{"id":31090,"date":"2019-10-31T21:39:22","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:39:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/steganografiya-mimo-fajlov-pryachem-dannye-pryamo-v-sektorah\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:39:22","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:39:22","slug":"steganografiya-mimo-fajlov-pryachem-dannye-pryamo-v-sektorah","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/steganografiya-mimo-fajlov-pryachem-dannye-pryamo-v-sektorah","title":{"rendered":"Steganografie bez soubor\u016f: skr\u00fdv\u00e1me data p\u0159\u00edmo v sektorech","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<h3>Mal\u00e9 \u00favodn\u00ed slovo<\/h3>\n<p>\nSteganografie, pokud si n\u011bkdo nepamatuje, je skr\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed v n\u011bjak\u00fdch kontejnerech. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v obr\u00e1zc\u00edch (bylo to projedn\u00e1no <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/112976\/\">tady<\/a><\/noindex> a <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/128327\/\">tady<\/a><\/noindex>). Tak\u00e9 je mo\u017en\u00e9 skr\u00fdt data v syst\u00e9mov\u00fdch tabulk\u00e1ch souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu (o tom se psalo <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/347604\/\">tady<\/a><\/noindex>), a dokonce <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/60726\/\">v syst\u00e9mov\u00fdch paketech protokolu TCP<\/a><\/noindex>. Bohu\u017eel, v\u0161echny tyto metody maj\u00ed jednu nev\u00fdhodu: abychom mohli nen\u00e1padn\u011b \"vkl\u00e1dat\" informace do kontejneru, pot\u0159ebujeme slo\u017eit\u00e9 algoritmy, kter\u00e9 zohled\u0148uj\u00ed vlastnosti vnit\u0159n\u00ed struktury kontejneru. A s odolnost\u00ed kontejneru v\u016f\u010di manipulac\u00edm vznikaj\u00ed probl\u00e9my: nap\u0159\u00edklad, pokud m\u00edrn\u011b uprav\u00edme obr\u00e1zek, skryt\u00e9 informace se ztrat\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Je mo\u017en\u00e9 n\u011bjak se obej\u00edt bez slo\u017eit\u00fdch algoritm\u016f a jemn\u00fdch manipulac\u00ed s daty a p\u0159itom zajistit funk\u010dnost kontejneru a p\u0159ijatelnou \u00farove\u0148 ochrany skryt\u00fdch dat? Odpov\u011b\u010f je \u2014 ano, je to mo\u017en\u00e9! A dokonce navrhnu utilitu.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h3>Krveprolit\u00ed podrobnost\u00ed metody<\/h3>\n<p>\nHlavn\u00ed my\u0161lenka je jednoduch\u00e1 jako \u00fader kladivem do hlavy: na disku jsou oblasti, do kter\u00fdch opera\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m nikdy nepisuje (nebo p\u00ed\u0161e ve vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech). Abychom nemuseli tyto oblasti hledat slo\u017eit\u00fdmi algoritmy, vyu\u017eijeme redundanci \u2014 to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee na\u0161i skrytou informaci mnohokr\u00e1t zkop\u00edrujeme po v\u0161ech sektorech disku. Pot\u00e9 m\u016f\u017eeme p\u0159\u00edmo nad t\u00edmto ve\u0161ker\u00fdm p\u0159epychu vytv\u00e1\u0159et pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 odd\u00edly, form\u00e1tovat souborov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my, zapisovat soubory a instalovat opera\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9my \u2014 stejn\u011b \u010d\u00e1st tajn\u00fdch dat z\u016fstane zachov\u00e1na a d\u00e1 se extrahovat, a mnohon\u00e1sobn\u00e1 redundance n\u00e1m pom\u016f\u017ee slo\u017eit z kousk\u016f p\u016fvodn\u00ed celek.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdhoda t\u00e9to metody je z\u0159ejm\u00e1: nez\u00e1vis\u00edme ani na form\u00e1tu soubor\u016f, ani na typu pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9ho souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n<p>Nev\u00fdhody jsou tak\u00e9, mysl\u00edm, z\u0159ejm\u00e9:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tajn\u00e9 \u00fadaje bude mo\u017en\u00e9 zm\u011bnit pouze \u00fapln\u00fdm p\u0159eops\u00e1n\u00edm cel\u00e9ho disku, s n\u00e1sledn\u00fdm obnoven\u00edm viditeln\u00e9ho obsahu pro u\u017eivatele. P\u0159itom nelze pou\u017e\u00edvat software, kter\u00fd obnovuje disk z obrazu: obnov\u00ed i p\u0159edchoz\u00ed tajn\u00e9 \u00fadaje.<\/li>\n<li>\u010c\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed je objem tajn\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f, t\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed je pravd\u011bpodobnost ztr\u00e1ty \u010d\u00e1sti informac\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>Extrakce dat z disku m\u016f\u017ee trvat hodn\u011b \u010dasu. Od n\u011bkolika minut do n\u011bkolika dn\u00ed (modern\u00ed disky jsou v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nTe\u010f p\u0159ejdeme k detail\u016fm.<\/p>\n<p>Je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee pokud jen tak rozlo\u017e\u00edme tajn\u00e9 \u00fadaje po cel\u00e9m disku, budou skryty pouze p\u0159ed neozbrojen\u00fdm okem. Pokud v\u0161ak ozbroj\u00edme pohled, \u0159ekn\u011bme, diskov\u00fdm editorem, data se uk\u00e1\u017e\u00ed v cel\u00e9 sv\u00e9 kr\u00e1se. Proto by bylo dobr\u00e9, data za\u0161ifrovat, aby se ne\u0159e\u0161ila. \u0160ifrovat budeme jednodu\u0161e, ale s vkusem: podle algoritmu aes256-cbc. Kl\u00ed\u010d pro \u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed se zept\u00e1me u\u017eivatele, a\u0165 si vymysl\u00ed dobr\u00e9 heslo.<\/p>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00ed ot\u00e1zka spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, jak odli\u0161it \"spr\u00e1vn\u00e1\" data od po\u0161kozen\u00fdch. S t\u00edm n\u00e1m pom\u016f\u017ee kontroln\u00ed sou\u010det, ale ne ledajak\u00fd, n\u00fdbr\u017e SHA1. Pro git je dostate\u010dn\u011b dobr\u00fd, a tedy se hod\u00ed i n\u00e1m. Rozhodnuto: opat\u0159\u00edme ka\u017edou ulo\u017eenou informaci kontroln\u00edm sou\u010dtem, a pokud se po de\u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed shoduje, znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee de\u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed prob\u011bhlo \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Tak\u00e9 budeme ur\u010dit\u011b pot\u0159ebovat \u010d\u00edslo fragmentu a celkovou d\u00e9lku tajn\u00fdch dat. \u010c\u00edslo fragmentu \u2014 abychom sledovali, kter\u00e9 kousky jsme ji\u017e de\u0161ifrovali, a kter\u00e9 zb\u00fdvaj\u00ed. Celkov\u00e1 d\u00e9lka se n\u00e1m hod\u00ed p\u0159i zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed posledn\u00edho fragmentu, abychom nenapsali zbyte\u010dn\u00e9 \u00fadaje (to jest padding). A kdy\u017e u\u017e se n\u00e1m stejn\u011b chyst\u00e1 hlavi\u010dka, p\u0159id\u00e1me tam n\u00e1zev tajn\u00e9ho souboru. Ten n\u00e1m bude u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fd po de\u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed, abychom nevykon\u00e1vali zbyte\u010dn\u00e9 \u00favahy o tom, \u010d\u00edm ho otev\u0159\u00edt.<\/p>\n<h3>Otestujeme metodu v praxi.<\/h3>\n<p>\nK testov\u00e1n\u00ed vezmeme nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed m\u00e9dium \u2014 flash disk. M\u00e1m star\u00fd, 1 GB, co\u017e se pro experimenty dost hod\u00ed. Pokud v\u00e1m, stejn\u011b jako mn\u011b, napadlo, \u017ee se nebudete tr\u00e1pit s fyzick\u00fdmi m\u00e9dii, ale otestujete to na souboru \u2014 obraze disku, tak hned \u0159eknu: to nebude fungovat. P\u0159i form\u00e1tov\u00e1n\u00ed takov\u00e9ho \u201edisku\u201c Linux vytvo\u0159\u00ed soubor znovu a v\u0161echny nevyu\u017eit\u00e9 sektory budou vypln\u011bny nulami.<\/p>\n<p>Jako stroj s Linuxem, bohu\u017eel, jsem musel pou\u017e\u00edt meteostanici na Raspberry Pi 3, co le\u017eela na balkon\u011b. Pam\u011bti tam nen\u00ed mnoho, tak\u017ee velk\u00e9 soubory schov\u00e1vat nebudeme. Omez\u00edme se na maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed velikost 10 megabajt\u016f. P\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mal\u00e9 soubory tak\u00e9 nem\u00e1 smysl skr\u00fdvat: utilitka p\u00ed\u0161e data na disk po 4 kB klastrech. Proto se dole omez\u00edme na soubor o velikosti 3 kB \u2014 ten se vejde do jednoho takov\u00e9ho klastru.<\/p>\n<p>S flash diskem se budeme zab\u00fdvat postupn\u011b, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e po ka\u017ed\u00e9m kroku zkontrolujeme, zda je skryt\u00e1 informace \u010diteln\u00e1:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Rychl\u00e9 form\u00e1tov\u00e1n\u00ed ve form\u00e1tu FAT16 se velikost\u00ed clusteru 16 kB. To je to, co nab\u00edz\u00ed Windows 7 s flashdiskem, na kter\u00e9m chyb\u00ed souborov\u00fd syst\u00e9m.<\/li>\n<li>Zapl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed flashdisku r\u016fzn\u00fdm odpadem na 50 %.<\/li>\n<li>Zapl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed flashdisku r\u016fzn\u00fdm odpadem na 100 %.<\/li>\n<li>\u201eDlouh\u00e9\u201c form\u00e1tov\u00e1n\u00ed ve form\u00e1tu FAT16 (s p\u0159eps\u00e1n\u00edm v\u0161eho).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nPrvn\u00ed dva testy skon\u010dily o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00fdm v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00edm: utilita dok\u00e1zala \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b vyt\u00e1hnout 10 megabajt\u016f tajn\u00fdch dat z flashdisku. Po tom, co byl flashdisk zcela napln\u011bn soubory, v\u0161ak do\u0161lo k chyb\u011b:<\/p>\n<p><code>Celkov\u00e9 p\u0159e\u010dten\u00e9 shluky: 250752, de\u0161ifrovan\u00e9: 158<br \/>\nCHYBA: nelze zapisovat ne\u00fapln\u00fd secretFile<\/code><\/p>\n<p>Jak vid\u00edme, poda\u0159ilo se \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b de\u0161ifrovat pouze 158 cluster\u016f (632 kB surov\u00fdch dat, co\u017e d\u00e1v\u00e1 636424 bajt\u016f u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee). Je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee zde nelze nasb\u00edrat 10 megabajt\u016f, a mezi t\u011bmito clustery jsou zjevn\u011b duplicity. Dokonce 1 megabajt takto ji\u017e neobnov\u00edme. Ale m\u016f\u017eeme zaru\u010dit, \u017ee 3 kB tajn\u00fdch dat obnov\u00edme z flashdisku i po jeho naform\u00e1tov\u00e1n\u00ed a op\u011btovn\u00e9m napln\u011bn\u00ed. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b experimenty ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee z takov\u00e9ho flashdisku je zcela mo\u017en\u00e9 vyt\u00e1hnout soubor o velikosti 120 kB.<\/p>\n<p>Posledn\u00ed test bohu\u017eel uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee flashdisk byl zcela p\u0159eps\u00e1n:<\/p>\n<p><code>$ sudo .\\\/steganodisk -p password \\\/dev\\\/sda<br \/>\nVelikost za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed: 250752 klastry<br \/>\n250700 99%<br \/>\nCelkov\u00fd po\u010det p\u0159e\u010dten\u00fdch cluster\u016f: 250752, de\u0161ifrov\u00e1no: 0<br \/>\nCHYBA: nelze zapisovat ne\u00fapln\u00fd secretFile<br \/>\n<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd cluster nez\u016fstal... Je to smutn\u00e9, ale ne tragick\u00e9! Zkus\u00edme p\u0159ed form\u00e1tov\u00e1n\u00edm vytvo\u0159it na flashdisku odd\u00edl a v n\u011bm souborov\u00fd syst\u00e9m. Mimochodem, p\u0159i\u0161el z v\u00fdroby pr\u00e1v\u011b s takov\u00fdm form\u00e1tov\u00e1n\u00edm, tak\u017ee ned\u011bl\u00e1me nic podez\u0159el\u00e9ho.<br \/>\nBylo celkem o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9, \u017ee dostupn\u00e9 m\u00edsto na flashdisku se m\u00edrn\u011b zmen\u0161ilo.<\/p>\n<p>Tak\u00e9 bylo celkem o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9, \u017ee 10 megabajt\u016f se p\u0159ece jen nepoda\u0159ilo skr\u00fdt na zcela zapln\u011bn\u00e9m disku. Ale nyn\u00ed se po\u010det \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b de\u0161ifrovan\u00fdch cluster\u016f zv\u00fd\u0161il v\u00edce ne\u017e dvakr\u00e1t!<\/p>\n<p><code>Celkov\u00fd po\u010det p\u0159e\u010dten\u00fdch cluster\u016f: 250752, de\u0161ifrovan\u00fdch: 405<\/code><\/p>\n<p>Megabajty, bohu\u017eel, nelze slo\u017eit z kousk\u016f, ale 200 kilobajt\u016f bez probl\u00e9m\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>A zpr\u00e1va o posledn\u00edm, 4. testu, tentokr\u00e1t radostn\u00e1: \u00fapln\u00e9 form\u00e1tov\u00e1n\u00ed takov\u00e9ho flashdisku nevedlo k zni\u010den\u00ed v\u0161ech informac\u00ed! 120 kB tajn\u00fdch dat se skv\u011ble ve\u0161lo do nevyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9ho prostoru.<\/p>\n<p>Souhrnn\u00e1 tabulka testov\u00e1n\u00ed:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Steganografie bez soubor\u016f: skr\u00fdv\u00e1me data p\u0159\u00edmo v sektorech\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/dd386ca1f39808d6c7af85a310334629.bmp\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3>Trochu teoretizov\u00e1n\u00ed: o voln\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b a nevyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch sektorech<\/h3>\n<p>\nPokud jste n\u011bkdy rozd\u011blili pevn\u00fd disk na odd\u00edly, mohli jste si v\u0161imnout, \u017ee nen\u00ed v\u017edy mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159id\u011blit ve\u0161ker\u00e9 voln\u00e9 m\u00edsto na disku. Prvn\u00ed odd\u00edl obvykle za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 s ur\u010dit\u00fdm odstupem (obvykle to je 1 megabajt, nebo 2048 sektor\u016f). Za posledn\u00edm odd\u00edlem tak\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee z\u016fstat mal\u00fd \"oc\u00e1sek\" z nevyu\u017eit\u00fdch sektor\u016f. A mezi odd\u00edly n\u011bkdy z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed mezery, i kdy\u017e ne \u010dasto.<\/p>\n<p>Jin\u00fdmi slovy, na disku existuj\u00ed sektory, ke kter\u00fdm nen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup p\u0159i b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed disku, ale data do t\u011bchto sektor\u016f je mo\u017en\u00e9 zapsat! A tedy i p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst. S p\u0159ihl\u00e9dnut\u00edm k tomu, \u017ee zde existuje je\u0161t\u011b tabulka odd\u00edl\u016f a zav\u00e1d\u011bc\u00ed k\u00f3d, kter\u00e9 jsou um\u00edst\u011bny pr\u00e1v\u011b v pr\u00e1zdn\u00e9 oblasti na za\u010d\u00e1tku disku.<\/p>\n<p>Odvrhn\u011bme na chv\u00edli odd\u00edly a pod\u00edvejme se na disk z v\u00fd\u0161ky, tak\u0159\u00edkaj\u00edc, pta\u010d\u00ed perspektivy. M\u00e1me na disku pr\u00e1zdn\u00fd odd\u00edl. Vytvo\u0159\u00edme v n\u011bm souborov\u00fd syst\u00e9m. M\u016f\u017eeme \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 sektory na disku z\u016fstaly nezapsan\u00e9?<\/p>\n<p>A-a-a \u2014 bubnov\u00e1n\u00ed! Odpov\u011b\u010f bude t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u017edy \u2014 ano! V\u017edy\u0165 ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f se vytvo\u0159en\u00ed souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu z\u010d\u00e1sti soust\u0159ed\u00ed na z\u00e1pis pouze n\u011bkolika blok\u016f provozn\u00edch informac\u00ed na disk, zat\u00edmco obsah odd\u00edlu se jinak m\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>A tak\u00e9 \u2014 \u010dist\u011b empiricky \u2014 lze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee souborov\u00fd syst\u00e9m nem\u016f\u017ee v\u017edy obsadit ve\u0161ker\u00e9 vyhrazen\u00e9 m\u00edsto a\u017e do posledn\u00edho sektoru. Nap\u0159\u00edklad souborov\u00fd syst\u00e9m FAT16 s velikost\u00ed clusteru 64 kilobajt\u016f o\u010dividn\u011b nem\u016f\u017ee pln\u011b obsadit odd\u00edl o velikosti, kter\u00e1 nen\u00ed n\u00e1sobkem 64 kilobajt\u016f. Na konci takov\u00e9ho odd\u00edlu z\u016fstane \"oc\u00e1sek\" n\u011bkolika sektor\u016f, kter\u00fd nebude k dispozici pro ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed u\u017eivatelsk\u00fdch dat. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b toto p\u0159edpoklady nebylo experiment\u00e1ln\u011b potvrzeno.<\/p>\n<p>Tak\u017ee, abychom maximalizovali m\u00edsto dostupn\u00e9 pro steganogram, je t\u0159eba pou\u017e\u00edt souborov\u00fd syst\u00e9m s v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed velikost\u00ed clusteru. M\u016f\u017eete tak\u00e9 vytvo\u0159it odd\u00edl, i kdy\u017e to nen\u00ed nutn\u00e9 (nap\u0159\u00edklad na flash disku). Vytv\u00e1\u0159et pr\u00e1zdn\u00e9 odd\u00edly nebo nech\u00e1vat nevyu\u017eit\u00e9 oblasti nen\u00ed nutn\u00e9 \u2014 to p\u0159it\u00e1hne pozornost zv\u011bdav\u00fdch ob\u010dan\u016f.<\/p>\n<h3>N\u00e1stroj pro experimenty<\/h3>\n<p>\nZdroje n\u00e1stroje si m\u016f\u017eete osahat <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/dishather\/steganodisk\">zde<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Pro sestaven\u00ed bude pot\u0159eba Qt verze 5.0 a vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed a OpenSSL. Pokud n\u011bco nejde sestavit \u2014 mo\u017en\u00e1 budete muset upravit soubor steganodisk.pro.<\/p>\n<p>M\u016f\u017eete zm\u011bnit velikost clusteru z 4 KB na, dejme tomu, 512 bajt\u016f (v secretfile.h). P\u0159itom se zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1klady na spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 informace: hlavi\u010dka a kontroln\u00ed sou\u010det zab\u00edraj\u00ed fixn\u00edch 68 bajt\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Utility je t\u0159eba spou\u0161t\u011bt samoz\u0159ejm\u011b s pr\u00e1vy u\u017eivatele root, a to s opatrnost\u00ed. Nebudou \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 dotazy p\u0159ed p\u0159eps\u00e1n\u00edm uveden\u00e9ho souboru nebo za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed!<\/p>\n<p>U\u017eijte si to.<br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/447028\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0421\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0442, \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0430\u0445 (\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0438 \u0442\u0443\u0442). \u041c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0445 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b (\u043e\u0431 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0442\u0443\u0442), \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 TCP. \u041a \u0441\u043e\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u0443 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043a: \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e \u00ab\u0432\u043a\u0440\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c\u00bb \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0432 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":23060,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-31090","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0435 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