{"id":30767,"date":"2019-10-31T21:37:21","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:37:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/sintez-kak-odin-iz-metodov-uluchsheniya-proizvoditelnosti-postgresql\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:37:21","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:37:21","slug":"sintez-kak-odin-iz-metodov-uluchsheniya-proizvoditelnosti-postgresql","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/sintez-kak-odin-iz-metodov-uluchsheniya-proizvoditelnosti-postgresql","title":{"rendered":"Synt\u00e9za jako jedna z metod zlep\u0161en\u00ed v\u00fdkonu PostgreSQL","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Synt\u00e9za jako jedna z metod zlep\u0161en\u00ed v\u00fdkonu PostgreSQL\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/6960ab96e829332fbde0b2aebd79b48a.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3>Filozofick\u00e9 \u00favodn\u00ed slovo<\/h3>\n<p>\nJak je zn\u00e1mo, existuj\u00ed pouze dv\u011b metody pro \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed \u00faloh:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Metoda anal\u00fdzy nebo dedukce, tedy od obecn\u00e9ho k specifick\u00e9mu.<\/li>\n<li>Metoda synt\u00e9zy nebo indukce, tedy od specifick\u00e9ho k obecn\u00e9mu.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nPro \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9mu \"zlep\u0161it v\u00fdkon datab\u00e1ze\" to m\u016f\u017ee vypadat n\u00e1sledovn\u011b.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<b>Anal\u00fdza<\/b> \u2014 rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1me probl\u00e9m na jednotliv\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti a jejich \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm se sna\u017e\u00edme celkov\u011b zlep\u0161it v\u00fdkon datab\u00e1ze.<\/p>\n<p>V praxi anal\u00fdza vypad\u00e1 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b takto:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Objevuje se probl\u00e9m (incident v\u00fdkonu) <\/li>\n<li>Shroma\u017e\u010fujeme statistick\u00e9 informace o stavu datab\u00e1ze<\/li>\n<li>Hled\u00e1me \u00fazk\u00e1 m\u00edsta (bottlenecks)<\/li>\n<li>\u0158e\u0161\u00edme probl\u00e9my s \u00fazk\u00fdmi m\u00edsty<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<b>\u00dazk\u00e1 m\u00edsta datab\u00e1ze<\/b> \u2014 infrastruktura (CPU, pam\u011b\u0165, disky, s\u00ed\u0165, OS), nastaven\u00ed (postgresql.conf), dotazy:<\/p>\n<p><b>Infrastruktura<\/b>: mo\u017enosti vlivu a zm\u011bn pro in\u017een\u00fdra \u2014 t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nulov\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p><b>Nastaven\u00ed datab\u00e1ze<\/b>: mo\u017enosti pro zm\u011bny jsou o n\u011bco v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v p\u0159edchoz\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, ale zpravidla st\u00e1le velmi obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9, zejm\u00e9na v cloudech.<\/p>\n<p><b>Po\u017eadavky<\/b> k datab\u00e1zi: <u>jedin\u00e1 oblast pro man\u00e9vry<\/u>.<\/p>\n<p><b>Synt\u00e9za<\/b> \u2014 zlep\u0161ujeme v\u00fdkon jednotliv\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed, o\u010dek\u00e1vaj\u00edc, \u017ee celkov\u00fd v\u00fdkon datab\u00e1ze se zlep\u0161\u00ed. <\/p>\n<h3>Liter\u00e1rn\u00ed \u00favod nebo k \u010demu je to v\u0161echno dobr\u00e9 <\/h3>\n<p>\nJak prob\u00edh\u00e1 proces \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed incident\u016f v\u00fdkonu, pokud v\u00fdkon datab\u00e1ze nen\u00ed monitorov\u00e1n: <\/p>\n<p>Z\u00e1kazn\u00edk - \"M\u00e1me to \u0161patn\u00e9, v\u0161e trv\u00e1 dlouho, ud\u011blejte n\u00e1m to dobr\u00e9\"<br \/>\nIn\u017een\u00fdr - \"Jak \u0161patn\u00e9?\"<br \/>\nZ\u00e1kazn\u00edk - \"Takto to je te\u010f (p\u0159ed hodinou, v\u010dera, to bylo), pomalu\"<br \/>\nIn\u017een\u00fdr - \"A kdy to bylo dobr\u00e9?\"<br \/>\nZ\u00e1kazn\u00edk - \"P\u0159ed t\u00fddnem (dv\u011bma t\u00fddny) to bylo celkem v po\u0159\u00e1dku.\" (M\u011bli jsme \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed)<br \/>\nZ\u00e1kazn\u00edk - \"A j\u00e1 si nepamatuji, kdy bylo dob\u0159e, ale te\u010f je to \u0161patn\u00e9\" (B\u011b\u017en\u00e1 odpov\u011b\u010f)<\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdsledkem je klasick\u00fd obraz:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Synt\u00e9za jako jedna z metod zlep\u0161en\u00ed v\u00fdkonu PostgreSQL\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/836777a3f813b1f5c36cc23aa5af6ad0.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3>Kdo je vin\u00edkem a co d\u011blat?<\/h3>\n<p>\nNa prvn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st ot\u00e1zky je nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed odpov\u011bd\u011bt \u2014 v\u017edy je vinen in\u017een\u00fdr DBA. <\/p>\n<p>Na druhou \u010d\u00e1st odpov\u011bd\u011bt tak\u00e9 nen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 slo\u017eit\u00e9 \u2014 je t\u0159eba zav\u00e9st syst\u00e9m monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdkonu datab\u00e1ze.<\/p>\n<p>Objevuje se prvn\u00ed ot\u00e1zka \u2014 <b>co monitorovat?<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Cesta 1. Budeme monitorovat V\u0160ECHNO<\/b><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Synt\u00e9za jako jedna z metod zlep\u0161en\u00ed v\u00fdkonu PostgreSQL\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/9aa90bcce679e67d1749e270828cf792.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nZat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed CPU, po\u010det diskov\u00fdch \u010dtec\u00edch\/zapisovac\u00edch operac\u00ed, velikost p\u0159id\u011blen\u00e9 pam\u011bti a dal\u0161\u00ed megatuny r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f, kter\u00e9 jak\u00fdkoli alespo\u0148 trochu funk\u010dn\u00ed monitorovac\u00ed syst\u00e9m m\u016f\u017ee poskytnout.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdsledkem je spousta graf\u016f, souhrnn\u00fdch tabulek a nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u00e9 upozorn\u011bn\u00ed na e-mail a 100% vyt\u00ed\u017een\u00ed in\u017een\u00fdra, kter\u00fd \u0159e\u0161\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed stejn\u00fdch tiket\u016f, \u010dasto se standardn\u00edm ozna\u010den\u00edm \u2013 \u201eDo\u010dasn\u00fd probl\u00e9m. Nen\u00ed pot\u0159eba \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 akce\u201c. Ale v\u0161ichni jsou zam\u011bstnan\u00ed a v\u017edy maj\u00ed co uk\u00e1zat z\u00e1kazn\u00edkovi \u2013 pr\u00e1ce v\u0159e.<\/p>\n<h3>Cesta 2. Monitorovat pouze to, co je pot\u0159eba, a to, co nen\u00ed pot\u0159eba, nemus\u00edte monitorovat.<\/h3>\n<p>\nM\u016f\u017eete monitorovat, o n\u011bco jinak \u2013 pouze entity a ud\u00e1losti:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Na kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee in\u017een\u00fdr DBA m\u00edt vliv.<\/li>\n<li>Pro kter\u00e9 existuje algoritmus akc\u00ed p\u0159i v\u00fdskytu ud\u00e1losti nebo zm\u011bny entity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nZ tohoto p\u0159edpokladu, a vzpom\u00ednaj\u00edc na \u201e<b>Filozofick\u00e9 \u00favodn\u00ed slovo<\/b>\u201c s c\u00edlem vyhnout se pravideln\u00e9mu opakov\u00e1n\u00ed \u201e<b>Liter\u00e1rn\u00ed \u00favod nebo k \u010demu je to v\u0161echno dobr\u00e9<\/b>\u201c by bylo rozumn\u00e9 monitorovat v\u00fdkon jednotliv\u00fdch dotaz\u016f, pro optimalizaci a anal\u00fdzu, co\u017e by m\u011blo nakonec v\u00e9st ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed celkov\u00e9 rychlosti datab\u00e1ze. <\/p>\n<p>Ale pro zlep\u0161en\u00ed t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9ho dotazu, kter\u00fd ovliv\u0148uje celkov\u00fd v\u00fdkon datab\u00e1ze, mus\u00edte nejprve naj\u00edt. <\/p>\n<p>Tak se objevuj\u00ed dv\u011b vz\u00e1jemn\u011b prov\u00e1zan\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>jak\u00fd dotaz se pova\u017euje za t\u011b\u017ek\u00fd. <\/li>\n<li>jak hledat t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 dotazy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nJe jasn\u00e9, \u017ee t\u011b\u017ek\u00fd dotaz je dotaz, kter\u00fd vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 hodn\u011b prost\u0159edk\u016f OS k z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdsledku.<\/p>\n<p><b>P\u0159ejdeme k druh\u00e9 ot\u00e1zce \u2013 jak hledat a pot\u00e9 monitorovat t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 dotazy?<\/b><\/p>\n<h3>Jak\u00e9 mo\u017enosti monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed dotaz\u016f existuj\u00ed v PostgreSQL? <\/h3>\n<p>\nVe srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s Oracle je mo\u017enost\u00ed m\u00e1lo, ale p\u0159esto je mo\u017en\u00e9 n\u011bco ud\u011blat.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Synt\u00e9za jako jedna z metod zlep\u0161en\u00ed v\u00fdkonu PostgreSQL\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/995419a92c0b340512bef6221e76822f.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3>PG_STAT_STATEMENTS<\/h3>\n<p>\nPro vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch dotaz\u016f v PostgreSQL je ur\u010deno standardn\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed pg_stat_statements.<\/p>\n<p>Po instalaci roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed se v c\u00edlov\u00e9 datab\u00e1zi objev\u00ed shodn\u00fd pohled, kter\u00fd je t\u0159eba pou\u017e\u00edt pro \u00fa\u010dely monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00edlov\u00e9 sloupce pg_stat_statements pro vytvo\u0159en\u00ed monitorovac\u00edho syst\u00e9mu:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>queryid <\/b>Vnit\u0159n\u00ed hash k\u00f3d vypo\u010d\u00edtan\u00fd podle stromu rozkladu oper\u00e1toru.<\/li>\n<li><b>max_time <\/b>Maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010das str\u00e1ven\u00fd na oper\u00e1toru v milisekund\u00e1ch.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nS hromad\u011bn\u00edm a vyu\u017eit\u00edm statistik z t\u011bchto dvou sloupc\u016f je mo\u017en\u00e9 vytvo\u0159it monitorovac\u00ed syst\u00e9m.<\/p>\n<h3>Jak se pg_stat_statements pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pro monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdkonu PostgreSQL.<\/h3>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Synt\u00e9za jako jedna z metod zlep\u0161en\u00ed v\u00fdkonu PostgreSQL\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/fbec099eb6ff2de2fb3c90c7cbcf9505.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nPro monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdkonu dotaz\u016f se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1:<br \/>\nNa stran\u011b c\u00edlov\u00e9 datab\u00e1ze \u2013 pohled pg_stat_statements. <br \/>\nNa stran\u011b <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/server\/dts-los-angeles\/\"   title=\"serveru\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"3479\">serveru<\/a> a datab\u00e1ze monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed \u2013 soubor bash skript\u016f a servisn\u00edch tabulek.<\/p>\n<h3>1. krok \u2014 shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed statistick\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f<\/h3>\n<p>\nNa hostingu monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed se pravideln\u011b spou\u0161t\u00ed skript, kter\u00fd kop\u00edruje obsah zobrazen\u00ed pg_stat_statements z c\u00edlov\u00e9 datab\u00e1ze do tabulky pg_stat_history v datab\u00e1zi monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed. <\/p>\n<p>Takto se vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed historie vykon\u00e1n\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch dotaz\u016f, kterou lze vyu\u017e\u00edt k vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed zpr\u00e1v o v\u00fdkonu a nastaven\u00ed metrik.<\/p>\n<h3>2. krok \u2014 nastaven\u00ed metrik v\u00fdkonu<\/h3>\n<p>\nNa z\u00e1klad\u011b shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00fdch dat vyb\u00edr\u00e1me dotazy, jejich\u017e vykon\u00e1n\u00ed je pro klienta (aplikaci) nejkriti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed\/nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Po dohod\u011b se z\u00e1kazn\u00edkem nastavujeme hodnoty metrik v\u00fdkonu pomoc\u00ed pol\u00ed queryid a max_time. <\/p>\n<h3>V\u00fdsledek \u2014 zah\u00e1jen\u00ed monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdkonu<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Monitorovac\u00ed skript p\u0159i spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed kontroluje nakonfigurovan\u00e9 metriky v\u00fdkonu, porovn\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed hodnotu max_time metriky s hodnotou zobrazen\u00ed pg_stat_statements v c\u00edlov\u00e9 datab\u00e1zi.<\/li>\n<li>Pokud hodnota v c\u00edlov\u00e9 datab\u00e1zi p\u0159ekro\u010d\u00ed hodnotu metriky \u2013 vytvo\u0159\u00ed se upozorn\u011bn\u00ed (incident v ticketov\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Dal\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enost 1<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b>Historie pl\u00e1n\u016f vykon\u00e1n\u00ed dotaz\u016f<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Pro n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed incident\u016f v\u00fdkonu je velmi prosp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 m\u00edt historii zm\u011bn pl\u00e1n\u016f vykon\u00e1n\u00ed dotaz\u016f. <\/p>\n<p>Pro uchov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed historie se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 servisn\u00ed tabulka log_query. Tabulka se pln\u00ed p\u0159i anal\u00fdze nahran\u00e9ho log souboru PostgreSQL. Proto\u017ee do log souboru, na rozd\u00edl od zobrazen\u00ed pg_stat_statements, vch\u00e1z\u00ed cel\u00fd text s hodnotami parametr\u016f vykon\u00e1n\u00ed, a ne normalizovan\u00fd text, je mo\u017en\u00e9 uchov\u00e1vat z\u00e1znamy nejen o \u010dase a d\u00e9lce dotaz\u016f, ale tak\u00e9 skladovat pl\u00e1ny vykon\u00e1n\u00ed k aktu\u00e1ln\u00edmu okam\u017eiku.<\/p>\n<h3>Dal\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enost 2<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b>Nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u00fd proces zlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdkonu<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch dotaz\u016f obecn\u011b nen\u00ed ur\u010deno k \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed \u00falohy nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u00e9ho zlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdkonu datab\u00e1ze jako celku, nebo\u0165 kontroluje a \u0159e\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdkon pouze pro jednotliv\u00e9 dotazy. Je v\u0161ak mo\u017en\u00e9 metodu roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it a nastavit monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed dotaz\u016f pro v\u0161echny datab\u00e1ze. <\/p>\n<p>K tomu je nutn\u00e9 zav\u00e9st dal\u0161\u00ed metriky v\u00fdkonu:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Za posledn\u00ed dny<\/li>\n<li>Za z\u00e1kladn\u00ed obdob\u00ed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nSkript vyb\u00edr\u00e1 dotazy z pohledu pg_stat_statements ve vybran\u00e9 datab\u00e1zi a srovn\u00e1v\u00e1 hodnotu max_time s pr\u016fm\u011brnou hodnotou max_time, v prvn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b za posledn\u00ed dny nebo za vybran\u00e9 \u010dasov\u00e9 obdob\u00ed (baseline), v druh\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Tak\u017ee v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b degradace v\u00fdkonu jak\u00e9hokoli dotazu bude varov\u00e1n\u00ed automaticky vygenerov\u00e1no bez ru\u010dn\u00ed anal\u00fdzy zpr\u00e1v. <\/p>\n<h3>A co m\u00e1 spole\u010dn\u00e9ho synt\u00e9za?<\/h3>\n<p>\nV popsan\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edstupu, jak nazna\u010duje metoda synt\u00e9zy \u2014 zlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00edm jednotliv\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed syst\u00e9mu zlep\u0161ujeme syst\u00e9m jako celek.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Dotaz prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00fd datab\u00e1z\u00ed \u2013 teze<\/li>\n<li>Zm\u011bn\u011bn\u00fd dotaz \u2013 antiteze<\/li>\n<li>Zm\u011bna stavu syst\u00e9mu \u2014 synt\u00e9za<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Synt\u00e9za jako jedna z metod zlep\u0161en\u00ed v\u00fdkonu PostgreSQL\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/088abb9900319353a42d236d26a20a2c.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3>Rozvoj syst\u00e9mu<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed shroma\u017e\u010fovan\u00fdch statistik p\u0159id\u00e1n\u00edm historie pro syst\u00e9mov\u00fd pohled pg_stat_activity<\/li>\n<li>Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed shroma\u017e\u010fovan\u00fdch statistik p\u0159id\u00e1n\u00edm historie pro statistiku jednotliv\u00fdch tabulek \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edc\u00edch se dotaz\u016f <\/li>\n<li>Integrace se syst\u00e9mem monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed v cloudu AWS<\/li>\n<li>A je\u0161t\u011b, n\u011bco dal\u0161\u00edho lze vymyslet\u2026<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/444988\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0424\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e, \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447: \u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0434\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443. \u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0437\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u201c\u0443\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445\u201d \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u2014 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0432 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":22752,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30767","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0424\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" 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