{"id":31068,"date":"2019-10-31T21:39:16","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:39:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/kak-vzyat-setevuyu-infrastrukturu-pod-svoj-kontrol-glava-pervaya-uderzhanie\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:39:16","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:39:16","slug":"kak-vzyat-setevuyu-infrastrukturu-pod-svoj-kontrol-glava-pervaya-uderzhanie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kak-vzyat-setevuyu-infrastrukturu-pod-svoj-kontrol-glava-pervaya-uderzhanie","title":{"rendered":"Jak p\u0159evz\u00edt kontrolu nad s\u00ed\u0165ovou infrastrukturou. Prvn\u00ed kapitola. Udr\u017een\u00ed","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><i>Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek je prvn\u00ed v s\u00e9rii \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f \u201eJak p\u0159evz\u00edt kontrolu nad s\u00ed\u0165ovou infrastrukturou\u201c. Obsah v\u0161ech \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f v s\u00e9rii a odkazy naleznete <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/447008\/\">zde<\/a><\/noindex><\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>Sice p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1m, \u017ee existuje dostate\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed spole\u010dnost\u00ed, kde jednoduch\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165 na hodinu nebo dokonce jeden den nen\u00ed kritick\u00e1. Mn\u011b, bohu\u017eel nebo na\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed, se nikdy nepoda\u0159ilo pracovat v takov\u00fdch m\u00edstech. Ale samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, s\u00edt\u011b jsou r\u016fzn\u00e9, po\u017eadavky r\u016fzn\u00e9, p\u0159\u00edstupy jsou r\u016fzn\u00e9, a p\u0159esto v mnoha p\u0159\u00edpadech bude n\u00ed\u017ee uveden\u00fd seznam prakticky nutn\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p>Tak\u017ee po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed podm\u00ednky. <\/p>\n<p>Nyn\u00ed jste na nov\u00e9m pracovn\u00edm m\u00edst\u011b, nebo jste dostali pov\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed, nebo chcete nov\u011b nahl\u00e9dnout na sv\u00e9 povinnosti. S\u00ed\u0165 spole\u010dnosti je va\u0161\u00ed z\u00f3nou odpov\u011bdnosti. Pro v\u00e1s je to do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry v\u00fdzva a nov\u00e9, co\u017e do jist\u00e9 m\u00edry omlouv\u00e1 mentorsk\u00fd t\u00f3n tohoto \u010dl\u00e1nku :). Ale douf\u00e1m, \u017ee \u010dl\u00e1nek m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fd i jak\u00e9mukoli s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9mu in\u017een\u00fdrovi.<\/p>\n<p>Va\u0161\u00edm prvn\u00edm strategick\u00fdm c\u00edlem je nau\u010dit se \u010delit entropii a udr\u017eet \u00farove\u0148 poskytovan\u00fdch slu\u017eeb. <\/p>\n<p>Mnoh\u00e9 n\u00ed\u017ee uveden\u00e9 \u00fakoly mohou b\u00fdt vy\u0159e\u0161eny r\u016fzn\u00fdmi prost\u0159edky. Z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b nenazna\u010duji technickou realizaci, proto\u017ee \u010dasto nen\u00ed tak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, jak jste vy\u0159e\u0161ili dan\u00fd \u00fakol, ale d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je, jak t\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1te a zda v\u016fbec pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1te. Je zbyte\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edt nap\u0159\u00edklad profesion\u00e1ln\u011b vybudovan\u00fd syst\u00e9m monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed, pokud se na n\u011bj ned\u00edv\u00e1te a nereagujete na upozorn\u011bn\u00ed.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>Hardware<\/h2>\n<p>\nNejprve mus\u00edte pochopit, kde jsou nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed rizika.<\/p>\n<p>Znovu plat\u00ed, \u017ee to m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt r\u016fzn\u00e9. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1m, \u017ee n\u011bkde by to mohly b\u00fdt ot\u00e1zky zabezpe\u010den\u00ed, jinde ot\u00e1zky spojen\u00e9 s kontinuitou slu\u017eby, nebo mo\u017en\u00e1 n\u011bco jin\u00e9ho. Pro\u010d ne?<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dejme pro konkr\u00e9tnost, \u017ee to p\u0159ece jen je kontinuita slu\u017eby (tak tomu bylo ve v\u0161ech spole\u010dnostech, kde jsem pracoval).<\/p>\n<p>Pak je nutn\u00e9 za\u010d\u00edt s vybaven\u00edm. Zde je seznam t\u00e9mat, na kter\u00e1 byste se m\u011bli zam\u011b\u0159it:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>klasifikace vybaven\u00ed podle \u00farovn\u011b kriti\u010dnosti<\/li>\n<li>z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed kritick\u00e9ho vybaven\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>podpora, licence<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nMus\u00edte zv\u00e1\u017eit mo\u017en\u00e9 varianty poruch, zejm\u00e9na u za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je na vrcholu va\u0161\u00ed kriti\u010dnosti. Obvykle je opom\u00edjena pravd\u011bpodobnost dvojit\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f, jinak by va\u0161e \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed a podpora mohla b\u00fdt neopr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u011b drah\u00e1, ale v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b skute\u010dn\u011b kritick\u00fdch prvk\u016f s\u00edt\u011b, jejich\u017e selh\u00e1n\u00ed by mohlo z\u00e1sadn\u011b ovlivnit podnik\u00e1n\u00ed, byste o tom m\u011bli tak\u00e9 p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161let.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>P\u0159\u00edklad<\/b><\/p>\n<p>P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dejme, \u017ee mluv\u00edme o ko\u0159enov\u00e9m switchi v datov\u00e9m centru. <\/p>\n<p>Proto\u017ee jsme se dohodli, \u017ee kontinuita slu\u017eby je nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm kriteriem, je rozumn\u00e9 zajistit 'hork\u00e9' z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed (redundanci) tohoto za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Ale to nen\u00ed v\u0161e. Mus\u00edte tak\u00e9 ur\u010dit, jak dlouho, v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b poruchy prvn\u00edho switche, je pro v\u00e1s p\u0159ijateln\u00e9 \u017e\u00edt pouze s jedn\u00edm zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edm switchem, proto\u017ee existuje riziko, \u017ee i ten sel\u017ee.<\/p>\n<p><b>D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9! Tento probl\u00e9m byste nem\u011bli \u0159e\u0161it sami. Mus\u00edte popsat rizika, mo\u017en\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed a n\u00e1klady va\u0161emu veden\u00ed nebo veden\u00ed firmy. Rozhodnut\u00ed by m\u011blo u\u010dinit ono.<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Pokud tedy bylo rozhodnuto, \u017ee za p\u0159edpokladu mal\u00e9 pravd\u011bpodobnosti dvojit\u00e9 poruchy je pr\u00e1ce po dobu 4 hodin na jednom switchi v z\u00e1sad\u011b p\u0159ijateln\u00e1, m\u016f\u017eete jednodu\u0161e zvolit odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed podporu (kter\u00e1 zajist\u00ed, \u017ee za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed bude vym\u011bn\u011bno do 4 hodin). <\/p>\n<p>Ale existuje riziko, \u017ee nedodaj\u00ed. Bohu\u017eel, jednou jsme se ocitli v takov\u00e9 situaci. M\u00edsto \u010dty\u0159 hodin za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed jelo t\u00fdden!!!<\/p>\n<p>Proto je pot\u0159eba toto riziko tak\u00e9 diskutovat a mo\u017en\u00e1 by pro v\u00e1s bylo rozumn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zakoupit dal\u0161\u00ed switch (t\u0159et\u00ed) a dr\u017eet ho v z\u00e1loze ('studenn\u00e1' redundance) nebo pou\u017e\u00edt pro laboratorn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dely.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\n<b>D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9! Sestavte tabulku v\u0161ech podpor, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1te, s daty vypr\u0161en\u00ed platnosti a p\u0159idejte je do kalend\u00e1\u0159e, aby v\u00e1m minim\u00e1ln\u011b m\u011bs\u00edc p\u0159edem p\u0159i\u0161lo upozorn\u011bn\u00ed, \u017ee byste se m\u011bli za\u010d\u00edt ob\u00e1vat o prodlou\u017een\u00ed podpory.<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Neprominou v\u00e1m, pokud zapomenete prodlou\u017eit podporu, a druh\u00fd den po jej\u00edm vypr\u0161en\u00ed v\u00e1m sel\u017ee za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h2>Nouzov\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce<\/h2>\n<p>\nA\u0165 se stane cokoliv ve va\u0161\u00ed s\u00edti, ide\u00e1ln\u011b byste m\u011bli zachovat p\u0159\u00edstup k va\u0161emu s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9mu za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. <\/p>\n<p><b>D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9! Mus\u00edte m\u00edt konzolov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup ke v\u0161emu za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a tento p\u0159\u00edstup nesm\u00ed z\u00e1viset na funk\u010dnosti s\u00edt\u011b pro p\u0159enos u\u017eivatelsk\u00fdch dat.<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Tak\u00e9 byste m\u011bli p\u0159edem zv\u00e1\u017eit mo\u017en\u00e9 negativn\u00ed sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e a zdokumentovat nezbytn\u00e9 akce. Dostupnost tohoto dokumentu je tak\u00e9 kritick\u00e1, proto by m\u011bl b\u00fdt nejen um\u00edst\u011bn na ve\u0159ejn\u011b p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00e9m zdroji v odd\u011blen\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 ulo\u017een lok\u00e1ln\u011b na po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u00edch in\u017een\u00fdr\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Povinn\u011b by tam m\u011bly b\u00fdt <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>informace pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 pro otev\u0159en\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dosti o podporu u dodavatele nebo integr\u00e1tora <\/li>\n<li>informace, jak se dostat k jak\u00e9mukoli za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed (konzolov\u00fd, mana\u017eersk\u00fd)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nTak\u00e9 samoz\u0159ejm\u011b m\u016f\u017ee obsahovat jak\u00e9koli dal\u0161\u00ed u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 informace, nap\u0159\u00edklad popis postupu upgradu r\u016fzn\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 diagnostick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edkazy.<\/p>\n<h2>Partne\u0159i<\/h2>\n<p>\nNyn\u00ed mus\u00edte posoudit rizika spojen\u00e1 s partnery. Obvykle to jsou<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>internetov\u00ed poskytovatel\u00e9 a m\u00edsta v\u00fdm\u011bny provozu (IX)<\/li>\n<li>poskytovatel\u00e9 komunika\u010dn\u00edch kan\u00e1l\u016f <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nJak\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky byste si m\u011bli kl\u00e1st? Stejn\u011b jako v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, m\u011bli byste zv\u00e1\u017eit r\u016fzn\u00e9 mo\u017enosti havarijn\u00edch situac\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad pro internetov\u00e9 poskytovatele by to mohlo b\u00fdt n\u011bco jako:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>co se stane, pokud internetov\u00fd poskytovatel X z n\u011bjak\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu p\u0159estane poskytovat slu\u017eby? <\/li>\n<li>bude v\u00e1m sta\u010dit \u0161\u00ed\u0159ka p\u00e1sma ostatn\u00edch poskytovatel\u016f?<\/li>\n<li>jak dobr\u00e1 z\u016fstane konektivita?<\/li>\n<li>jak nez\u00e1visl\u00ed jsou va\u0161i internetov\u00ed poskytovatel\u00e9 a nezp\u016fsob\u00ed v\u00e1\u017en\u00e1 hav\u00e1rie jednoho z nich probl\u00e9my s ostatn\u00edmi?<\/li>\n<li>kolik optick\u00fdch vstup\u016f m\u00e1 v\u00e1\u0161 datov\u00fd centrum? <\/li>\n<li>co se stane, pokud bude jeden z vstup\u016f zcela zni\u010den?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nPokud jde o vstupy, v m\u00e9 praxi ve dvou r\u016fzn\u00fdch spole\u010dnostech, v dvou r\u016fzn\u00fdch <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/kompaniya\/data-centers\/\"   title=\"datacentrech\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"4668\">datacentrech<\/a> bagrech zni\u010dil studny a jen z\u00e1zrakem na\u0161e optika nebyla zasa\u017eena. Nen\u00ed to tak vz\u00e1cn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad.<\/p>\n<p>A samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, je t\u0159eba nejen tyto ot\u00e1zky polo\u017eit, ale op\u011bt, s podporou veden\u00ed, zajistit p\u0159ijateln\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed v jak\u00e9koli situaci. <\/p>\n<h2>Z\u00e1loha<\/h2>\n<p>\nDal\u0161\u00ed prioritou m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt z\u00e1loha konfigurac\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. V ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je to velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd aspekt. Nebudu vypisovat situace, kdy m\u016f\u017eete ztratit konfiguraci, lep\u0161\u00ed je prov\u00e1d\u011bt z\u00e1lohy pravideln\u011b a o tom v\u016fbec nep\u0159em\u00fd\u0161let. Krom\u011b toho m\u016f\u017ee pravideln\u00e1 z\u00e1loha b\u00fdt velmi u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1 p\u0159i kontrole zm\u011bn.<\/p>\n<p><b>D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9! Vytv\u00e1\u0159ejte z\u00e1lohu denn\u011b. Nen\u00ed to tak velk\u00fd objem dat, abyste na tom \u0161et\u0159ili. R\u00e1no by m\u011bl pov\u011b\u0159en\u00fd in\u017een\u00fdr (nebo vy) dost\u00e1vat zpr\u00e1vu od syst\u00e9mu, kter\u00e1 jasn\u011b uv\u00e1d\u00ed, zda byla z\u00e1loha \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e1 nebo ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e1, a v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 z\u00e1lohy by m\u011bl b\u00fdt probl\u00e9m vy\u0159e\u0161en nebo by m\u011bl b\u00fdt vytvo\u0159en tiket (viz procesy s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9ho odd\u011blen\u00ed). <\/b><\/p>\n<h2>Verze softwaru<\/h2>\n<p>\nOt\u00e1zka, zda prov\u00e1d\u011bt upgrade softwaru hardwaru, nen\u00ed jednozna\u010dn\u00e1. Na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b star\u00e9 verze obsahuj\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00e9 chyby a zranitelnosti, ale na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b nov\u00fd software nen\u00ed v\u017edy bezprobl\u00e9mov\u00fd proces upgradu a nav\u00edc p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed nov\u00e9 chyby a zranitelnosti.<\/p>\n<p>Je t\u0159eba naj\u00edt optim\u00e1ln\u00ed variantu. N\u011bkolik z\u0159ejm\u00fdch doporu\u010den\u00ed<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>instalujte pouze stabiln\u00ed verze<\/li>\n<li>p\u0159esto nen\u00ed dobr\u00e9 \u017e\u00edt na \u00fapln\u011b star\u00fdch verz\u00edch softwaru<\/li>\n<li>sestavte tabulku s informacemi, kde jak\u00fd software je nainstalov\u00e1n<\/li>\n<li>pravideln\u011b \u010dt\u011bte zpr\u00e1vy o zranitelnostech a chyb\u00e1ch v verz\u00edch softwaru a v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b kritick\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f zva\u017ete upgrade<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nV t\u00e9to f\u00e1zi, s konzolov\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edstupem k za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, informacemi o podpo\u0159e a popisem postupu upgradu, jste v z\u00e1sad\u011b p\u0159ipraveni na tento krok. Ide\u00e1ln\u00ed je, kdy\u017e m\u00e1te laboratorn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kde m\u016f\u017eete otestovat cel\u00fd postup, ale bohu\u017eel to nen\u00ed \u010dast\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b kritick\u00e9ho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed se m\u016f\u017eete obr\u00e1tit na podporu dodavatele s \u017e\u00e1dost\u00ed o pomoc p\u0159i prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed upgradu.<\/p>\n<h2>Tiketov\u00fd syst\u00e9m<\/h2>\n<p>\nNyn\u00ed se m\u016f\u017eete rozhl\u00e9dnout kolem. Mus\u00edte nastavit procesy interakce s jin\u00fdmi odd\u011blen\u00edmi a uvnit\u0159 odd\u011blen\u00ed. <\/p>\n<p>Mo\u017en\u00e1 to nen\u00ed povinn\u00e9 (nap\u0159\u00edklad pokud je va\u0161e firma mal\u00e1), ale velmi doporu\u010duji organizovat pr\u00e1ci tak, aby v\u0161echny extern\u00ed a intern\u00ed \u00fakoly proch\u00e1zely tiketov\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem.<\/p>\n<p>Tiketov\u00fd syst\u00e9m je v podstat\u011b v\u00e1\u0161 rozhran\u00ed pro intern\u00ed a extern\u00ed komunikaci a m\u011bli byste dostate\u010dn\u011b detailn\u011b popsat toto rozhran\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Poj\u010fme si pro p\u0159\u00edklad vz\u00edt d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd a \u010dasto se vyskytuj\u00edc\u00ed \u00fakol otev\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupu. Pop\u00ed\u0161u algoritmus, kter\u00fd v\u00fdborn\u011b fungoval v jedn\u00e9 z firem.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>P\u0159\u00edklad<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Za\u010dneme s t\u00edm, \u017ee \u010dasto klienti formuluj\u00ed sv\u00e1 p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed nepochopiteln\u00fdm jazykem pro s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9ho in\u017een\u00fdra, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b jazykem aplikace, nap\u0159\u00edklad: \u201eotev\u0159ete mi p\u0159\u00edstup do 1C\u201c. <\/p>\n<p>Proto nikdy nep\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1me \u017e\u00e1dosti p\u0159\u00edmo od takov\u00fdch u\u017eivatel\u016f. <br \/>\nA to bylo prvn\u00ed po\u017eadavek.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u017d\u00e1dosti o poskytnut\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup\u016f mus\u00ed p\u0159ich\u00e1zet od technick\u00fdch odd\u011blen\u00ed (v na\u0161em p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b to byli unix, windows a helpdesk in\u017een\u00fd\u0159i).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nDruh\u00fdm po\u017eadavkem je, \u017ee <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>tento p\u0159\u00edstup mus\u00ed b\u00fdt zdokumentov\u00e1n (technick\u00fdm odd\u011blen\u00edm, od kter\u00e9ho jsme obdr\u017eeli tuto \u017e\u00e1dost) a jako \u017e\u00e1dost dostaneme odkaz na tento zdokumentovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nForma t\u00e9to \u017e\u00e1dosti by m\u011bla b\u00fdt n\u00e1m jasn\u00e1, tedy <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u017e\u00e1dost by m\u011bla obsahovat informace o tom, z jak\u00e9 a do jak\u00e9 pods\u00edt\u011b by m\u011bl b\u00fdt p\u0159\u00edstup otev\u0159en, stejn\u011b jako o protokolu a (v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b tcp\/udp) portech.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nTak\u00e9 by m\u011blo b\u00fdt uvedeno <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>popis pro co je tento p\u0159\u00edstup otev\u00edr\u00e1n,<\/li>\n<li>do\u010dasn\u00fd nebo trval\u00fd (pokud je do\u010dasn\u00fd, tak do jak\u00e9ho data).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nA velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd bod jsou schv\u00e1len\u00ed<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>od vedouc\u00edho odd\u011blen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 iniciovalo p\u0159\u00edstup (nap\u0159\u00edklad \u00fa\u010detnictv\u00ed),<\/li>\n<li>od vedouc\u00edho technick\u00e9ho odd\u011blen\u00ed, odkud tato \u017e\u00e1dost p\u0159i\u0161la do s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9ho odd\u011blen\u00ed (nap\u0159\u00edklad helpdesk).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nP\u0159itom \"majitelem\" tohoto p\u0159\u00edstupu je vedouc\u00ed odd\u011blen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstup iniciovalo (\u00fa\u010detnictv\u00ed v na\u0161em p\u0159\u00edkladu), a je zodpov\u011bdn\u00fd za to, aby str\u00e1nka se zdokumentovan\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edstupy pro toto odd\u011blen\u00ed z\u016fstala aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Logov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n<p>\nTo je n\u011bco, v \u010dem se m\u016f\u017eete utopit. Ale pokud chcete implementovat proaktivn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup, mus\u00edte se nau\u010dit vyrovnat se s t\u00edmto tokem dat.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Zde je n\u011bkolik praktick\u00fdch doporu\u010den\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>logy je t\u0159eba kontrolovat denn\u011b.<\/li>\n<li>v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pl\u00e1novan\u00e9ho prohl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed (a nikoli havarijn\u00ed situace) se m\u016f\u017ee omezit na \u00farovn\u011b z\u00e1va\u017enosti (severity) 0, 1, 2 a p\u0159idat vybran\u00e9 vzory z jin\u00fdch \u00farovn\u00ed, pokud to pova\u017eujete za nutn\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li>napi\u0161te skript, kter\u00fd parsuje logy a ignoruje ty logy, jejich\u017e vzory jste p\u0159idali do ignorovac\u00edho seznamu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nTento p\u0159\u00edstup v\u00e1m v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu umo\u017en\u00ed sestavit ignorovac\u00ed seznam log\u016f, kter\u00e9 v\u00e1s nezaj\u00edmaj\u00ed, a ponechat pouze ty, kter\u00e9 pova\u017eujete za opravdu d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9.<br \/>\nU n\u00e1s to v\u00fdborn\u011b fungovalo.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Monitoring<\/h2>\n<p>\nNen\u00ed neobvykl\u00e9, kdy\u017e ve spole\u010dnosti chyb\u00ed syst\u00e9m monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed. M\u016f\u017eete nap\u0159\u00edklad spol\u00e9hat na protokoly, ale za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee jednodu\u0161e \"zem\u0159\u00edt\", ani\u017e by se sta\u010dilo \"vyj\u00e1d\u0159it\", nebo se m\u016f\u017ee ztratit UDP paket protokolu syslog a nedorazit. Obecn\u011b plat\u00ed, \u017ee aktivn\u00ed monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 a pot\u0159ebn\u00e9.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Dva nej\u017e\u00e1dan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklady z m\u00e9 praxe:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed komunika\u010dn\u00edch kan\u00e1l\u016f, kritick\u00fdch spojen\u00ed (nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159ipojen\u00ed k poskytovatel\u016fm). Umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed proaktivn\u011b vid\u011bt potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed probl\u00e9m degradace slu\u017eby kv\u016fli ztr\u00e1t\u011b provozu a t\u00edm se mu vyhnout.<\/li>\n<li>grafy, vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 na z\u00e1klad\u011b NetFlow. Umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed snadno nal\u00e9zt anom\u00e1lie v provozu a jsou velmi u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 p\u0159i odhalov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch jednoduch\u00fdch, ale z\u00e1sadn\u00edch typ\u016f hackersk\u00fdch \u00fatok\u016f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\n<b>D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9! Nastavte SMS ozn\u00e1men\u00ed pro nejkriti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ud\u00e1losti. T\u00fdk\u00e1 se to jak monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed, tak logov\u00e1n\u00ed. Pokud nem\u00e1te pohotovostn\u00ed sm\u011bnu, SMS by m\u011bly tak\u00e9 chodit i po pracovn\u00ed dob\u011b. <\/b><\/p>\n<p>Promyslete proces tak, aby nebudil v\u0161echny in\u017een\u00fdry. U n\u00e1s pro to byl pohotovostn\u00ed in\u017een\u00fdr.<\/p>\n<h2>Kontrola zm\u011bn<\/h2>\n<p>\nPodle m\u00e9ho n\u00e1zoru nen\u00ed nutn\u00e9 kontrolovat v\u0161echny zm\u011bny. Ale v ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b byste m\u011bli m\u00edt mo\u017enost snadno zjistit, kdo a pro\u010d provedl ur\u010dit\u00e9 zm\u011bny v s\u00edti, pokud je to pot\u0159eba. <\/p>\n<blockquote><p>N\u011bkolik tip\u016f:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>pou\u017e\u00edvejte ticketov\u00fd syst\u00e9m pro podrobn\u00e9 popisov\u00e1n\u00ed toho, co bylo ud\u011bl\u00e1no v r\u00e1mci tohoto ticketu, nap\u0159\u00edklad kop\u00edrov\u00e1n\u00edm aplikovan\u00e9 konfigurace do ticketu<\/li>\n<li>vyu\u017eijte mo\u017enosti koment\u00e1\u0159\u016f na s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9m za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed (nap\u0159\u00edklad commit comment na Juniper). M\u016f\u017eete zapsat \u010d\u00edslo ticketu<\/li>\n<li>pou\u017e\u00edvejte diff va\u0161ich z\u00e1loh konfigurac\u00ed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nM\u016f\u017eete to zav\u00e9st jako proces, kdy\u017e ka\u017ed\u00fd den prohl\u00ed\u017e\u00edte v\u0161echny tickety na zm\u011bny.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Procesy<\/h2>\n<p>\nMus\u00edte formalizovat a popsat procesy ve va\u0161em t\u00fdmu. Pokud jste se dostali a\u017e sem, ve va\u0161em t\u00fdmu by ji\u017e m\u011bly fungovat minim\u00e1ln\u011b n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed procesy:<\/p>\n<p>Denn\u00ed procesy:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>pr\u00e1ce s tickety<\/li>\n<li>pr\u00e1ce s logy<\/li>\n<li>kontrola zm\u011bn<\/li>\n<li>denn\u00ed checklist<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nRo\u010dn\u00ed procesy:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>prodlou\u017een\u00ed z\u00e1ruk, licenc\u00ed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nAsynchronn\u00ed procesy:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>reakce na r\u016fzn\u00e9 nouzov\u00e9 situace<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Z\u00e1v\u011br prvn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti<\/h2>\n<p>\nN\u011bjak jste si nev\u0161imli, \u017ee tohle v\u0161echno nen\u00ed o konfiguraci s\u00edt\u011b, designu, s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00fdch protokolech, routov\u00e1n\u00ed ani bezpe\u010dnosti... Je to n\u011bco kolem. A\u010dkoliv to m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nudn\u00e9, jsou to samoz\u0159ejm\u011b velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 prvky fungov\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9ho odd\u011blen\u00ed. <\/p>\n<p>Zat\u00edm, jak vid\u00edte, jste ve sv\u00e9 s\u00edti nic nevylep\u0161ili. Pokud existovaly bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed zranitelnosti, z\u016fstaly tam, pokud byl design \u0161patn\u00fd, z\u016fstal \u0161patn\u00fd. Dokud neuplatn\u00edte sv\u00e9 dovednosti a znalosti s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9ho in\u017een\u00fdra, na kter\u00e9 pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b padlo velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed \u010dasu, \u00fasil\u00ed a n\u011bkdy i pen\u011bz. Ale nejprve je t\u0159eba vytvo\u0159it (nebo pos\u00edlit) z\u00e1klad, a pak se teprve pustit do stavby.<\/p>\n<p>O tom, jak hledat a odstra\u0148ovat chyby, a posl\u00e9ze zlep\u0161ovat va\u0161i infrastrukturu \u2013 o tom budou n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti.<\/p>\n<p>Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b nen\u00ed nutn\u00e9 d\u011blat v\u0161e postupn\u011b. \u010cas m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt kritick\u00fd. D\u011blejte to paraleln\u011b, pokud to zdroje dovol\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>A d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 upozorn\u011bn\u00ed. Komunikujte, ptejte se, pora\u010fte se se sv\u00fdm t\u00fdmem. Koneckonc\u016f, oni to v\u0161echno budou udr\u017eovat a d\u011blat.<br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/433614\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u00ab\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u0437\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0438\u043d\u0444\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c\u00bb. \u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c. \u0412\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c. \u041c\u043d\u0435, \u043a \u0441\u043e\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a \u0441\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445. 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