00fdchoz\u00ed hodnota je 60 %. Nap\u0159\u00edklad, pokud je uvedeno procento 60 a v souboru \u0161ablon je \u0159et\u011bzec starwars, heslo <b>Starwars1!<\/b> bude odm\u00edtnuto, zat\u00edmco heslo <b>starwars1!DarthVader88<\/b> bude p\u0159ijato, proto\u017ee procento v\u00fdskytu \u0159et\u011bzce v hesle je m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 60 %\n<\/li>\n<li> <b>HKLMSOFTWAREPassFiltExRequireCharClasses<\/b>, REG_DWORD, V\u00fdchoz\u00ed: 0\n<p><i>RequireCharClasses<\/i> \u2014 umo\u017e\u0148uje roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it po\u017eadavky na hesla ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed se standardn\u00edmi po\u017eadavky na slo\u017eitost hesel ActiveDirectory. Vestav\u011bn\u00e9 po\u017eadavky na slo\u017eitost vy\u017eaduj\u00ed 3 z 5 mo\u017en\u00fdch r\u016fzn\u00fdch typ\u016f znak\u016f: Velk\u00e1 p\u00edsmena, Mal\u00e1 p\u00edsmena, \u010c\u00edslice, Speci\u00e1ln\u00ed a Unicode. Pomoc\u00ed tohoto z\u00e1znamu registru m\u016f\u017eete nastavit vlastn\u00ed po\u017eadavky na slo\u017eitost hesel. Hodnota, kterou lze uv\u00e9st, je sada bit\u016f, z nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00fd je odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed mocninou dvou.<br \/>\nTo znamen\u00e1 \u2014 1 = mal\u00e1 p\u00edsmena, 2 = velk\u00e1 p\u00edsmena, 4 = \u010d\u00edslice, 8 = speci\u00e1ln\u00ed znak a 16 = znak Unicode. <br \/>\nTak\u017ee p\u0159i hodnot\u011b 7 budou po\u017eadavky \u201eVelk\u00e1 p\u00edsmena <b>A<\/b> mal\u00e1 p\u00edsmena <b>A<\/b> \u010d\u00edslice\u201c, a p\u0159i hodnot\u011b 31 \u2014 \u201eVelk\u00e1 p\u00edsmena <b>A<\/b> mal\u00e1 p\u00edsmena <b>A<\/b> \u010d\u00edslice <b>A<\/b> speci\u00e1ln\u00ed znak <b>A<\/b> znak Unicode\u201c.<br \/>\nLze dokonce kombinovat \u2014 19 = \u201eVelk\u00e1 p\u00edsmena <b>A<\/b> mal\u00e1 p\u00edsmena <b>A<\/b> znak Unicode\u201c.\n<\/li>\n<li><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak zak\u00e1zat standardn\u00ed hesla a donutit v\u0161echny, aby t\u011b nen\u00e1vid\u011bli\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/86a94d4a38b63632da9e7b56d2171fce.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nSada pravidel pro sestaven\u00ed souboru \u0161ablon:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0160ablony jsou bez ohledu na velikost p\u00edsmen. N\u00e1sledn\u011b bude z\u00e1pis v souboru <b>starwars<\/b> a <b>StarWarS<\/b> ur\u010den jako stejn\u00e1 hodnota. <\/li>\n<li>Soubor \u010dern\u00e9 listiny se p\u0159e\u010dte ka\u017ed\u00fdch 60 sekund, tak\u017ee jej lze bez obav upravit, po minut\u011b budou nov\u00e1 data pou\u017eita filtrem. <\/li>\n<li>V sou\u010dasnosti nen\u00ed podpora Unicode pro kontrolu podle \u0161ablony. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee pou\u017eit\u00ed Unicode znak\u016f v heslech je mo\u017en\u00e9, ale filtr nefunguje. To nen\u00ed kritick\u00e9, proto\u017ee jsem nevid\u011bl u\u017eivatele, kte\u0159\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed hesla v Unicode. <\/li>\n<li>Je \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed se vyhnout pr\u00e1zdn\u00fdm \u0159\u00e1dk\u016fm v souboru \u0161ablon. V debugov\u00e1n\u00ed pak vid\u00edte chybu, kdy\u017e dojde k na\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed dat ze souboru. Filtr funguje, ale pro\u010d m\u00edt zbyte\u010dn\u00e9 v\u00fdjimky? <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nPro debugov\u00e1n\u00ed jsou v archivu d\u00e1vkov\u00e9 soubory, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed vytvo\u0159it log a pot\u00e9 jej analyzovat pomoc\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/download\/details.aspx?id=44226\">Microsoft Message Analyzer.<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nTento filtr hesel pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 trasov\u00e1n\u00ed ud\u00e1lost\u00ed pro Windows.<\/p>\n<p>ETW poskytovatel pro tento filtr hesel \u2014 <b>07d83223-7594-4852-babc-784803fdf6c5<\/b>. Nap\u0159\u00edklad je mo\u017en\u00e9 nastavit trasov\u00e1n\u00ed ud\u00e1lost\u00ed po dal\u0161\u00edm restartu: <br \/>\n<code>logman create trace autosessionPassFiltEx -o %SystemRootbugPassFiltEx.etl -p \"{07d83223-7594-4852-babc-784803fdf6c5}\" 0xFFFFFFFF -ets<\/code><\/p>\n<p>Trasov\u00e1n\u00ed bude spu\u0161t\u011bno po dal\u0161\u00edm restartu syst\u00e9mu. Chcete-li zastavit: <br \/>\n<code>logman stop PassFiltEx -ets &amp;&amp; logman delete autosessionPassFiltEx -ets<\/code><br \/>\nV\u0161echny tyto p\u0159\u00edkazy jsou uvedeny ve skriptech <i>StartTracingAtBoot.cmd<\/i> a <i>StopTracingAtBoot.cmd<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>Pro jednor\u00e1zovou kontrolu funkce filtru lze pou\u017e\u00edt <i>StartTracing.cmd<\/i> a <i>StopTracing.cmd<\/i>.<br \/>\nAby pohodln\u011b \u010d\u00edst v\u00fdstup lad\u011bn\u00ed tohoto filtru v <i>Microsoft Message Analyzer <\/i>je doporu\u010deno pou\u017e\u00edt n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed nastaven\u00ed:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak zak\u00e1zat standardn\u00ed hesla a donutit v\u0161echny, aby t\u011b nen\u00e1vid\u011bli\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/cc83eb4aa6df9d1c424e0583b0014d18.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak zak\u00e1zat standardn\u00ed hesla a donutit v\u0161echny, aby t\u011b nen\u00e1vid\u011bli\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/d699f9a8e93fd2795b64fce94a4dd7ca.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nP\u0159i zastaven\u00ed logu a anal\u00fdze v <i>Microsoft Message Analyzer<\/i> vypad\u00e1 v\u0161e zhruba takto:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak zak\u00e1zat standardn\u00ed hesla a donutit v\u0161echny, aby t\u011b nen\u00e1vid\u011bli\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/4a7802318acdfa62b03b07d90e283f0b.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nZde je vid\u011bt, \u017ee byla pokus o nastaven\u00ed hesla pro u\u017eivatele \u2013 o tom n\u00e1m \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 magick\u00e9 slovo <b>SET<\/b> v lad\u011bn\u00ed. A heslo bylo odm\u00edtnuto kv\u016fli jeho p\u0159\u00edtomnosti v souboru \u0161ablon a v\u00edce ne\u017e 30% shod\u011b ve zadan\u00e9m textu. <\/p>\n<p>P\u0159i \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9m pokusu o zm\u011bnu hesla vid\u00edme n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak zak\u00e1zat standardn\u00ed hesla a donutit v\u0161echny, aby t\u011b nen\u00e1vid\u011bli\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/129b69641f3dc26c0607d34360bbe255.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nExistuje ur\u010dit\u00e9 nepohodl\u00ed pro koncov\u00e9ho u\u017eivatele. P\u0159i pokusu o zm\u011bnu hesla, kter\u00e9 se dostane do seznamu souboru \u0161ablon, nen\u00ed zpr\u00e1va na obrazovce nijak inteligentn\u00ed od standardn\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy p\u0159i nespln\u011bn\u00ed pravidel hesel.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak zak\u00e1zat standardn\u00ed hesla a donutit v\u0161echny, aby t\u011b nen\u00e1vid\u011bli\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/cb9eedc3e07fc6140760df213175648c.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nBu\u010fte tedy p\u0159ipraveni na telefon\u00e1ty a k\u0159ik: \u201eZadala jsem heslo, jak m\u00e1m, a ono nefunguje.\u201c<\/p>\n<h3>Z\u00e1v\u011br.<\/h3>\n<p>\nTato knihovna umo\u017e\u0148uje zak\u00e1zat pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed slab\u00fdch nebo standardn\u00edch hesel v dom\u00e9n\u011b Active Directory. \u0158ekn\u011bte \u201eNe!\u201c hesl\u016fm ve stylu: \u201eP@ssw0rd\u201c, \u201eQwerty123\u201c, \u201eADm1n098\u201c.<br \/>\nAno, u\u017eivatel\u00e9 v\u00e1s ur\u010dit\u011b budou m\u00edt r\u00e1di je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce za takovou p\u00e9\u010di o jejich bezpe\u010dnost a nutnost vym\u00fd\u0161let obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e1 hesla. A mo\u017en\u00e1 se zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed po\u010det telefon\u00e1t\u016f a \u017e\u00e1dost\u00ed o pomoc s heslem. Ale za bezpe\u010dnost se plat\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><u>Odkazy na pou\u017eit\u00e9 zdroje:<\/u><br \/>\n\u010cl\u00e1nek na Microsoft ohledn\u011b vlastn\u00edho filtru hesel: <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.microsoft.com\/en-us\/windows\/desktop\/secmgmt\/password-filters\">Filtry hesel<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nPassFiltEx: <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/ryanries\/PassFiltEx\">PassFiltEx<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nOdkaz na vyd\u00e1n\u00ed: <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/ryanries\/PassFiltEx\/releases\">Nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vyd\u00e1n\u00ed<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nSeznamy hesel:<br \/>\nDanielMiessler lists: <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/danielmiessler\/SecLists\">Odkaz.<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nSeznam slov z weakpass.com: <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/weakpass.com\/wordlist\">Odkaz.<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nSeznam slov z repozit\u00e1\u0159e berzerk0: <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/berzerk0\/Probable-Wordlists\">Odkaz.<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nMicrosoft Message Analyzer: <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/download\/details.aspx?id=44226\">Microsoft Message Analyzer.<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/446336\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0427\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e, \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0435. \u0410 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f. \u0414\u0443\u043c\u0430\u044e, \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u0448\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0414\u0430-\u0434\u0430, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f \u043a \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0431\u044b \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":22701,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30716","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0427\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e, \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0435.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" 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