{"id":31067,"date":"2019-10-31T21:39:16","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:39:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/kak-vzyat-setevuyu-infrastrukturu-pod-svoj-kontrol-glava-vtoraya-chistka-i-dokumentirovanie\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:39:16","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:39:16","slug":"kak-vzyat-setevuyu-infrastrukturu-pod-svoj-kontrol-glava-vtoraya-chistka-i-dokumentirovanie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kak-vzyat-setevuyu-infrastrukturu-pod-svoj-kontrol-glava-vtoraya-chistka-i-dokumentirovanie","title":{"rendered":"Jak p\u0159evz\u00edt kontrolu nad svou s\u00ed\u0165ovou infrastrukturou. Druh\u00e1 kapitola. \u00daklid a dokumentace","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><i>Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek je druh\u00fd v cyklu \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f \u201eJak p\u0159evz\u00edt kontrolu nad s\u00ed\u0165ovou infrastrukturou\u201c. Obsah v\u0161ech \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f cyklu a odkazy naleznete <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/447008\/\">zde<\/a><\/noindex><\/i>.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak p\u0159evz\u00edt kontrolu nad svou s\u00ed\u0165ovou infrastrukturou. Druh\u00e1 kapitola. \u00daklid a dokumentace\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/7b8e020272ed52ef0a119714b0a5d58b.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nNa\u0161\u00edm c\u00edlem v t\u00e9to f\u00e1zi je uspo\u0159\u00e1dat dokumentaci a konfiguraci. <br \/>\nNa konci tohoto procesu byste m\u011bli m\u00edt pot\u0159ebn\u00fd soubor dokument\u016f a s\u00ed\u0165 nakonfigurovanou podle nich.<\/p>\n<p>Nyn\u00ed se nebudeme zab\u00fdvat auditem zabezpe\u010den\u00ed \u2013 t\u00edm se bude zab\u00fdvat t\u0159et\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st. <\/p>\n<p>Obt\u00ed\u017enost proveden\u00ed stanoven\u00e9ho \u00fakolu v t\u00e9to f\u00e1zi se samoz\u0159ejm\u011b v\u00fdrazn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed od spole\u010dnosti ke spole\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n<p>Ide\u00e1ln\u00ed situace je, kdy\u017e<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>va\u0161e s\u00ed\u0165 byla vytvo\u0159ena podle projektu a m\u00e1te kompletn\u00ed dokumentaci<\/li>\n<li>ve va\u0161\u00ed spole\u010dnosti byl zaveden <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/post\/433614\/\">proces kontroly a \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed zm\u011bn<\/a><\/noindex> pro s\u00ed\u0165<\/li>\n<li>podle tohoto procesu m\u00e1te k dispozici dokumenty (v\u010detn\u011b v\u0161ech pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch sch\u00e9mat), kter\u00e9 poskytuj\u00ed kompletn\u00ed informace o aktu\u00e1ln\u00edm stavu<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nV tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je v\u00e1\u0161 \u00fakol pom\u011brn\u011b jednoduch\u00fd. Mus\u00edte si prostudovat dokumenty a proj\u00edt v\u0161echny zm\u011bny, kter\u00e9 byly provedeny. <\/p>\n<p>V nejhor\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b m\u00e1te<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>s\u00ed\u0165 vytvo\u0159enou bez projektu, bez pl\u00e1nu, bez schv\u00e1len\u00ed, in\u017een\u00fdry s nedostate\u010dnou kvalifikac\u00ed,<\/li>\n<li>s chaotick\u00fdmi, nedokumentovan\u00fdmi zm\u011bnami, s mno\u017estv\u00edm \u201eodpadu\u201c a suboptim\u00e1ln\u00edch \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nJe jasn\u00e9, \u017ee va\u0161e situace bude n\u011bkde mezi t\u00edm, ale bohu\u017eel na t\u00e9to \u0161k\u00e1le lep\u0161\u00ed \u2013 hor\u0161\u00ed s velkou pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed budete bl\u00ed\u017ee k hor\u0161\u00edmu konci.<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b od v\u00e1s bude vy\u017eadov\u00e1no tak\u00e9 um\u011bn\u00ed \u010d\u00edst my\u0161lenky, proto\u017ee se budete muset nau\u010dit ch\u00e1pat, co \u201edesign\u00e9\u0159i\u201c cht\u011bli ud\u011blat, obnovit jejich logiku, dokon\u010dit to, co nebylo dokon\u010deno a odstranit \u201eodpad\u201c. <br \/>\nA samoz\u0159ejm\u011b budete muset upravit jejich chyby, m\u011bnit (v t\u00e9to f\u00e1zi co nejm\u00e9n\u011b) design a upravit nebo znovu vytvo\u0159it sch\u00e9mata. <\/p>\n<p>Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek si rozhodn\u011b neklade za c\u00edl b\u00fdt \u00fapln\u00fd. Zde pop\u00ed\u0161i pouze obecn\u00e9 principy a zastav\u00edm se u n\u011bkter\u00fdch b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f, kter\u00e9 je nutn\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161it.<\/p>\n<h2>Sada dokument\u016f<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Za\u010dn\u011bme p\u0159\u00edkladem.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00ed\u017ee jsou uvedeny n\u011bkter\u00e9 dokumenty, kter\u00e9 se obvykle vyhotovuj\u00ed ve spole\u010dnosti Cisco Systems p\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu.<\/p>\n<p><b>CR<\/b> \u2013 Po\u017eadavky z\u00e1kazn\u00edka, technick\u00e9 specifikace.<br \/>\nJe vytv\u00e1\u0159en spole\u010dn\u011b se z\u00e1kazn\u00edkem a ur\u010duje po\u017eadavky na s\u00ed\u0165.<\/p>\n<p><b>HLD<\/b> \u2013 Vysok\u00e9 \u00farov\u0148ov\u00e9 navrhov\u00e1n\u00ed, vysokou \u00farovn\u00ed design zalo\u017een\u00fd na po\u017eadavc\u00edch s\u00edt\u011b (CR). Dokument vysv\u011btluje a od\u016fvod\u0148uje p\u0159ijat\u00e1 architektonick\u00e1 rozhodnut\u00ed (topologie, protokoly, v\u00fdb\u011br vybaven\u00ed, \u2026). HLD neobsahuje detaily n\u00e1vrhu, nap\u0159\u00edklad o pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch rozhran\u00edch a IP adres\u00e1ch. Rovn\u011b\u017e se zde nediskutuje konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed konfigurace vybaven\u00ed. Tento dokument je sp\u00ed\u0161e ur\u010den k vysv\u011btlen\u00ed technick\u00e9mu managementu z\u00e1kazn\u00edka kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch koncept\u016f n\u00e1vrhu.<\/p>\n<p><b>LLD<\/b> \u2013 Low Level Design, n\u00edzk\u00e1 \u00farove\u0148 designu na z\u00e1klad\u011b vysok\u00e9 \u00farovn\u011b (HLD). <br \/>\nMus\u00ed obsahovat v\u0161echny detaily pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 pro realizaci projektu, jako nap\u0159\u00edklad informace, jak p\u0159ipojit a nastavit vybaven\u00ed. Je to kompletn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edru\u010dka k realizaci designu. Tento dokument by m\u011bl poskytovat dostate\u010dn\u00e9 informace pro jeho realizaci i m\u00e9n\u011b kvalifikovan\u00fdm person\u00e1lem. <\/p>\n<p>N\u011bco jako IP adresy, \u010d\u00edsla AS, sch\u00e9ma fyzick\u00e9ho propojen\u00ed (cabling) m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt \"p\u0159esunuto\" do samostatn\u00fdch dokument\u016f, jako jsou <b>NIP<\/b> (Pl\u00e1n implementace s\u00edt\u011b).<\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdstavba s\u00edt\u011b za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 po vytvo\u0159en\u00ed t\u011bchto dokument\u016f a prob\u00edh\u00e1 v p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e9 souladu s nimi a pot\u00e9 je z\u00e1kazn\u00edkem (testy) ov\u011b\u0159ena na shodu s designem.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nSamoz\u0159ejm\u011b, \u017ee u r\u016fzn\u00fdch integr\u00e1tor\u016f, r\u016fzn\u00fdch z\u00e1kazn\u00edk\u016f, v r\u016fzn\u00fdch zem\u00edch se po\u017eadavky na projektovou dokumentaci mohou li\u0161it. Ale r\u00e1di bychom se vyhnuli formalit\u00e1m a posoudili ot\u00e1zku v\u011bcn\u011b. Tento krok nen\u00ed o projektov\u00e1n\u00ed, ale o nastolen\u00ed po\u0159\u00e1dku a pot\u0159ebujeme dostate\u010dn\u00fd soubor dokument\u016f (sch\u00e9mat, tabulek, popis\u016f\u2026) pro spln\u011bn\u00ed na\u0161ich \u00fakol\u016f. <\/p>\n<p>A podle m\u011b existuje ur\u010dit\u00fd absolutn\u00ed minimum, bez kter\u00e9ho nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 efektivn\u011b kontrolovat s\u00ed\u0165.<\/p>\n<p>Jsou to n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed dokumenty:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>sch\u00e9ma (den\u00edk) fyzick\u00e9ho propojen\u00ed (cabling)<\/li>\n<li>sch\u00e9ma nebo sch\u00e9mata s podstatn\u00fdmi L2\/L3 informacemi<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Sch\u00e9ma fyzick\u00e9ho propojen\u00ed<\/h2>\n<p>\nV n\u011bkter\u00fdch men\u0161\u00edch spole\u010dnostech pr\u00e1ce spojen\u00e9 s instalac\u00ed vybaven\u00ed a fyzick\u00fdm propojen\u00edm (cabling) jsou v odpov\u011bdnosti s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00fdch in\u017een\u00fdr\u016f. <\/p>\n<p>V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je \u00fakol \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b vy\u0159e\u0161en n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm p\u0159\u00edstupem. <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>pou\u017eijte popis na rozhran\u00ed k ozna\u010den\u00ed toho, co je k n\u011bmu p\u0159ipojeno.<\/li>\n<li>Administrativn\u011b vypn\u011bte (shutdown) v\u0161echny nep\u0159ipojen\u00e9 porty s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9ho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nTo v\u00e1m umo\u017en\u00ed, i v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b probl\u00e9m\u016f s linkou (kdy\u017e na tomto rozhran\u00ed nefunguje cdp nebo lldp), rychle ur\u010dit, co je p\u0159ipojeno k tomuto portu.<br \/>\nTak\u00e9 snadno uvid\u00edte, kter\u00e9 porty m\u00e1te obsazen\u00e9 a kter\u00e9 voln\u00e9, co\u017e je nezbytn\u00e9 pro pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ipojen\u00ed nov\u00e9ho s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9ho vybaven\u00ed, server\u016f nebo pracovn\u00edch stanic. <\/p>\n<p>Je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee pokud ztrat\u00edte p\u0159\u00edstup k vybaven\u00ed, ztrat\u00edte tak\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstup k t\u011bmto informac\u00edm. Nav\u00edc t\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem nebudete schopni zdokumentovat tak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 informace, jako je to, jak\u00e9 vybaven\u00ed, s jak\u00fdm spot\u0159ebovan\u00fdm v\u00fdkonem, s kolika porty, v jak\u00e9m racku se nach\u00e1z\u00ed, jak\u00e9 tam jsou patch panely a kam (do jak\u00e9ho racku\/patch panelu) jsou p\u0159ipojeny. Proto je dal\u0161\u00ed dokumentace (nejen popisy na vybaven\u00ed) velmi u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>Ide\u00e1ln\u00edm \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm je pou\u017eit\u00ed aplikac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 byly vytvo\u0159eny pro pr\u00e1ci s t\u00edmto druhem informac\u00ed. M\u016f\u017eete se v\u0161ak omezit i na jednoduch\u00e9 tabulky (nap\u0159\u00edklad v Excelu) nebo zobrazit informace, kter\u00e9 pova\u017eujete za pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 v L1\/L2 sch\u00e9matech.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9!<\/p>\n<p>S\u00ed\u0165ov\u00fd in\u017een\u00fdr samoz\u0159ejm\u011b m\u016f\u017ee dob\u0159e ovl\u00e1dat nuance a standardy strukturovan\u00e9 kabel\u00e1\u017ee, typy rack\u016f, typy z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00edch zdroj\u016f, co je studen\u00fd a tepl\u00fd koridor, spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 uzemn\u011bn\u00ed atd., stejn\u011b jako v z\u00e1sad\u011b m\u016f\u017ee zn\u00e1t fyziku element\u00e1rn\u00edch \u010d\u00e1stic nebo C++. Je v\u0161ak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee to v\u0161echno nen\u00ed jeho oblast\u00ed znalost\u00ed. <\/p>\n<p>Proto je dobrou prax\u00ed m\u00edt nebo vy\u010dlen\u011bn\u00e9 odd\u011blen\u00ed, nebo vy\u010dlen\u011bn\u00e9 lidi pro \u00fakoly souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s instalac\u00ed, p\u0159ipojen\u00edm, udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm funk\u010dnosti vybaven\u00ed a fyzickou komutac\u00ed. Obvykle jsou pro datov\u00e1 centra ur\u010den\u00ed in\u017een\u00fd\u0159i datov\u00e9ho centra, a pro kancel\u00e1\u0159e \u2014 help-desk. <\/p>\n<p>Pokud jsou tato odd\u011blen\u00ed v va\u0161\u00ed spole\u010dnosti zaji\u0161t\u011bna, pak ot\u00e1zky veden\u00ed protokolu fyzick\u00e9 komutace nejsou va\u0161\u00ed \u00falohou a m\u016f\u017eete se omezit pouze na popis na rozhran\u00ed a administrativn\u00ed vypnut\u00ed nepou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch port\u016f.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h2>Sch\u00e9mata s\u00edt\u011b<\/h2>\n<p>\nNeexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup k kreslen\u00ed sch\u00e9mat.<\/p>\n<p>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je, \u017ee sch\u00e9my by m\u011bly poskytovat pochopen\u00ed, jak bude prob\u00edhat provoz p\u0159es jak\u00e9 logick\u00e9 a fyzick\u00e9 prvky va\u0161\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Pod fyzick\u00fdmi prvky rozum\u00edme<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>aktivn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>rozhran\u00ed\/porty aktivn\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nPod logick\u00fdmi \u2014 <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>logick\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed (N7K VDC, Palo Alto VSYS, \u2026)<\/li>\n<li>VRF <\/li>\n<li>VLANy<\/li>\n<li>subinterface<\/li>\n<li>tunele<\/li>\n<li>z\u00f3ny<\/li>\n<li>\u2026<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nTak\u00e9, pokud va\u0161e s\u00ed\u0165 nen\u00ed zcela element\u00e1rn\u00ed, bude se skl\u00e1dat z r\u016fzn\u00fdch segment\u016f. <br \/>\nNap\u0159\u00edklad<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>datov\u00e9 centrum<\/li>\n<li>internet<\/li>\n<li>WAN<\/li>\n<li>remote access<\/li>\n<li>firemn\u00ed LAN<\/li>\n<li>DMZ<\/li>\n<li>\u2026<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nM\u00e1 smysl m\u00edt n\u011bkolik sch\u00e9mat, kter\u00e9 poskytuj\u00ed jak celkov\u00fd obraz (jak prob\u00edh\u00e1 provoz mezi v\u0161emi t\u011bmito segmenty), tak podrobn\u00e9 vysv\u011btlen\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9ho jednotliv\u00e9ho segmentu.<\/p>\n<p>Proto\u017ee v modern\u00edch s\u00edt\u00edch m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt mnoho logick\u00fdch \u00farovn\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt dobr\u00fdm (ale nepovinn\u00fdm) p\u0159\u00edstupem vytv\u00e1\u0159et r\u016fzn\u00e1 sch\u00e9mata pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 \u00farovn\u011b, nap\u0159\u00edklad v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b p\u0159\u00edstupov\u00e9ho modelu to mohou b\u00fdt n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed sch\u00e9mata:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>overlay<\/li>\n<li>L1\/L2 podklad<\/li>\n<li>L3 podklad<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nSamoz\u0159ejm\u011b, nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sch\u00e9mou, bez kter\u00e9 nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 pochopit my\u0161lenku va\u0161eho n\u00e1vrhu, je sch\u00e9ma routingu.<\/p>\n<h4>Sch\u00e9ma routingu<\/h4>\n<p>\nMinim\u00e1ln\u011b na tomto sch\u00e9matu by m\u011bly b\u00fdt zobrazeny<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>jak\u00e9 routovac\u00ed protokoly a kde se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>z\u00e1kladn\u00ed informace o nastaven\u00ed routovac\u00edho protokolu (area\/AS \u010d\u00edslo\/router-id\/\u2026)<\/li>\n<li>na jak\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch prob\u00edh\u00e1 redistribuce<\/li>\n<li>kde prob\u00edh\u00e1 filtrov\u00e1n\u00ed a agregace tras<\/li>\n<li>informace o defaultn\u00ed trase <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nTak\u00e9, \u010dasto je u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1 L2 sch\u00e9ma (OSI).<\/p>\n<h4>L2 sch\u00e9ma (OSI)<\/h4>\n<p>\nNa tomto sch\u00e9matu m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zobrazeny n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed informace:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>jak\u00e9 VLAN<\/li>\n<li>jak\u00e9 porty jsou trunk porty<\/li>\n<li>jak\u00e9 porty jsou agregov\u00e1ny v ether-channel (port channel), virtual port channel<\/li>\n<li>jak\u00e9 STP protokoly a na jak\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>z\u00e1kladn\u00ed nastaven\u00ed STP: root\/root backup, STP cost, port priority<\/li>\n<li>dal\u0161\u00ed nastaven\u00ed STP: BPDU guard\/filter, root guard\u2026<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Typick\u00e9 chyby p\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>P\u0159\u00edklad \u0161patn\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu k budov\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Vezm\u011bme si jednoduch\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad budov\u00e1n\u00ed jednoduch\u00e9 firemn\u00ed lok\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>S zku\u0161enost\u00ed z v\u00fduky telekomunikac\u00ed student\u016fm mohu \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee prakticky ka\u017ed\u00fd student ke konci druh\u00e9ho semestru m\u00e1 pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 znalosti (v r\u00e1mci kurzu, kter\u00fd jsem vedl), aby mohl nastavit jednoduchou firemn\u00ed LAN.<\/p>\n<p>Co je na p\u0159ipojen\u00ed switch\u016f, nastaven\u00ed VLAN, SVI rozhran\u00ed (v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b L3 switch\u016f) a naps\u00e1n\u00ed statick\u00e9ho routov\u00e1n\u00ed tak slo\u017eit\u00e9ho?<\/p>\n<p>V\u0161echno bude fungovat.<\/p>\n<p>Ale ot\u00e1zky t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed stranou, <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>bezpe\u010dnost\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>rezervace<\/li>\n<li>\u0161k\u00e1lovatelnosti s\u00edt\u011b<\/li>\n<li>v\u00fdkonu<\/li>\n<li>kapacity<\/li>\n<li>spolehlivost\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>\u2026<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nOb\u010das sl\u00fdch\u00e1m tvrzen\u00ed, \u017ee kancel\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 LAN je n\u011bco velmi jednoduch\u00e9ho, a obvykle to sly\u0161\u00edm od in\u017een\u00fdr\u016f (a mana\u017eer\u016f), kte\u0159\u00ed d\u011blaj\u00ed cokoliv jin\u00e9ho, ne\u017e se zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed s\u00edt\u011bmi, a \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed to tak sebev\u011bdom\u011b, \u017ee se nedivte, pokud bude LAN vytvo\u0159ena lidmi s nedostate\u010dnou prax\u00ed a znalostmi a budou v n\u00ed obsa\u017eeny p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b ty chyby, kter\u00e9 pop\u00ed\u0161u n\u00ed\u017ee.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><\/p>\n<h4>Charakteristick\u00e9 chyby n\u00e1vrhu \u00farovn\u011b L1 (OSI)<\/h4>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pokud jste tedy zodpov\u011bdn\u00ed i za strukturovanou kabel\u00e1\u017e, jedn\u00edm z nejnep\u0159\u00edjemn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch d\u011bdictv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017eete zd\u011bdit \u2013 je to nedbal\u00e9 a nepromy\u0161len\u00e9 p\u0159ep\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nTak\u00e9 k typu L1 bych p\u0159i\u0159adil chyby spojen\u00e9 se zdroji pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9ho vybaven\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad,<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>nedostate\u010dn\u00e1 \u0161\u00ed\u0159ka p\u00e1sma<\/li>\n<li>nedostate\u010dn\u00fd TCAM v za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed (nebo neefektivn\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed)<\/li>\n<li>nedostate\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdkon (\u010dasto se vztahuje na firewally)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h4>Charakteristick\u00e9 chyby n\u00e1vrhu \u00farovn\u011b L2 (OSI)<\/h4>\n<p>\n\u010casto, kdy\u017e nen\u00ed dobr\u00e9 porozum\u011bn\u00ed tomu, jak funguje STP, jak\u00e9 potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed probl\u00e9my p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed, jsou switche p\u0159ipojeny chaoticky, s v\u00fdchoz\u00edmi nastaven\u00edmi, bez dal\u0161\u00edho lad\u011bn\u00ed STP. <\/p>\n<p>V d\u016fsledku toho \u010dasto m\u00e1me n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>velk\u00fd STP pr\u016fm\u011br s\u00edt\u011b, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k broadcastingov\u00fdm bou\u0159\u00edm <\/li>\n<li>STP root bude ur\u010den n\u00e1hodn\u011b (na z\u00e1klad\u011b MAC adresy) a cesta provozu bude neoptim\u00e1ln\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>porty p\u0159ipojovan\u00e9 k host\u016fm nebudou nastaveny jako edge (portfast), co\u017e povede k p\u0159epo\u010dtu STP p\u0159i zapnut\u00ed\/vypnut\u00ed koncov\u00fdch stanic<\/li>\n<li>s\u00ed\u0165 nebude segmentov\u00e1na na \u00farovni L1\/L2, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee probl\u00e9m s jak\u00fdmkoli switchem (nap\u0159. p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00edm nap\u00e1jen\u00ed) povede k p\u0159epo\u010dtu STP topologie a zastaven\u00ed provozu ve v\u0161ech VLAN na v\u0161ech switchech (v\u010detn\u011b kritick\u00e9ho segmentu z pohledu kontinuity slu\u017eby)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h4>P\u0159\u00edklady chyb v n\u00e1vrhu L3 (OSI)<\/h4>\n<p>\nN\u011bkolik charakteristick\u00fdch chyb za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00edch s\u00ed\u0165a\u0159\u016f:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u010dast\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed (nebo pou\u017eit\u00ed pouze) statick\u00e9ho routov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed nep\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch sm\u011brovac\u00edch protokol\u016f pro dan\u00fd design<\/li>\n<li>neoptim\u00e1ln\u00ed logick\u00e1 segmentace s\u00edt\u011b<\/li>\n<li>neoptim\u00e1ln\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed adresn\u00edho prostoru, co\u017e br\u00e1n\u00ed agregaci cest<\/li>\n<li>absence z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00edch cest<\/li>\n<li>absence z\u00e1lohy pro v\u00fdchoz\u00ed br\u00e1nu<\/li>\n<li>asymetrick\u00e9 sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed b\u011bhem p\u0159estavby cest (m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt kritick\u00e9 v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b NAT\/PAT, stavov\u00fdch firewall\u016f)<\/li>\n<li>probl\u00e9my s MTU<\/li>\n<li>p\u0159i p\u0159estavb\u011b cest proch\u00e1z\u00ed provoz jin\u00fdmi bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edmi z\u00f3nami nebo dokonce jin\u00fdmi firewally, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k poklesu tohoto provozu<\/li>\n<li>\u0161patn\u00e1 \u0161k\u00e1lovatelnost topologie<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Krit\u00e9ria hodnocen\u00ed kvality designu<\/h2>\n<p>\nKdy\u017e hovo\u0159\u00edme o optim\u00e1lnosti\/neoptim\u00e1lnosti, mus\u00edme ch\u00e1pat z pohledu jak\u00fdch krit\u00e9ri\u00ed to m\u016f\u017eeme hodnotit. Z m\u00e9ho pohledu jsou nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed (ale ne v\u0161echny) krit\u00e9ria (a jejich v\u00fdklad t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se sm\u011brovac\u00edch protokol\u016f):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0161k\u00e1lovatelnost (scalability)<br \/>\n Nap\u0159\u00edklad, rozhodli jste se p\u0159idat dal\u0161\u00ed datov\u00e9 centrum. Jak snadn\u00e9 to pro v\u00e1s je?<\/li>\n<li>snadnost spr\u00e1vy (manageability)<br \/>\n Jak snadn\u00e9 a bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 jsou opera\u010dn\u00ed zm\u011bny, jako je vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed nov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b nebo filtrov\u00e1n\u00ed cest<\/li>\n<li>dostupnost (availability)<br \/>\n Jak\u00e9 procento \u010dasu va\u0161e syst\u00e9m poskytuje po\u017eadovanou \u00farove\u0148 slu\u017eeb<\/li>\n<li>bezpe\u010dnost (security)<br \/>\n Jak je chr\u00e1n\u011bn p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161an\u00fd obsah<\/li>\n<li>cena<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Zm\u011bny<\/h2>\n<p>\nZ\u00e1kladn\u00ed princip v t\u00e9to f\u00e1zi lze vyj\u00e1d\u0159it formul\u00ed \u201ene\u0161kodit\u201c.<br \/>\nProto i kdy\u017e zcela nesouhlas\u00edte s designem a vybranou realizac\u00ed (konfigurac\u00ed), nen\u00ed v\u017edy rozumn\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u011bt zm\u011bny. Rozumn\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edstupem je se\u0159azen\u00ed v\u0161ech identifikovan\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f podle dvou parametr\u016f: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>jak snadno lze tento probl\u00e9m opravit<\/li>\n<li>jak velk\u00e9 riziko nese<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nP\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm je t\u0159eba odstranit to, co v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b sni\u017euje \u00farove\u0148 poskytovan\u00e9 slu\u017eby pod tolerovatelnou m\u00edru, nap\u0159\u00edklad probl\u00e9my vedouc\u00ed k ztr\u00e1t\u00e1m paket\u016f. Pot\u00e9 odstra\u0148te to, co je nejsnadn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a nejbezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed opravit, v po\u0159ad\u00ed podle sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1va\u017enosti rizika (od probl\u00e9m\u016f v designu nebo konfiguraci nesouc\u00edch v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed rizika k men\u0161\u00edm).<\/p>\n<p>Perfekcionismus v t\u00e9to f\u00e1zi m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt \u0161kodliv\u00fd. Upravte design do uspokojiv\u00e9ho stavu a synchronizujte konfiguraci s\u00edt\u011b podle n\u011bj.<br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/434750\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u00ab\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u0437\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0438\u043d\u0444\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c\u00bb. \u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c. \u041d\u0430\u0448\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0435 \u2014 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0443 \u0432\u0430\u0441 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c, \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438. \u0421\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u043c\u044b [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":23042,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-31067","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - 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