{"id":31240,"date":"2019-10-31T21:40:13","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:40:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/linux-quest-pozdravlyaem-pobeditelej-i-rasskazyvaem-pro-resheniya-zadanij\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:40:13","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:40:13","slug":"linux-quest-pozdravlyaem-pobeditelej-i-rasskazyvaem-pro-resheniya-zadanij","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/linux-quest-pozdravlyaem-pobeditelej-i-rasskazyvaem-pro-resheniya-zadanij","title":{"rendered":"Linux Quest. Gratulujeme v\u00edt\u011bz\u016fm a mluv\u00edme o \u0159e\u0161en\u00edch \u00fakol\u016f.","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Linux Quest. Gratulujeme v\u00edt\u011bz\u016fm a mluv\u00edme o \u0159e\u0161en\u00edch \u00fakol\u016f.\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/a8c28d0ba562680119475609a56136d6.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n25. b\u0159ezna jsme otev\u0159eli registraci na <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/linux.mail.ru\">Linux Quest<\/a><\/noindex>, to je hra pro milovn\u00edky a znalce opera\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu Linux. N\u011bco m\u00e1lo statistik: na hru se zaregistrovalo 1117 lid\u00ed, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e 317 na\u0161lo alespo\u0148 jeden kl\u00ed\u010d, 241 \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b zvl\u00e1dlo \u00fakol prvn\u00edho kola, 123 druh\u00e9ho a 70 pro\u0161lo t\u0159et\u00edm kolem. Dnes na\u0161e hra skon\u010dila a gratulujeme na\u0161im v\u00edt\u011bz\u016fm! <br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Prvn\u00ed m\u00edsto obsadil Alexander Telydekov.<\/b><br \/>\nAlexander o sob\u011b \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee je typick\u00fd sysadmin. \u017dije ve Volgogradu a ji\u017e dvacet let spravuje r\u016fzn\u00e9 unixov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my. M\u011bl mo\u017enost pracovat u internetov\u00fdch poskytovatel\u016f, v bance a u syst\u00e9mov\u00e9ho integr\u00e1tora. Nyn\u00ed pracuje na d\u00e1lku pro malou firmu a zab\u00fdv\u00e1 se cloudovou infrastrukturou pro velk\u00e9ho zahrani\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1kazn\u00edka. R\u00e1d \u010dte a poslouch\u00e1 hudbu. O h\u0159e Alexander \u0159ekl, \u017ee mu celkov\u011b l\u00edbila, r\u00e1d m\u00e1 takov\u00e9 \u00fakoly. V jedn\u00e9 z firem p\u0159i pohovoru \u0159e\u0161il n\u011bco podobn\u00e9ho jako Hackerrank, bylo to zaj\u00edmav\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><b>Druh\u00e9 m\u00edsto - Roman Suslov.<\/b><br \/>\nRoman je z Moskvy. Je mu 37 let. Pracuje jako Linux\/Unix in\u017een\u00fdr ve spole\u010dnosti \u201eInfosyst\u00e9my Jet\u201c. V pr\u00e1ci se v\u011bnuje spr\u00e1v\u011b a troubleshooting Linux\/Unix syst\u00e9m\u016f + SAN. M\u00e1 r\u016fzn\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy: linuxov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my, programov\u00e1n\u00ed, reverzn\u00ed in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed, informa\u010dn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost, Arduino. O h\u0159e Roman poznamenal, \u017ee mu celkov\u011b l\u00edbila. \u201eTrochu jsem si procvi\u010dil mozkov\u00e9 z\u00e1vity a odvr\u00e1til se od \u0161ed\u00e9 ka\u017edodenn\u00ed reality. \ud83d\ude42 R\u00e1d bych vid\u011bl v\u00edce \u00fakol\u016f, proto\u017ee kdy\u017e jsem se dostal do tematu, hra u\u017e skon\u010dila.\u201c<\/li>\n<li><b>T\u0159et\u00ed - alex3d.<\/b><br \/>\nAlex \u017eije v Moskv\u011b a zab\u00fdv\u00e1 se v\u00fdvojem software. \u201eD\u011bkuji za sout\u011b\u017e, bylo zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 otestovat sv\u00e9 dovednosti v google-fu.\u201c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nTak\u00e9 v \u017eeb\u0159\u00ed\u010dku 10 nejlep\u0161\u00edch hr\u00e1\u010d\u016f:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Yevgeniy Saldayev<\/li>\n<li>Markel Mohnachevsky<\/li>\n<li>Konstantin Konosov<\/li>\n<li>Pavel Sergeev<\/li>\n<li>Vladimir Bovaev<\/li>\n<li>Ivan Bubnov<\/li>\n<li>Pavlo Klets<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nCh\u00e1peme, \u017ee existuje mnoho zp\u016fsob\u016f, jak \u0159e\u0161it v\u0161echny na\u0161e \u00fakoly, n\u00ed\u017ee popisujeme n\u011bkter\u00e9 z mo\u017en\u00fdch \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. <\/p>\n<h3>1. Prvn\u00ed etapa <\/h3>\n<p>\nNazvali jsme ji \u201eOpravdu jsi admin?\u201c, proto\u017ee \u00fakol byl pom\u011brn\u011b jednoduch\u00fd - opravit tepl\u00fd lampov\u00fd servis.<\/p>\n<h4>1.1. Zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 fakta:<\/h4>\n<p>\nDva hr\u00e1\u010di na\u0161li prvn\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010d za prvn\u00edch 15 minut hry a b\u011bhem prvn\u00ed hodiny jsme m\u011bli t\u0159i l\u00eddry, kte\u0159\u00ed zvl\u00e1dli \u00fakol. <\/p>\n<h4>1.2. \u00dakol<\/h4>\n<p>\nNastoupil jsi do firmy, kde bylo dlouho bez kvalifikovan\u00e9ho specialisty na informa\u010dn\u00ed technologie. Ne\u017e za\u010dne\u0161 po\u0159\u00e1dat v\u011bci, je t\u0159eba vy\u0159e\u0161it nal\u00e9hav\u00fd probl\u00e9m, kter\u00fd br\u00e1n\u00ed chodu kancel\u00e1\u0159e.<\/p>\n<p>\u00dadr\u017eb\u00e1\u0159ka zavadila mopem o nap\u00e1jec\u00ed kabel serverov\u00e9ho sk\u0159\u00edn\u011b. Nap\u00e1jen\u00ed bylo obnoveno, ale velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 webov\u00e1 str\u00e1nka p\u0159esto nefunguje. Webov\u00e1 str\u00e1nka je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1, proto\u017ee spole\u010dnost se p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nezab\u00fdv\u00e1 informa\u010dn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost\u00ed, a lze tam na hlavn\u00ed str\u00e1nce naj\u00edt otev\u0159en\u011b heslo spr\u00e1vce po\u010d\u00edta\u010de \u0159editele.<\/p>\n<p>Ned\u00e1vno bylo heslo zm\u011bn\u011bno, ale nov\u00e9 v\u0161ichni zapomn\u011bli, \u0159editel nem\u016f\u017ee pracovat. \u0160\u00ed\u0159\u00ed se f\u00e1my, \u017ee v tomto stroji byly je\u0161t\u011b kl\u00ed\u010de, kter\u00e9 by n\u00e1m mohly pomoci p\u0159i de\u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1lohy \u00fa\u010detn\u00edch dokument\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>V\u0161ichni o\u010dek\u00e1vaj\u00ed rychl\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9mu!<\/p>\n<h4>1.3. \u0158e\u0161en\u00ed<\/h4>\n<p>\n1. Nejd\u0159\u00edve je t\u0159eba zm\u011bnit heslo root na virtu\u00e1ln\u00edm stroji, abychom z\u00edskali p\u0159\u00edstup. P\u0159i spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed si v\u0161imneme, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o Ubuntu 16.04 Server.<\/p>\n<p>Pro resetov\u00e1n\u00ed hesla root restartujeme stroj, p\u0159i startu, v momentu zobrazen\u00ed menu grub, p\u0159ejdeme na \u00fapravu polo\u017eky Ubuntu tla\u010d\u00edtkem \u201ee\u201c. Upravit \u0159\u00e1dek linux, p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1me na konec <code>init=\\\/bin\\\/bash<\/code>. Na\u010d\u00edt\u00e1me pomoc\u00ed Ctrl+x, dostaneme bash. P\u0159imontujeme ko\u0159en s rw, zm\u011bn\u00edme heslo:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ mount -o remount,rw \\\/dev\\\/mapper\\\/ubuntu--vg-root\n$ passwd<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nNezapom\u00edn\u00e1me na sync, restartujeme.<\/p>\n<p>2. Ve vyhl\u00e1\u0161ce se uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee n\u00e1m nefunguje webov\u00fd server, pod\u00edv\u00e1me se:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ curl localhost\nNot Found\nThe requested URL \\\/ was not found on this server.\nApache\\\/2.4.18 <\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nTo znamen\u00e1, \u017ee Apache je spu\u0161t\u011bn, ale odpov\u00edd\u00e1 k\u00f3dem 404. Pod\u00edv\u00e1me se na konfiguraci:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ vim \\\/etc\\\/apache2\\\/sites-enabled\\\/000-default.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nZde se nach\u00e1z\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010d \u2014 StevenPaulSteveJobs.<\/p>\n<p>Zkontrolujeme cestu <code>\/usr\/share\/WordPress<\/code> \u2014 takov\u00e1 neexistuje, ale existuje <code>\/usr\/share\/wordpress<\/code>. Opravit konfiguraci a restartovat apache.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ systemctl restart apache2<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n3. Zkus\u00edme to znovu, dostaneme chybu:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">Warning: mysqli_real_connect(): (HY000\\\/2002): Connection refused in \\\/usr\\\/share\\\/wordpress\\\/wp-includes\\\/wp-db.php on line 1488<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nDatab\u00e1ze nen\u00ed spu\u0161t\u011bna?<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ systemctl status mysql\nActive: active (running)<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nO co jde? Je nutn\u00e9 to prozkoumat. K tomu je t\u0159eba z\u00edskat p\u0159\u00edstup do MySQL, jak to ud\u011blat, je pops\u00e1no v <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/dev.mysql.com\/doc\/refman\/8.0\/en\/resetting-permissions.html\">dokumentaci<\/a><\/noindex>. Jeden z bod\u016f dokumentace n\u00e1m doporu\u010duje p\u0159idat volbu <code>skip-grant-tables<\/code> v <code>\/etc\/mysql\/mysql.conf.d\/mysqld.cnf<\/code>. Tak\u00e9 zde je kl\u00ed\u010d \u2014 AugustaAdaKingByron.<\/p>\n<p>Opravujeme pr\u00e1va u\u017eivateli <code>'wp'@'localhost'<\/code>. Spou\u0161t\u00edme MySQL, zp\u0159\u00edstup\u0148ujeme jej v s\u00edti t\u00edm, \u017ee v konfiguraci zakomentujeme volbu <code>skip-networking<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p>4. Po proveden\u00fdch kroc\u00edch se webov\u00fd server spou\u0161t\u00ed, ale str\u00e1nka st\u00e1le nefunguje, proto\u017ee <\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">Upozorn\u011bn\u00ed: require_once( \/usr\/share\/wordpress\/wp-content\/themes\/twentysixteen\/footer.php): otev\u0159en\u00ed streamu selhalo: P\u0159\u00edstup odep\u0159en v \/usr\/share\/wordpress\/wp-includes\/template.php na \u0159\u00e1dku 562<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nUpravujeme opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00ed k souboru.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ chmod 644 \/usr\/share\/wordpress\/wp-content\/themes\/twentysixteen\/footer.php\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nAktualizujeme str\u00e1nku, p\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00edme na web a hled\u00e1me kl\u00ed\u010d \u2014 BjarneStroustrup! Na\u0161li jsme v\u0161echny t\u0159i kl\u00ed\u010de, n\u00e1\u0161 \u0159editel m\u016f\u017ee pracovat, de\u0161ifrovali jsme \u00fa\u010detn\u00ed soubory. V\u0161ichni jsou \u0161\u0165astn\u00ed a p\u0159ed tebou je spousta pr\u00e1ce na zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed infrastruktury, z\u00e1loh a bezpe\u010dnosti ve firm\u011b. <\/p>\n<h3>2. Druh\u00e1 f\u00e1ze<\/h3>\n<p>\nBylo t\u0159eba vy\u0159e\u0161it \u00fakol ohledn\u011b sb\u011bru analytiky. Analytiku m\u00e1 r\u00e1do ka\u017ed\u00fd \u2014 kdo a odkud a v jak\u00fdch po\u010dtech chod\u00ed. Vymysleli jsme situaci, se kterou se mohou in\u017een\u00fd\u0159i v \u017eivot\u011b setkat v r\u016fzn\u00fdch podob\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<h4>2.1. Zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 fakta<\/h4>\n<p>\nJeden z na\u0161ich hr\u00e1\u010d\u016f zadal spr\u00e1vn\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d b\u011bhem prvn\u00edch 10 minut hry, a za prvn\u00ed hodinu jsme m\u011bli l\u00eddra, kter\u00fd \u00fakol zvl\u00e1dl.<\/p>\n<h4>2.2. \u00dakol<\/h4>\n<p>\nP\u0159ijde\u0161 do pr\u00e1ce do firmy, mana\u017ee\u0159i t\u011b po\u017e\u00e1daj\u00ed, abys zjistil, komu byly zas\u00edl\u00e1ny e-maily z Afriky. Je pot\u0159eba sestavit top-21 adres p\u0159\u00edjemc\u016f. Prvn\u00ed p\u00edsmena adres p\u0159\u00edjemc\u016f jsou kl\u00ed\u010d. Jen\u017ee: po\u0161tovn\u00ed server, p\u0159es kter\u00fd byly e-maily odesl\u00e1ny, se nena\u010d\u00edt\u00e1. V\u0161ichni o\u010dek\u00e1vaj\u00ed rychl\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed!<\/p>\n<h4>2.3. \u0158e\u0161en\u00ed<\/h4>\n<p>\n1. Server se nena\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 kv\u016fli neexistuj\u00edc\u00edmu odd\u00edlu swap v fstab, p\u0159i bootov\u00e1n\u00ed se syst\u00e9m sna\u017e\u00ed p\u0159ipojit a pad\u00e1. Jak se spustit?<\/p>\n<p>Stahujeme obraz, st\u00e1hli jsme CentOS 7, spou\u0161t\u00edme z Live CD\/DVD (Troubleshooting -&gt; Rescue), montujeme syst\u00e9m, opravujeme <code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code>. Hned nach\u00e1z\u00edme prvn\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010d \u2014 GottfriedWilhelm11646Leibniz!<\/p>\n<p>Vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00edme swap:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ lvcreate -n swap centos -L 256M\n$ sync &amp;&amp; reboot<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n2. Jako obvykle nen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 heslo, mus\u00edme zm\u011bnit heslo root na virtu\u00e1ln\u00edm stroji. To jsme ji\u017e provedli v prvn\u00edm \u00fakolu. Zm\u011bn\u00edme a \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b se p\u0159ihl\u00e1s\u00edme na server, ale ten okam\u017eit\u011b znovu restartuje. Server se restartuje tak rychle, \u017ee nem\u00e1me \u010das se pod\u00edvat na v\u0161echny logy pozorn\u011b. Jak pochopit, co se d\u011bje?<\/p>\n<p>Znovu se bootujeme z livecd, pe\u010dliv\u011b zkoum\u00e1me syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 logy a pro jistotu nahl\u00e9dneme do cronu, jeliko\u017e je takov\u00e1 periodi\u010dnost. Tam nal\u00e9z\u00e1me probl\u00e9m a druh\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d \u2014 Alan1912MathisonTuring!<\/p>\n<p>Je t\u0159eba <code>\/etc\/crontab<\/code> odstranit nebo zakomentovat \u0159\u00e1dek <code>echo b &gt; \/proc\/sysrq-trigger<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p>3. Po na\u010dten\u00ed serveru m\u016f\u017eeme splnit \u00fakol mana\u017eer\u016f: \u201eJak\u00e9 jsou adresy Afriky?\u201c Tyto informace jsou obecn\u011b ve\u0159ejn\u011b dostupn\u00e9. M\u016f\u017eete je naj\u00edt na internetu pomoc\u00ed pojm\u016f \u201eip address africa\u201c, \u201egeoip database\u201c. Pro \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed \u00fakolu m\u016f\u017eete pou\u017e\u00edt voln\u011b dostupn\u00e9 datab\u00e1ze pro distribuci adres (geoip). Jako referenci jsme pou\u017eili datab\u00e1zi <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/dev.maxmind.com\/geoip\/geoip2\/geolite2\/\">MaxMind GeoLite2<\/a><\/noindex>, dostupnou na licenci Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0.<\/p>\n<p>Zkus\u00edme vy\u0159e\u0161it n\u00e1\u0161 \u00fakol pouze pomoc\u00ed syst\u00e9mov\u00fdch utilit Linuxu, ale bylo by mo\u017en\u00e9 ho \u0159e\u0161it mnoha zp\u016fsoby: pomoc\u00ed textov\u00fdch filtra\u010dn\u00edch utilit a pomoc\u00ed skript\u016f v r\u016fzn\u00fdch programovac\u00edch jazyc\u00edch.<\/p>\n<p>Nejd\u0159\u00edve z\u00edsk\u00e1me p\u00e1ry \u201eIP odes\u00edlatele \u2014 p\u0159\u00edjemce\u201c z po\u0161tovn\u00edho protokolu <code>\/var\/log\/maillog<\/code> (vytvo\u0159\u00edme tabulku emailov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edjemc\u016f \u2014 IP odes\u00edlatele). To lze prov\u00e9st n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm p\u0159\u00edkazem:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ cat \/var\/log\/maillog | fgrep -e ' connect from' -e 'status=sent' | sed 's\/[][]\/ \/g' | awk '\/connect from\/ {ip=$11} \/status=sent\/ {print $10\" \"ip}' &gt; log1.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nA ne\u017e pokra\u010dujeme ke sestaven\u00ed datab\u00e1ze adres v Africe, pod\u00edvejme se na top IP adresy odes\u00edlatel\u016f.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ cat log1.txt | cut -d' ' -f1 | sort | uniq -c | sort -r | head -n 40\n5206 L2JhbjAbM67GA99jg@mail.ru\n4165 iHKTBkegOQa6fIALq@mail.ru\n3739 nHkcBl7BdgXxijSYD7@mail.ru\n3405 SMAzPJAzbl9vp4hAXo@mail.ru\n3346 xILz6d7P@mail.ru\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nMezi v\u0161emi adres\u00e1ty jasn\u011b vynikaj\u00ed t\u0159i prvn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edjemci z topu podle po\u010dtu zpr\u00e1v. Pokud grepnete IP adresy odes\u00edlatel\u016f, kter\u00e9 pos\u00edlaly na adresy z tohoto top-3, m\u016f\u017eete si v\u0161imnout jasn\u00e9ho p\u0159ebytku ur\u010dit\u00fdch s\u00edt\u00ed:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ cat log1.txt | fgrep 'L2JhbjAbM67GA99jg@mail.ru' | cut -d' ' -f2 | sort | cut -d'.' -f1 | uniq -c | sort -r | head\n831 105\n806 41\n782 197\n664 196\n542 154\n503 102\n266 156\n165 45\n150 160\n108 165<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nV\u011bt\u0161ina s\u00edt\u00ed 105\/8, 41\/8, 196\/8, 197\/8 je vy\u010dlen\u011bna AFRINIC \u2014 jeden z p\u011bti region\u00e1ln\u00edch internetov\u00fdch registr\u00e1tor\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed distribu\u010dn\u00ed spr\u00e1vu internetov\u00fdch zdroj\u016f. AFRINIC rozd\u011bluje adresn\u00ed prostor na \u00fazem\u00ed Afriky. A 41\/8 pat\u0159\u00ed zcela AFRINIC.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">https:\/\/www.nic.ru\/whois\/?searchWord=105.0.0.0 \nhttps:\/\/www.nic.ru\/whois\/?searchWord=41.0.0.0\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nT\u00edm p\u00e1dem je odpov\u011b\u010f na \u00fakol vlastn\u011b p\u0159\u00edmo v samotn\u00e9m protokolu.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ cat log1.txt | fgrep -e '105.' -e '41.' -e '196.' -e '197.' -e '154.' -e '102.' | awk '{print $1}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -r | head -n 21\n4209 L2JhbjAbM67GA99jg@mail.ru\n3313 iHKTBkegOQa6fIALq@mail.ru\n2704 nHkcBl7BdgXxijSYD7@mail.ru\n2215 uvRbp1O@mail.ru\n1774 sPmMsmmFiV@mail.ru\n1448 BtG3aHgQgCKuze2AKuRH@mail.ru\n1233 eQpuuQ2uQdbwRL3@mail.ru\n958 nJT5dpaBZ@mail.ru\n862 ef4WbQiB@mail.ru\n762 dQCqKL6eVminFfH7wLA@mail.ru\n632 ifq6Rd1HxuCQOdO9@mail.ru\n539 cFwm2ssypMmx1sA7@mail.ru\n531 twtTnr4G@mail.ru\n431 TSrczgYASrR11Hs3qCi@mail.ru\n380 o3r3exc3OL@mail.ru\n357 rzmjr2VAHK@mail.ru\n348 vnPr6YjJ3ndw@mail.ru\n312 anOjFXrwOtLP2Rl1Vcz6@mail.ru\n289 dvny5zHmRW8fiT@mail.ru\n282 sgg9jPxFDYvzw8Kr@mail.ru\n274 tKSevzA7GntJ@mail.ru<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nV t\u00e9to f\u00e1zi z\u00edsk\u00e1me \u0159et\u011bzec \u201eLinuxBenedictTorvadst\u201c.<\/p>\n<p>Spr\u00e1vn\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d: \u201eLinusBenedictTorvalds\u201c.<\/p>\n<p>Z\u00edskan\u00fd \u0159et\u011bzec obsahuje p\u0159eklep ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed se spr\u00e1vn\u00fdm kl\u00ed\u010dem v posledn\u00edch 3 znac\u00edch. To je zp\u016fsobeno t\u00edm, \u017ee vybran\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b nejsou zcela p\u0159id\u011bleny africk\u00fdm zem\u00edm a tak\u00e9 t\u00edm, jak jsou e-maily rozd\u011bleny podle IP adres v na\u0161ich protokolech.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159i dostate\u010dn\u00e9m up\u0159esn\u011bn\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch s\u00edt\u00ed p\u0159id\u011blen\u00fdch africk\u00fdm zem\u00edm lze z\u00edskat p\u0159esnou odpov\u011b\u010f.:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ cat log1.txt | fgrep -e' '105.{30..255}. -e' '41. -e' '196.{64..47}. -e' '196.{248..132}. -e' '197.{160..31}. -e' '154.{127..255}. -e' '102.{70..255}. -e' '156.{155..255}. | awk '{print $1}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -r | head -n 21\n3350 L2JhbjAbM67GA99jg@mail.ru\n2662 iHKTBkegOQa6fIALq@mail.ru\n2105 nHkcBl7BdgXxijSYD7@mail.ru\n1724 uvRbp1O@mail.ru\n1376 sPmMsmmFiV@mail.ru\n1092 BtG3aHgQgCKuze2AKuRH@mail.ru\n849 eQpuuQ2uQdbwRL3@mail.ru\n712 nJT5dpaBZ@mail.ru\n584 ef4WbQiB@mail.ru\n463 dQCqKL6eVminFfH7wLA@mail.ru\n365 ifq6Rd1HxuCQOdO9@mail.ru\n269 cFwm2ssypMmx1sA7@mail.ru\n225 twtTnr4G@mail.ru\n168 TSrczgYASrR11Hs3qCi@mail.ru\n142 o3r3exc3OL@mail.ru\n111 rzmjr2VAHK@mail.ru\n 96 vnPr6YjJ3ndw@mail.ru\n 78 anOjFXrwOtLP2Rl1Vcz6@mail.ru\n 56 lHzWiB7ExvRtSbAcU9@mail.ru\n 56 dvny5zHmRW8fiT@mail.ru\n 40 sgg9jPxFDYvzw8Kr@mail.ru<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n\u00dakol lze vy\u0159e\u0161it tak\u00e9 jinak.<br \/>\nSt\u00e1hneme MaxMind, rozbal\u00edme a n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed t\u0159i p\u0159\u00edkazy tak\u00e9 vy\u0159e\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1\u0161 \u00fakol.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ cat GeoLite2-Country-Locations-ru.csv | grep \"Afrika\" | cut -d',' -f1 &gt; africaIds.txt\n$ grep -Ff africaIds.txt GeoLite2-Country-Blocks-IPv4.csv | cut -d',' -f1 &gt; africaNetworks.txt\n$ grepcidr -f africaNetworks.txt log1.txt | cut -d' ' -f1 | sort | uniq -c | sort -r | head -n21\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nA\u0165 u\u017e tak \u010di onak, nakonec jsme spo\u010d\u00edtali statistiku a mana\u017ee\u0159i z\u00edskali pot\u0159ebn\u00e1 data pro svou pr\u00e1ci! <\/p>\n<h3>3. T\u0159et\u00ed etapa<\/h3>\n<p>\nT\u0159et\u00ed etapa je jaksi podobn\u00e1 prvn\u00ed \u2014 tak\u00e9 je t\u0159eba opravit tepl\u00fd lampov\u00fd servis, ale v\u0161e je slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v prvn\u00edm \u00fakolu.<\/p>\n<h4>3.1. Zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 fakta<\/h4>\n<p>\nB\u011bhem prvn\u00edch 15 minut nalezli t\u0159i hr\u00e1\u010di prvn\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010d, a 2 hodiny a 20 minut po za\u010d\u00e1tku etapy se n\u00e1\u0161 v\u00edt\u011bz s \u00fakolem vypo\u0159\u00e1dal.<\/p>\n<h4>3.2. \u00dakol<\/h4>\n<p>\nP\u0159ijal jsi pr\u00e1ci ve spole\u010dnosti, kde jsou v\u0161echny firemn\u00ed dokumenty ulo\u017eeny na intern\u00edm serveru Wiki. Minul\u00fd rok technik objednal 3 nov\u00e9 disky pro server, mimo jeden st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed, argumentoval t\u00edm, \u017ee pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odolnosti syst\u00e9mu je t\u0159eba disky d\u00e1vat do ur\u010dit\u00fdch pol\u00ed. Bohu\u017eel, n\u011bkolik t\u00fddn\u016f po jejich instalaci technik odjel na dovolenou do Indie a nevr\u00e1til se.<\/p>\n<p>N\u011bkolik let server fungoval bez v\u00fdpadk\u016f, ale p\u0159ed p\u00e1r dny byla s\u00ed\u0165 spole\u010dnosti napadena. Podle pokyn\u016f pracovn\u00edci ostrahy vyt\u00e1hli disky ze serveru a poslali je tob\u011b. P\u0159i p\u0159eprav\u011b byl jeden disk nen\u00e1vratn\u011b ztracen.<\/p>\n<p>Je t\u0159eba obnovit funk\u010dnost Wiki, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e nejv\u00edce m\u011b zaj\u00edm\u00e1 obsah str\u00e1nek wiki. N\u011bjak\u00fd kus textu, kter\u00fd byl na jedn\u00e9 z t\u011bchto str\u00e1nek, je heslem k serveru 1C a je nal\u00e9hav\u011b pot\u0159eba pro jeho odblokov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Krom\u011b toho byly n\u011bkde na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch wiki nebo na jin\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b hesla k serveru log\u016f a serveru videodohledu, kter\u00e1 je tak\u00e9 \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed obnovit, bez nich\u017e je vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed ud\u00e1losti nemo\u017en\u00e9. Jak v\u017edy, \u010dek\u00e1me na operativn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9mu!<\/p>\n<h4>3.3. \u0158e\u0161en\u00ed<\/h4>\n<p>\n1. Pokou\u0161\u00edme se bootovat postupn\u011b z t\u011bch disk\u016f, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1me, a v\u0161ude dost\u00e1v\u00e1me stejnou zpr\u00e1vu:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">No bootable medium found! System halted \n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nMus\u00edme se z n\u011b\u010deho bootovat. Op\u011bt n\u00e1m pom\u00e1h\u00e1 bootov\u00e1n\u00ed z Live CD\/DVD (Troubleshooting -&gt; Rescue). P\u0159i bootov\u00e1n\u00ed se sna\u017e\u00edme naj\u00edt bootovac\u00ed odd\u00edl, nenach\u00e1z\u00edme, dost\u00e1v\u00e1me se do shellu. Sna\u017e\u00edme se prozkoumat, co a jak s disky. Je zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee jich je t\u0159i. N\u00e1stroj\u016f pro to je v\u00edce v 7. verzi CentOS, kde jsou p\u0159\u00edkazy <code>blkid<\/code> nebo <code>lsblk<\/code>, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1m ukazuj\u00ed v\u0161echny informace o disc\u00edch. <\/p>\n<p>Co a jak d\u011bl\u00e1me:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ ls \/dev\/sd*<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nHned je vid\u011bt, \u017ee <\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">\/dev\/sdb1 - ext4\n\/dev\/sdb2 - \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c lvm\n\/dev\/sda1 \u0438 \/dev\/sdc1 - \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0439\u0434\u0430\n\/dev\/sda2 \u0438 \/dev\/sdc2 - \u043f\u0440\u043e \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nP\u0159ipojujeme sdb1, vid\u00edme, \u017ee to je bootovac\u00ed odd\u00edl CentOS 6.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ mkdir \/mnt\/sdb1 &amp;&amp; mount \/dev\/sdb1 \/mnt\/sdb1<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nZ\u0159ejm\u011b jdeme do odd\u00edlu grub a najdeme tam prvn\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010d \u2014 James191955Gosling v neobvykl\u00e9m souboru.<\/p>\n<p>2. Studujeme pvs a lvs, proto\u017ee pracujeme s LVM. Vid\u00edme, \u017ee by m\u011bly b\u00fdt 2 fyzick\u00e9 volume, jeden se nenach\u00e1z\u00ed a hl\u00e1s\u00ed ztracen\u00fd uid. Vid\u00edme, \u017ee by m\u011bly b\u00fdt 2 logick\u00e9 volume: root a swap, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e root je \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b ztracen (atribut P u volume). Nelze ho p\u0159ipojit, co\u017e je \u0161koda! Je pro n\u00e1s velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p>Je\u0161t\u011b jsou zde 2 disky, pod\u00edv\u00e1me se na n\u011b, shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u00edme a p\u0159ipoj\u00edme:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ mdadm --examine --verbose --scan\n$ mdadm --assemble --verbose --scan\n$ mkdir \/mnt\/md127 &amp;&amp; mount \/dev\/md127 \/mnt\/md127 <\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nPohled, je vid\u011bt, \u017ee to je bootovac\u00ed odd\u00edl CentOS 6 a duplicita toho, co u\u017e m\u00e1me na <code>\/dev\/sdb1<\/code>, a zde op\u011bt stejn\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d \u2014 DennisBMacAlistairCRitchie!<br \/>\nPohled na to, jak je shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bno <code>\/dev\/md127<\/code>.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ mdadm --detail \/dev\/md127\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nVid\u00edme, \u017ee to m\u011blo b\u00fdt shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bno ze 4 disk\u016f, shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bno ze dvou <code>\/dev\/sda1<\/code> a <code>\/dev\/sdc1<\/code>, m\u011bly b\u00fdt \u010d\u00edsly 2 a 4 v syst\u00e9mu. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1me, \u017ee je mo\u017en\u00e9 shrom\u00e1\u017edit tak\u00e9 <code>\/dev\/sda2<\/code> a <code>\/dev\/sdc2<\/code> Zde by m\u011bl b\u00fdt RAID10, i kdy\u017e jsou i jin\u00e9 mo\u017enosti. Shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u00edme: <\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ mdadm --create --verbose \/dev\/md0 --assume-clean --level=10 --raid-devices=4 missing \/dev\/sda2 missing \/dev\/sdc2\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nPohled na blkid, pvs, lvs. Zjist\u00edme, \u017ee jsme shrom\u00e1\u017edili fyzick\u00e9 volume, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1m d\u0159\u00edve chyb\u011blo.<\/p>\n<p>Okam\u017eit\u011b oprav\u00edme lvroot, p\u0159imontujeme ho, ale nejprve aktivujeme VG:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ vgchange -a y\n$ mkdir \/mnt\/lvroot &amp;&amp; mount \/dev\/mapper\/vg_c6m1-lv_root \/mnt\/lvroot \n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nA tam je v\u0161echno, v\u010detn\u011b kl\u00ed\u010de v domovsk\u00e9m adres\u00e1\u0159i root \u2014 \/root\/sweet.<\/p>\n<p>3. Sna\u017e\u00edme se o\u017eivit n\u00e1\u0161 server, aby se norm\u00e1ln\u011b spustil. V\u0161echny logick\u00e9 svazky z na\u0161eho <code>\/dev\/md0<\/code> (kde jsme v\u0161echno na\u0161li) p\u0159esuneme do <code>\/dev\/sdb2<\/code>, kde server p\u016fvodn\u011b fungoval.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ pvmove \/dev\/md0 \/dev\/sdb2\n$ vgreduce vg_c6m1 \/dev\/md0<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nVypneme server, odstran\u00edme 1. a 3. disky, nech\u00e1me druh\u00fd, nabootujeme z Live CD\/DVD do re\u017eimu Rescue. Najdeme zav\u00e1d\u011bc\u00ed odd\u00edl, obnov\u00edme zav\u00e1d\u011b\u010d v grub:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root (hd0,0)\nsetup (hd0)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nOdstran\u00edme zav\u00e1d\u011bc\u00ed disk a \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b nabootujeme, ale web nefunguje.<\/p>\n<p>4. Existuj\u00ed dva zp\u016fsoby, jak spustit web: nastavit Apache od nuly nebo pou\u017e\u00edt ji\u017e p\u0159ednastaven\u00fd nginx s php-fpm:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ \/etc\/init.d\/nginx start\n$ \/etc\/init.d\/php-fpm start\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nNakonec je pot\u0159eba spustit MySQL:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ \/etc\/init.d\/mysqld start<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nNepou\u0161t\u00ed se, a h\u00e1danka je skryta v <code>\/var\/log\/mysql<\/code>. Jakmile vy\u0159e\u0161\u00edte probl\u00e9m s MySQL, web pob\u011b\u017e\u00ed, na hlavn\u00ed str\u00e1nce bude kl\u00ed\u010d \u2014 RichardGCCMatthewGNUStallman! Nyn\u00ed m\u00e1me p\u0159\u00edstup do 1C a zam\u011bstnanci si budou moci vybrat mzdu. A ty m\u00e1\u0161 jako v\u017edy p\u0159ed sebou hodn\u011b pr\u00e1ce na nastaven\u00ed infrastruktury a bezpe\u010dnosti ve firm\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Tak\u00e9 se m\u016f\u017eeme znovu pod\u011blit o seznam knih, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1m a na\u0161im \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016fm pom\u00e1haly p\u0159ipravit se na hru: <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/linux.mail.ru\/books\">linux.mail.ru\/books<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>D\u011bkujeme, \u017ee jste byli s n\u00e1mi! Sledujte ozn\u00e1men\u00ed o dal\u0161\u00edch hr\u00e1ch!<br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/mailru\/blog\/447222\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>25 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u044b \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0430 Linux Quest, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0418\u0433\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b Linux. \u041d\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438: \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0443 1117 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a, \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0438\u0445 317 \u2014 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0431\u044b \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447, 241 \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0448\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0430, 123 \u2014 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 70 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f. \u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0430 \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0443, \u0438 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":23206,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-31240","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/linux-quest-pozdravlyaem-pobeditelej-i-rasskazyvaem-pro-resheniya-zadanij\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.3\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\ud83e\udd47Linux Quest. \u041f\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 | ProHoster\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/linux-quest-pozdravlyaem-pobeditelej-i-rasskazyvaem-pro-resheniya-zadanij\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:secure_url\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"350\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"350\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-10-31T18:40:13+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2019-10-31T18:40:13+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster\" \/>\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO -->\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Linux Quest. 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