{"id":30915,"date":"2019-10-31T21:38:10","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:38:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/sravnenie-sistem-kosmicheskoj-svyazi\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:38:10","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:38:10","slug":"sravnenie-sistem-kosmicheskoj-svyazi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/sravnenie-sistem-kosmicheskoj-svyazi","title":{"rendered":"Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed syst\u00e9m\u016f vesm\u00edrn\u00e9 komunikace","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

P\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9, jak u\u017e v\u00edte, intenzivn\u011b se p\u0159ipravujeme na nov\u00fd geek projekt<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 \u201eServer v oblac\u00edch 2.0\u201c, nebo \u201eKosmick\u00e9 datov\u00e9 centrum\u201c. Ve zkratce: 12. dubna spust\u00edme improvizovan\u00fd server na stratosf\u00e9\u0159e do v\u00fd\u0161ky p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 30 km, budeme na n\u011bj p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161et data prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm kosmick\u00e9 komunika\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b a z serveru budeme vys\u00edlat data na Zemi pomoc\u00ed r\u00e1diov\u00e9ho spojen\u00ed. <\/p>\n

A dnes bychom v\u00e1m cht\u011bli p\u0159edstavit t\u0159i syst\u00e9my kosmick\u00e9 komunikace, kter\u00e9 otestujeme v na\u0161em projektu \u2014 Iridium, GlobalStar a \u201eGon\u011bc\u201c. K tomu nainstalujeme p\u0159ij\u00edmac\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vedle na\u0161eho obla\u010dn\u00e9ho serveru.<\/p>\n

\"Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed<\/a><\/noindex><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 historie<\/h1>\n

\nV\u0161echny t\u0159i popisovan\u00e9 syst\u00e9my byly vyv\u00edjeny a nasazov\u00e1ny p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b ve stejnou dobu, v 90. letech. Americk\u00e9 Iridium z nich nen\u00ed jen nejstar\u0161\u00ed podle n\u00e1vrhu (pr\u00e1ce zah\u00e1jeny v roce 1990), ale tak\u00e9 nejrozs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00ed \u2014 p\u016fvodn\u011b se pl\u00e1novalo vypustit 77 satelit\u016f, co\u017e odpov\u00edd\u00e1 atomov\u00e9mu \u010d\u00edslu iridia, av\u0161ak dnes na orb\u011bt\u011b pracuje 66 satelit\u016f (+ 6 rezervn\u00edch). Komer\u010dn\u00ed provoz syst\u00e9mu za\u010dal v roce 1998. B\u011bhem jednoho roku spole\u010dnost zkrachovala a v roce 2000 byly jej\u00ed aktiva odkoupena firmou, kter\u00e1 jednala v z\u00e1jmu ministerstva obrany USA. V roce 2001 byl op\u011bt zah\u00e1jen komer\u010dn\u00ed provoz, v roce 2009 se vlastn\u00edk Iridia op\u011bt zm\u011bnil. Od t\u00e9 doby tato s\u00ed\u0165 satelitn\u00ed komunikace vcelku \u017eije a prosp\u00edv\u00e1.<\/p>\n

GlobalStar byla tak\u00e9 zalo\u017eena v USA, i kdy\u017e se na projektu pod\u00edlej\u00ed korporace z Francie, Anglie, N\u011bmecka a Ji\u017en\u00ed Koreje. Nasazen\u00ed satelitn\u00ed skupiny za\u010dali v roce 1998 a v roce 2000 byl GlobalStar uveden do komer\u010dn\u00edho provozu. Ani tady se neobe\u0161lo bez bankrotu, s\u00ed\u0165 na po\u010d\u00e1tku 2000. let zm\u011bnila vlastn\u00edka. Dnes na orb\u011bt\u011b pracuje 48 satelit\u016f GlobalStar (+ 4 rezervn\u00ed). <\/p>\n

Rusk\u00fd syst\u00e9m \u201eGon\u011bc\u201c je projekt, kter\u00fd byl p\u016fvodn\u011b st\u00e1tn\u00ed, ne soukrom\u00fd. Jeho v\u00fdvoj za\u010dal ji\u017e v roce 1989 a prvn\u00ed satelity byly vypu\u0161t\u011bny v roce 1996. P\u016fvodn\u011b se pl\u00e1novalo, \u017ee skupina bude m\u00edt 24 satelit\u016f, av\u0161ak dnes je v provozu pouze 12. Na nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed l\u00e9ta je napl\u00e1nov\u00e1no vypu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed n\u011bkolika des\u00edtek dal\u0161\u00edch satelit\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b n\u00e1hrady zastaral\u00fdch.<\/p>\n

Charakteristiky a mo\u017enosti<\/h1>\n

<\/p>\n

Iridium<\/h3>\n

\nNejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pokryt\u00ed s nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi p\u0159enosov\u00fdmi rychlostmi m\u00e1 Iridium. Jej\u00ed satelity ob\u00edhaj\u00ed kolem Zem\u011b ve v\u00fd\u0161ce 780 km na ob\u011b\u017en\u00fdch drah\u00e1ch s naklon\u011bn\u00edm 86,5\u00b0, a pokr\u00fdvaj\u00ed celou plochu planety, od ucha k uchu od p\u00f3lu k p\u00f3lu. <\/p>\n

\r\n \"P\u0159ehr\u00e1t\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center>
\nV sou\u010dasnosti dosahuje ide\u00e1ln\u00ed rychlost p\u0159enosu dat u Iridium 352 Kbit\/s, a na konci roku pl\u00e1nuj\u00ed zv\u00fd\u0161it na 704\/352 Kbit\/s (p\u0159\u00edjem a p\u0159enos). Skute\u010dn\u00e9 hodnoty jsou v\u0161ak samoz\u0159ejm\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed. P\u0159i hlasov\u00e9 komunikaci nen\u00ed kvalita zvuku p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 dobr\u00e1, objevuj\u00ed se zkreslen\u00ed. <\/p>\n

\"Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed
\n
\nV Iridium je podporov\u00e1na p\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 komunikace mezi satelity, tak\u017ee form\u00e1ln\u011b m\u016f\u017ee syst\u00e9m fungovat bez mnoha br\u00e1nov\u00fdch stanic v r\u016fzn\u00fdch zem\u00edch pro p\u0159enos dat do internetu a pozemn\u00ed telefonn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b, na rozd\u00edl od GlobalStar, a nam\u00edsto toho m\u016f\u017ee ve\u0161ker\u00fd provoz b\u00fdt p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en na hlavn\u00ed br\u00e1novou stanici um\u00edst\u011bnou v USA. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b kv\u016fli spolehlivosti spojen\u00ed se br\u00e1nov\u00e9 stanice p\u0159ece jen stav\u00ed, i kdy\u017e ne tolik.<\/p>\n

Telefony pro Iridium pat\u0159\u00ed mezi nejdra\u017e\u0161\u00ed na trhu, i kdy\u017e se vyzna\u010duj\u00ed bohat\u00fdm vybaven\u00edm a funkcemi. Dostupn\u00e9 jsou i mobiln\u00ed modemy a mobiln\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro textovou komunikaci (zna\u010dn\u011b levn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e hlasov\u00e1 komunikace). Pro p\u0159enos dat p\u0159es Iridium je krom\u011b samotn\u00e9ho telefonu pot\u0159eba po\u010d\u00edta\u010d, na kter\u00fd se nainstaluje propriet\u00e1rn\u00ed software Iridium Data Kit. Slu\u017eby t\u00e9to satelitn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b jsou dra\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u konkurent\u016f. Nap\u0159\u00edklad ro\u010dn\u00ed voucher na 250 minut v r\u00e1mci RF stoj\u00ed 28 700 rub., dvoum\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed voucher na 150 minut po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b 17 400 rub. V postpaid tarifech jedna minuta hovoru od 58 rub., SMS \u2013 22 rub., + m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed poplatek od 12 000 rub. (m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e p\u016fl roku) a od 3100 rub. (v\u00edce ne\u017e p\u016fl roku). A nav\u00edc, spole\u010dnost prozat\u00edm neuzav\u00edr\u00e1 roamingov\u00e9 dohody s nik\u00fdm, tak\u017ee SIM karty GSM oper\u00e1tor\u016f v za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch Iridium nelze pou\u017e\u00edt, pouze \u201erodn\u00e9\u201c.<\/p>\n

GlobalStar<\/h3>\n

\nU GlobalStar satelity l\u00e9taj\u00ed ve v\u00fd\u0161ce 1400 km a maj\u00ed naklon\u011bn\u00ed ob\u011b\u017en\u00fdch drah 52\u00b0. Satelity si navz\u00e1jem neust\u00e1le vym\u011b\u0148uj\u00ed data, a tak je syst\u00e9m tvo\u0159en i s\u00edt\u00ed br\u00e1nov\u00fdch stanic, kter\u00e9 jsou spojovac\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nkem mezi satelity-retransl\u00e1tory, internetem a pozemn\u00ed telefonn\u00ed s\u00edt\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u010cerven\u011b jsou ozna\u010deni satelity Iridium, mod\u0159e \u2013 GlobalStar:<\/p>\n

\r\n \"P\u0159ehr\u00e1t\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center>
\nPokryt\u00ed sign\u00e1lem od GlobalStar je skromn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u2013 a\u017e do 70\u00b0 severn\u00ed a ji\u017en\u00ed \u0161\u00ed\u0159ky, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee pol\u00e1rn\u00ed oblasti touto s\u00edt\u00ed nejsou pokryty. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b podle recenz\u00ed je pokryt\u00ed na jin\u00fdch \u0161\u00ed\u0159k\u00e1ch ob\u010das nestabiln\u00ed. Av\u0161ak pokud je satelit ve p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9m zorn\u00e9m poli, nebudete m\u00edt s komunikac\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my. Rychlost p\u0159enosu dat u GlobalStar je ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u Iridium, av\u0161ak kvalita zvuku p\u0159i hlasov\u00e9m spojen\u00ed je srovnateln\u00e1 s hovorem p\u0159es mobiln\u00ed telefon.<\/p>\n

\"Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed
\n
\nForm\u00e1ln\u011b s\u00ed\u0165 podporuje standardy CDMA a GSM, ale v praxi ne v\u0161echny br\u00e1nov\u00e9 stanice pracuj\u00ed s GSM, a\u010dkoliv to pro na\u0161i zemi nen\u00ed aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed. V\u011bt\u0161inou lze vlo\u017eit SIM karty \u201eb\u011b\u017en\u00fdch\u201c mobiln\u00edch oper\u00e1tor\u016f do telefon\u016f kompatibiln\u00edch s GlobalStar. Za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro GlobalStar jsou v\u00fdrazn\u011b levn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e pro Iridium. Na trhu jsou k dispozici telefony r\u016fzn\u00e9 \u00farovn\u011b pokro\u010dilosti, za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro textovou komunikaci s mechanickou kl\u00e1vesnic\u00ed, hotspoty, sledova\u010de pro mont\u00e1\u017e na vozidla nebo pro osobn\u00ed no\u0161en\u00ed a mnoho dal\u0161\u00edho. M\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed poplatek neexistuje, a ceny za slu\u017eby jsou ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u Iridium: nap\u0159\u00edklad bal\u00ed\u010dek pro vol\u00e1n\u00ed v RF na p\u016fl roku a 250 minut \u2013 9800 rubl\u016f, v postpay tarifech minuta od 44 rubl\u016f, SMS \u2013 4 rubly, p\u0159\u00edstup na internet \u2013 od 13 rubl\u016f.<\/p>\n

\u00bbGonets\u00ab<\/h3>\n

\nSatelity tohoto syst\u00e9mu ob\u00edhaj\u00ed kolem planety ve v\u00fd\u0161ce 1500 km na ob\u011b\u017en\u00fdch drah\u00e1ch s n\u00e1klonem 82,5\u00b0. V d\u016fsledku toho je pokryt\u00ed povrchu Zem\u011b \u00fapln\u00e9, ale ne sou\u010dasn\u011b.<\/p>\n

\r\n \"P\u0159ehr\u00e1t\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center>
\nNa \u00fazem\u00ed Ruska byly vybudov\u00e1ny 3 br\u00e1nov\u00e9 stanice (a jedna se pl\u00e1nuje), kter\u00e9 propojuj\u00ed satelitn\u00ed skupinu s internetem.<\/p>\n

\"Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed
\n
\nZaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee \u00bbGonets\u00ab nekonkuruj\u00edc\u00ed jin\u00fdm syst\u00e9m\u016fm v oblasti hlasov\u00e9 komunikace. M\u00edsto toho se rusk\u00fd projekt specializuje na p\u0159enos textov\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v. K tomu je nutn\u00e9 zakoupit odb\u011brov\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a ant\u00e9nu a p\u0159ipojit k nim smartphone, notebook nebo stoln\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010d. Zkr\u00e1tka sen introverta \u2013 ve\u0161ker\u00e1 komunikace pouze v chatu a \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 ne\u010dekan\u00e9 hovory.<\/p>\n

\"Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed
\n
\nTak\u00e9 \u00bbGonets\u00ab nab\u00edz\u00ed slu\u017eby M2M komunikace pro automatick\u00e9 monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed stavu a shroma\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed telemetrie r\u016fzn\u00fdch objekt\u016f, stacion\u00e1rn\u00edch a mobiln\u00edch.<\/p>\n

\"Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed
\n
\nA nav\u00edc dal\u0161\u00ed slu\u017eby jako retranslace geokoordin\u00e1t\u016f vozidel a zas\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed upozorn\u011bn\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Slu\u017eby v s\u00edti se hrad\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b abonentn\u00ed sazby \u2013 jedn\u00e1 se v podstat\u011b o p\u0159edplacen\u00e9 m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed bal\u00ed\u010dky kilobajt\u016f dat. Nap\u0159\u00edklad, p\u0159i nulov\u00e9m abonentn\u00edm poplatku se \u00fa\u010dtuje 26 K\u010d za ka\u017ed\u00fd kilobajt p\u0159enesen\u00fdch dat, a je k dispozici \u0159ada bal\u00ed\u010dk\u016f od 470 K\u010d (30 KB) do 8 650 K\u010d (2 000 KB). Plus 10 K\u010d za ka\u017edou odeslanou zpr\u00e1vu na mobiln\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b v \u010cR. Ka\u017ed\u00fd kilobajt nad limit se plat\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165, od 11 do 26 K\u010d. <\/p>\n

Co si vybrat?<\/h1>\n

\nNa\u0161e po\u017eadavky jsou takov\u00e9: vybavit \"cloudov\u00fd\" server trackerem pro sledov\u00e1n\u00ed polohy a modulem pro v\u00fdm\u011bnu dat prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm satelitu. Teoreticky by tyto funkce mohly nab\u00eddnout v\u0161echny t\u0159i s\u00edt\u011b. Ji\u017e jsme zakoupili modemy Iridium a GlobalStar, a za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed od \"Honc\u00e1\" k n\u00e1m p\u0159ijede. Ur\u010dit\u011b se pod\u011bl\u00edme o v\u00edce informac\u00ed o na\u0161em komunika\u010dn\u00edm syst\u00e9mu v n\u011bkter\u00e9m z budouc\u00edch publikac\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\"Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Zat\u00edm v\u00e1s zveme \u00fa\u010dastnit se<\/a><\/noindex> na\u0161\u00ed experimentu, uh\u00e1dnout m\u00edsto p\u0159ist\u00e1n\u00ed sondy a vyhr\u00e1t hlavn\u00ed cenu \u2013 cestu na Bajkonur.<\/p>\n

Nepo\u010d\u00ednejte!<\/p>\n

\"Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed<\/a><\/noindex>
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0414\u0440\u0443\u0437\u044c\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0435, \u043c\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u0438\u043a-\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u2014 \u00ab\u0421\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0445 2.0\u00bb, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u00ab\u041a\u043e\u0441\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0426\u041e\u0414\u00bb. \u0412 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0445: 12 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043c\u044b \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043f\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0447\u043e\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0443 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