{"id":31729,"date":"2019-10-31T21:42:44","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:42:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/sluchajnye-chisla-i-detsentralizovannye-seti-prakticheskoe-primenenie\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:42:44","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:42:44","slug":"sluchajnye-chisla-i-detsentralizovannye-seti-prakticheskoe-primenenie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/sluchajnye-chisla-i-detsentralizovannye-seti-prakticheskoe-primenenie","title":{"rendered":"N\u00e1hodn\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla a decentralizovan\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b: praktick\u00e9 aplikace","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 id=\"vvedenie\">\u00davod<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><em>\u201eGenerov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch \u010d\u00edsel je p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 na to, abychom jej ponechali n\u00e1hod\u011b\u201c<\/em><br \/>\n<em>Robert Cavu, 1970<\/em><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek je v\u011bnov\u00e1n praktick\u00e9mu pou\u017eit\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed kolektivn\u00ed generaci n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch \u010d\u00edsel v ned\u016fv\u011bryhodn\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Stru\u010dn\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, jak a pro\u010d se n\u00e1hoda pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v blockchainov\u00fdch technologi\u00edch a tak\u00e9 o tom, jak rozli\u0161it \u201edobrou\u201c n\u00e1hodu od \u201e\u0161patn\u00e9\u201c. Generov\u00e1n\u00ed skute\u010dn\u011b n\u00e1hodn\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla je extr\u00e9mn\u011b slo\u017eit\u00fd probl\u00e9m, i kdy\u017e se prov\u00e1d\u00ed na jednom po\u010d\u00edta\u010di, a kryptografov\u00e9 se mu v\u011bnuj\u00ed ji\u017e dlouho. V decentralizovan\u00fdch s\u00edt\u00edch je generov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch \u010d\u00edsel je\u0161t\u011b slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Hlavn\u011b v s\u00edt\u00edch, kde si \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci navz\u00e1jem ned\u016fv\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed, umo\u017e\u0148uje mo\u017enost vygenerovat nepopirateln\u00e9 n\u00e1hodn\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo efektivn\u011b \u0159e\u0161it \u0159adu velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch \u00fakol\u016f a zna\u010dn\u011b vylep\u0161it ji\u017e existuj\u00edc\u00ed sch\u00e9mata. A\u010dkoliv hazardn\u00ed hry a loterie v tomto ohledu rozhodn\u011b nejsou prioritou \u010d\u00edslo jedna, jak by se na prvn\u00ed pohled mohlo zd\u00e1t nezku\u0161en\u00e9mu \u010dten\u00e1\u0159i.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"generaciya-sluchaynyh-chisel\">Generov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch \u010d\u00edsel<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Po\u010d\u00edta\u010de neum\u011bj\u00ed samy o sob\u011b generovat n\u00e1hodn\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla, pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed k tomu pomoc zven\u010d\u00ed. Po\u010d\u00edta\u010d m\u016f\u017ee z\u00edsk\u00e1vat n\u011bjak\u00e9 n\u00e1hodn\u00e9 hodnoty nap\u0159\u00edklad pomoc\u00ed pohyb\u016f my\u0161i, mno\u017estv\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00e9 pam\u011bti, parazitick\u00fdch proud\u016f na kontaktech procesoru a mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch zdroj\u016f, kter\u00e9 se naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed zdroji entropie. Tyto hodnoty nejsou zcela n\u00e1hodn\u00e9, proto\u017ee se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v ur\u010dit\u00e9m rozsahu nebo maj\u00ed p\u0159edv\u00eddateln\u00fd charakter zm\u011bn. Aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 takov\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla p\u0159ev\u00e9st na skute\u010dn\u011b n\u00e1hodn\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla v dan\u00e9m rozsahu, aplikuj\u00ed se na n\u011b kryptografick\u00e9 transformace, kter\u00e9 z nerovnom\u011brn\u011b rozlo\u017een\u00fdch hodnot zdroje entropie odvozuj\u00ed rovnom\u011brn\u011b rozlo\u017een\u00e9 pseudon\u00e1hodn\u00e9 hodnoty. Z\u00edskan\u00e9 hodnoty se naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed pseudon\u00e1hodn\u00e9, proto\u017ee nejsou skute\u010dn\u011b n\u00e1hodn\u00e9, ale jsou deterministicky odvozen\u00e9 z entropie. Jak\u00fdkoli dobr\u00fd kryptografick\u00fd algoritmus, kter\u00fd \u0161ifruje data, produkuje \u0161ifrovan\u00e9 texty, kter\u00e9 by m\u011bly b\u00fdt statisticky nerozeznateln\u00e9 od n\u00e1hodn\u00e9 sekvence, tak\u017ee pro v\u00fdrobu n\u00e1hodnosti lze pou\u017e\u00edt zdroj entropie, kter\u00fd poskytuje pouze dobr\u00e9 opakovatelnost a nep\u0159edv\u00eddatelnost hodnot i v mal\u00fdch rozsaz\u00edch, zbytek pr\u00e1ce na rozpt\u00fdlen\u00ed a prom\u00edch\u00e1n\u00ed bit\u016f v v\u00fdsledn\u00e9 hodnot\u011b si vezme na starost \u0161ifrovac\u00ed algoritmus.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Abych dokon\u010dil stru\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdklad, dod\u00e1m, \u017ee generov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch \u010d\u00edsel, i na jednom za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, je jedn\u00edm z pil\u00ed\u0159\u016f zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti na\u0161ich dat. Vygenerovan\u00e1 pseudon\u00e1hodn\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed p\u0159i vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed zabezpe\u010den\u00fdch p\u0159ipojen\u00ed v r\u016fzn\u00fdch s\u00edt\u00edch, pro generov\u00e1n\u00ed kryptografick\u00fdch kl\u00ed\u010d\u016f, pro vyva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee, kontrolu integrity a pro mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch aplikac\u00ed. Bezpe\u010dnost mnoha protokol\u016f z\u00e1vis\u00ed na mo\u017enosti vygenerovat spolehlivou, nep\u0159edv\u00eddatelnou n\u00e1hodu zven\u010d\u00ed, uchovat ji a neodhalit ji do dal\u0161\u00edho kroku protokolu, jinak bude bezpe\u010dnost ohro\u017eena. \u00datok na gener\u00e1tor pseudon\u00e1hodn\u00fdch hodnot je velmi nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd a ohro\u017euje ve\u0161ker\u00fd software vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed generov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch hodnot. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Toto v\u0161echno byste m\u011bli v\u011bd\u011bt, pokud jste absolvovali z\u00e1kladn\u00ed kurz kryptografie, proto pokra\u010dujeme s decentralizovan\u00fdmi s\u00edt\u011bmi.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"random-v-blokcheynah\">N\u00e1hodnost v blockchainu<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Nejprve budu hovo\u0159it o blockchainech, kter\u00e9 podporuj\u00ed chytr\u00e9 smlouvy, proto\u017ee pr\u00e1v\u011b ty mohou pln\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edt mo\u017enosti, kter\u00e9 nab\u00edz\u00ed kvalitn\u00ed nezpochybniteln\u00e1 n\u00e1hodnost. D\u00e1le, pro stru\u010dnost, tuto technologii nazvu \u201c<em>Publicly Verifiable Random Beacons<\/em>\u201d nebo PVRB. Jeliko\u017e blockchainy jsou s\u00edt\u011b, jejich\u017e informace m\u016f\u017ee ov\u011b\u0159it jak\u00fdkoliv \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk, kl\u00ed\u010dovou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed n\u00e1zvu je \u201cPublicly Verifiable\u201d, tedy ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo si p\u0159eje, m\u016f\u017ee pomoc\u00ed v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f z\u00edskat d\u016fkaz, \u017ee v blockchainu um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo m\u00e1 takov\u00e9 vlastnosti:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>V\u00fdsledek by m\u011bl m\u00edt prokazateln\u011b rovnom\u011brn\u00e9 rozlo\u017een\u00ed, tedy b\u00fdt zalo\u017een na prokazateln\u011b odoln\u00e9 kryptografii. <\/li>\n<li>Nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 kontrolovat \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd bit v\u00fdsledku. V d\u016fsledku toho nelze v\u00fdsledek p\u0159edem p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u011bt.<\/li>\n<li>Nelze sabotovat protokol generace t\u00edm, \u017ee se na n\u011bm ne\u00fa\u010dastn\u00edte, nebo p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00edm s\u00edt\u011b \u00fato\u010dn\u00fdmi zpr\u00e1vami.<\/li>\n<li>V\u0161echno v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9 mus\u00ed b\u00fdt odoln\u00e9 v\u016f\u010di spol\u010den\u00ed akceptovateln\u00e9ho po\u010dtu ne\u010destn\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f protokolu (nap\u0159. 1\/3 \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ka\u017ed\u00e1 mo\u017enost, jak se dohodnout na chov\u00e1n\u00ed men\u0161inov\u00e9 skupiny \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f na proveden\u00ed i \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9ho sud\u00e9ho\/lich\u00e9ho n\u00e1hodn\u00e9ho v\u00fdb\u011bru, je bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed d\u00edra. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 mo\u017enost, jak skupina zastavit vyd\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1hodn\u00e9ho v\u00fdb\u011bru, je bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed d\u00edra. Obecn\u011b je probl\u00e9m\u016f mnoho a tato \u00faloha nen\u00ed v\u016fbec jednoduch\u00e1\u2026<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed aplikace pro PVRB jsou r\u016fzn\u00e9 hry, loterie a obecn\u011b jak\u00e9koliv formy hazardu na blockchainu. Odkud skute\u010dn\u011b se jedn\u00e1 o d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd sm\u011br, ale n\u00e1hodnost v blockchainech m\u00e1 i v\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed. Pod\u00edvejme se na n\u011b.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"algoritmy-konsensusa\">Konsenzu\u00e1ln\u00ed algoritmy<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>PVRB pro organizaci s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9ho konsensu hraje obrovskou roli. Transakce v blockchainu jsou chr\u00e1n\u011bny elektronick\u00fdm podpisem, tak\u017ee \u201e\u00fatok na transakci\u201c v\u017edy znamen\u00e1 za\u0159azen\u00ed\/vy\u0159azen\u00ed transakce do\/bloku (nebo do n\u011bkolika blok\u016f). Hlavn\u00edm \u00fakolem konsensu\u00e1ln\u00edho algoritmu je dohodnout se na po\u0159ad\u00ed t\u011bchto transakc\u00ed a o po\u0159ad\u00ed blok\u016f, kter\u00e9 tyto transakce zahrnuj\u00ed. Tak\u00e9 je nezbytnou vlastnost\u00ed pro skute\u010dn\u00e9 blockchainy fin\u00e1lnost \u2014 schopnost s\u00edt\u011b dohodnout se na tom, \u017ee \u0159et\u011bzec a\u017e po fin\u00e1ln\u00ed blok je kone\u010dn\u00fd a nikdy nebude vylou\u010den kv\u016fli vzniku nov\u00e9ho fork. Obvykle je k tomu, aby se dohodlo, \u017ee blok je platn\u00fd a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm fin\u00e1ln\u00ed, pot\u0159eba shrom\u00e1\u017edit podpisy od v\u011bt\u0161iny producent\u016f blok\u016f (d\u00e1le BP \u2014 block-producers), co\u017e vy\u017eaduje alespo\u0148 doru\u010dit \u0159et\u011bzec blok\u016f v\u0161em BP a \u0161\u00ed\u0159it podpisy mezi v\u0161emi BP. S rostouc\u00edm po\u010dtem BP se mno\u017estv\u00ed pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v v s\u00edti exponenci\u00e1ln\u011b zvy\u0161uje, proto konsensu\u00e1ln\u00ed algoritmy, kter\u00e9 po\u017eaduj\u00ed fin\u00e1lnost, pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 nap\u0159\u00edklad v konsensu pBFT v Hyperledgeru, nepracuj\u00ed pot\u0159ebnou rychlost\u00ed, po\u010d\u00ednaje ji\u017e n\u011bkolika des\u00edtkami BP, vy\u017eaduj\u00ed obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed spojen\u00ed. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Pokud je v s\u00edti nepopirateln\u00fd a poctiv\u00fd PVRB, lze na jeho z\u00e1klad\u011b v nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00edm p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed vybrat jednoho z producent\u016f blok\u016f a jmenovat ho \u201el\u00edderem\u201c b\u011bhem jednoho kola protokolu. Pokud m\u00e1me <code>N<\/code> producent\u016f blok\u016f, z nich\u017e <code>M: M &gt; 1\/2 N<\/code> jsou poctiv\u00ed, necenzuruj\u00ed transakce a nebuduj\u00ed fork \u0159et\u011bzce za \u00fa\u010delem prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed \u00fatoku \u201edouble spend\u201c, pak pou\u017eit\u00ed rovnom\u011brn\u011b rozlo\u017een\u00e9ho nepopirateln\u00e9ho PVRB umo\u017en\u00ed vyb\u00edrat poctiv\u00e9ho l\u00eddra s pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed <code>M \/ N (M \/ N &gt; 1\/2)<\/code>. Pokud ka\u017ed\u00e9mu vedouc\u00edmu p\u0159i\u0159ad\u00edte vlastn\u00ed \u010dasov\u00fd interval, b\u011bhem kter\u00e9ho m\u016f\u017ee prov\u00e9st blok a validovat \u0159et\u011bzec, a tyto intervaly jsou \u010dasov\u011b stejn\u00e9, \u0159et\u011bzec blok\u016f poctiv\u00fdch BP bude del\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e \u0159et\u011bzec vytvo\u0159en\u00fd zlovoln\u00fdmi BP, a algoritmus konsensu, kter\u00fd se spol\u00e9h\u00e1 na d\u00e9lku \u0159et\u011bzce, jednodu\u0161e odm\u00edtne \"\u0161patn\u00fd\". Tento princip p\u0159i\u0159azov\u00e1n\u00ed rovn\u00fdch \u010dasov\u00fdch kvant ka\u017ed\u00e9mu BP byl poprv\u00e9 aplikov\u00e1n v Graphene (p\u0159edch\u016fdci EOS) a umo\u017e\u0148uje v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b blok\u016f uzav\u00edrat jedn\u00edm podpisem, co\u017e v\u00fdrazn\u011b sni\u017euje s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed a umo\u017e\u0148uje tomuto konsensu fungovat extr\u00e9mn\u011b rychle a stabiln\u011b. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b s\u00edt\u011b EOS nyn\u00ed mus\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvat speci\u00e1ln\u00ed bloky (Last Irreversible Block), kter\u00e9 jsou potvrzeny podpisy 2\/3 BP. Tyto bloky slou\u017e\u00ed k zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed kone\u010dnosti (nemo\u017enosti vzniku fork\u016f \u0159et\u011bzce, kter\u00e9 za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed p\u0159ed posledn\u00edm Last Irreversible Block).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Tak\u00e9 v re\u00e1ln\u00fdch implementac\u00edch je sch\u00e9ma protokolu slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u2014 hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed o navrhovan\u00fdch bloc\u00edch prob\u00edh\u00e1 ve v\u00edce f\u00e1z\u00edch, aby se udr\u017eela \u010dinnost s\u00edt\u011b v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b zme\u0161k\u00e1n\u00ed blok\u016f a probl\u00e9m\u016f se s\u00edt\u00ed, ale i s ohledem na to algoritmy konsensu vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed PVRB vy\u017eaduj\u00ed podstatn\u011b m\u00e9n\u011b zpr\u00e1v mezi BP, co\u017e je \u010din\u00ed rychlej\u0161\u00edmi ne\u017e tradi\u010dn\u00ed P\u0412FT nebo r\u016fzn\u00e9 jeho modifikace.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1stupce takov\u00fdch algoritm\u016f: <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2016\/889.pdf\">Ouroboros<\/a><\/noindex> od t\u00fdmu Cardano, kter\u00fd, jak bylo ozn\u00e1meno, m\u00e1 matematicky prok\u00e1zanou odolnost v\u016f\u010di p\u0159\u00edtomnosti spiknut\u00ed mezi BP. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>V Ouroboros PVRB se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k ur\u010den\u00ed tzv. \"BP schedule\" - rozvrhu, podle kter\u00e9ho je ka\u017ed\u00e9mu BP p\u0159i\u0159azen jeho \u010dasov\u00fd slot pro publikaci bloku. Velkou v\u00fdhodou pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed PVRB je \u00fapln\u00e1 \"rovnost\" BP (podle velikosti jejich z\u016fstatk\u016f). Poctivost PVRB zaru\u010duje, \u017ee zlovoln\u00ed BP nemohou kontrolovat rozvrh \u010dasov\u00fdch slot\u016f a proto nemohou manipulovat s \u0159et\u011bzcem, p\u0159edem p\u0159ipravovat a analyzovat forky \u0159et\u011bzce, a pro v\u00fdb\u011br fork\u016f je dostate\u010dn\u00e9 spol\u00e9hat se jednodu\u0161e na d\u00e9lku \u0159et\u011bzce, bez pou\u017eit\u00ed slo\u017eit\u00fdch metod v\u00fdpo\u010dtu \"u\u017eite\u010dnosti\" BP a \"v\u00e1hy\" jeho blok\u016f. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ve v\u0161ech p\u0159\u00edpadech, kdy je v decentralizovan\u00e9 s\u00edti t\u0159eba zvolit n\u00e1hodn\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edka, bude t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u017edy lep\u0161\u00ed volbou PVRB ne\u017e deterministick\u00e1 varianta zalo\u017een\u00e1 nap\u0159\u00edklad na hash bloku. Bez PVRB mo\u017enost ovlivnit v\u00fdb\u011br \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edka vede k \u00fatok\u016fm, p\u0159i nich\u017e \u00fato\u010dn\u00edk m\u016f\u017ee, vyb\u00edraj\u00edc z n\u011bkolika variant budoucnosti, zvolit dal\u0161\u00ed zkorumpovan\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edka nebo dokonce n\u011bkolik, aby zajistil v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pod\u00edl na rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed. Pou\u017eit\u00ed PVRB tyto typy \u00fatok\u016f diskredituje.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"masshtabirovanie-i-balansirovka-nagruzki\">\u0160k\u00e1lov\u00e1n\u00ed a vyva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>PVRB m\u016f\u017ee tak\u00e9 p\u0159in\u00e9st v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 v\u00fdhody v \u00faloh\u00e1ch pro sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee a \u0161k\u00e1lov\u00e1n\u00ed plateb. Nejd\u0159\u00edve m\u00e1 smysl se sezn\u00e1mit s <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/people.csail.mit.edu\/rivest\/pubs\/Riv97b.pdf\">\u010dl\u00e1nkem<\/a><\/noindex> Rivesty \u201eElektronick\u00e9 loterijn\u00ed l\u00edstky jako mikroplatby\u201c. Obecn\u00e1 my\u0161lenka je takov\u00e1, \u017ee m\u00edsto toho, abychom d\u011blali 100 plateb po 1c od pl\u00e1tce p\u0159\u00edjemci, m\u016f\u017eeme hr\u00e1t f\u00e9rovou loterii s cenou 1$ = 100c, kde pl\u00e1tce p\u0159i ka\u017ed\u00e9 platb\u011b 1c p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1 bance jeden ze sv\u00fdch 100 \u201eloterijn\u00edch l\u00edstk\u016f\u201c. Jeden z t\u011bchto l\u00edstk\u016f vyhr\u00e1v\u00e1 bance 1$, a pr\u00e1v\u011b tento l\u00edstek m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159\u00edjemce zapsat do blockchainu. Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je, \u017ee ostatn\u00edch 99 l\u00edstk\u016f se p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1 mezi p\u0159\u00edjemcem a pl\u00e1tcem bez jak\u00e9koli extern\u00ed \u00fa\u010dasti, prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm soukrom\u00e9ho kan\u00e1lu a jakoukoli pot\u0159ebnou rychlost\u00ed. Dobr\u00e9 popis protokolu zalo\u017een\u00e9ho na t\u00e9to sch\u00e9matu v s\u00edti Emercoin si m\u016f\u017eete p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/@emer.tech\/randpay-6a028f16c82a\">zde<\/a><\/noindex>. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Tento syst\u00e9m m\u00e1 n\u011bkolik probl\u00e9m\u016f, nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159\u00edjemce m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159estat obsluhovat pl\u00e1tce hned po obdr\u017een\u00ed v\u00fdhern\u00edho l\u00edstku, ale pro mnoho specifick\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed, jako je minutov\u00e1 tariface nebo elektronick\u00e9 p\u0159edplatn\u00e9 slu\u017eeb, lze tyto probl\u00e9my p\u0159ehl\u00e9dnout. Hlavn\u00edm po\u017eadavkem je samoz\u0159ejm\u011b \u010destnost prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed loterie, a pro jej\u00ed realizaci je zcela nezbytn\u00e9 PVRB.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdb\u011br n\u00e1hodn\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edka je rovn\u011b\u017e velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd pro protokoly shardingu, jejich\u017e c\u00edlem je horizont\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0161k\u00e1lov\u00e1n\u00ed blockchainu, co\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje r\u016fzn\u00fdm BP zpracov\u00e1vat pouze sv\u016fj rozsah transakc\u00ed. To je velmi slo\u017eit\u00fd \u00fakol, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b pokud jde o bezpe\u010dnost p\u0159i spojov\u00e1n\u00ed shard\u016f. Poctiv\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br n\u00e1hodn\u00e9ho BP za \u00fa\u010delem p\u0159id\u011blen\u00ed jeho odpov\u011bdnosti za konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed shard, stejn\u011b jako v konsensu\u00e1ln\u00edch algoritmech \u2014 to je rovn\u011b\u017e \u00fakol PVRB. V centralizovan\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech jsou shardy p\u0159id\u011blov\u00e1ny vyva\u017eova\u010dem, kter\u00fd jednodu\u0161e vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1v\u00e1 hash ze \u017e\u00e1dosti a pos\u00edl\u00e1 ho pot\u0159ebn\u00e9mu vykonavateli. V blockchainech m\u016f\u017ee mo\u017enost ovlivnit toto p\u0159id\u011blen\u00ed v\u00e9st k \u00fatok\u016fm na konsensus. Nap\u0159\u00edklad obsah transakc\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt kontrolov\u00e1n \u00fato\u010dn\u00edkem, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee ovl\u00e1dat, jak\u00e9 transakce se dostanou do j\u00edm kontrolovan\u00e9ho shardu, a manipulovat s blockchainem v n\u011bm. O probl\u00e9mu pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch \u010d\u00edsel pro \u00fakoly shardingu v Ethereum si m\u016f\u017eete p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/ethereum\/wiki\/wiki\/Sharding-FAQ#how-is-the-randomness-for-random-sampling-generated\">zde<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nSharding je jedna z nejambici\u00f3zn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch a nejseri\u00f3zn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch \u00faloh v oblasti blockchainu, jej\u00ed\u017e \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed umo\u017en\u00ed vytv\u00e1\u0159et decentralizovan\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b s fantastick\u00fdm v\u00fdkonem a objemem. PVRB je pouze jedn\u00edm z d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch blok\u016f pro jej\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"igry-ekonomicheskie-protokoly-arbitrazh\">Hry, ekonomick\u00e9 protokoly, arbitr\u00e1\u017e<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Role n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch \u010d\u00edsel v hern\u00edm pr\u016fmyslu je t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 p\u0159ece\u0148ovat. V\u00fdslovn\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed v online kasinech a skryt\u00e9 p\u0159i v\u00fdpo\u010dtu efekt\u016f ur\u010dit\u00fdch akc\u00ed hr\u00e1\u010de \u2014 to v\u0161e p\u0159edstavuje velmi slo\u017eit\u00e9 probl\u00e9my pro decentralizovan\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b, kde nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 se spolehnout na centr\u00e1ln\u00ed zdroj n\u00e1hody. N\u00e1hodn\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br m\u016f\u017ee v\u0161ak \u0159e\u0161it i \u0159adu ekonomick\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f a pom\u00e1hat vytv\u00e1\u0159et jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed a efektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed protokoly. P\u0159edstavme si, \u017ee v na\u0161em protokolu doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke spor\u016fm ohledn\u011b placen\u00ed za n\u011bjak\u00e9 levn\u00e9 slu\u017eby, a tyto spory se vyskytuj\u00ed pom\u011brn\u011b z\u0159\u00eddka. V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, pokud existuje nepopirateln\u00fd PVRB, mohou se klienti a prodejci dohodnout na n\u00e1hodn\u00e9m vy\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed spor\u016f, ale se stanovenou pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad s pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed 60 % vyhr\u00e1v\u00e1 klient a s pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed 40 % \u2014 prodejce. Tento, na prvn\u00ed pohled absurdn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup, umo\u017e\u0148uje automaticky \u0159e\u0161it spory s p\u0159esn\u011b p\u0159edv\u00eddateln\u00fdm pod\u00edlem v\u00fdher\/proher, kter\u00fd vyhovuje ob\u011bma stran\u00e1m, bez zapojen\u00ed t\u0159et\u00ed strany a zbyte\u010dn\u00e9ho pl\u00fdtv\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dasem. Nav\u00edc, pom\u011br pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt dynamick\u00fd a z\u00e1visl\u00fd na n\u011bkter\u00fdch glob\u00e1ln\u00edch prom\u011bnn\u00fdch. Nap\u0159\u00edklad, pokud se spole\u010dnosti da\u0159\u00ed dob\u0159e, zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 se n\u00edzk\u00fd po\u010det spor\u016f a vysok\u00e1 n\u00e1vratnost, m\u016f\u017ee spole\u010dnost automaticky posunout pravd\u011bpodobnost vy\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed sporu ve prosp\u011bch klienta, nap\u0159\u00edklad 70\/30 nebo 80\/20, a naopak, pokud spory p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed mnoho n\u00e1klad\u016f a jsou podvodn\u00e9 nebo nevhodn\u00e9, lze pravd\u011bpodobnost posunout na druhou stranu.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch decentralizovan\u00fdch protokol\u016f, jako jsou tokenem \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 registry, predik\u010dn\u00ed trhy, bondov\u00e9 k\u0159ivky a mnoh\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed, p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed ekonomick\u00e9 hry, kter\u00e9 odm\u011b\u0148uj\u00ed dobr\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed a trestaj\u00ed \u0161patn\u00e9. \u010casto se objevuj\u00ed probl\u00e9my se zabezpe\u010den\u00edm, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e ochrana p\u0159ed nimi si navz\u00e1jem odporuje. To, co je chr\u00e1n\u011bno p\u0159ed \u00fatoky \u201evelryb\u201c s miliardami token\u016f (\u201ebig stake\u201c), je zraniteln\u00e9 v\u016f\u010di \u00fatok\u016fm tis\u00edce \u00fa\u010dt\u016f s mal\u00fdmi z\u016fstatky (\u201esybil stake\u201c), a opat\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159ijat\u00e1 proti jednomu typu \u00fatoku, nap\u0159\u00edklad neline\u00e1rn\u00ed poplatky navr\u017een\u00e9 tak, aby \u010dinily pr\u00e1ci velk\u00fdm stakem nev\u00fdhodnou, obvykle discredituj\u00ed jin\u00fd typ \u00fatoku. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o ekonomickou hru, lze p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 statistick\u00e9 v\u00e1hy vypo\u010d\u00edtat p\u0159edem a jednodu\u0161e nahradit poplatky na randomizovan\u00e9 s odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edm rozlo\u017een\u00edm. Takov\u00e9 pravd\u011bpodobnostn\u00ed poplatky se realizuj\u00ed velmi jednodu\u0161e, pokud je v blockchainu spolehliv\u00fd zdroj n\u00e1hody a nevy\u017eaduj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 slo\u017eit\u00e9 v\u00fdpo\u010dty, co\u017e komplikuje \u017eivot jak velryb\u00e1m, tak sybil\u016fm.<br \/>\nJe v\u0161ak t\u0159eba m\u00edt na pam\u011bti, \u017ee kontrola nad jedin\u00fdm bitem v t\u00e9to n\u00e1hod\u011b umo\u017e\u0148uje podv\u00e1d\u011bt, kdy\u017e se pravd\u011bpodobnosti sni\u017euj\u00ed a zvy\u0161uj\u00ed dvojn\u00e1sobn\u011b, tak\u017ee poctiv\u00fd PVRB je nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed slo\u017ekou t\u011bchto protokol\u016f. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"gde-nayti-pravilnyy-random\">Kde naj\u00edt spr\u00e1vnou n\u00e1hodu?<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Teoreticky, poctiv\u00fd n\u00e1hodn\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br v decentralizovan\u00fdch s\u00edt\u00edch zaru\u010duje prokazatelnou bezpe\u010dnost t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 jak\u00e9hokoli protokolu proti spiknut\u00ed. Od\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed je pom\u011brn\u011b jednoduch\u00e9 \u2013 pokud se s\u00ed\u0165 dohodne na jednom bitu 0 nebo 1, a mezi \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edky je m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e polovina nepoctiv\u00fdch, pak p\u0159i dostate\u010dn\u00e9m po\u010dtu iterac\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 s pevnou pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed zaru\u010den\u011b dos\u00e1hne konsensu ohledn\u011b tohoto bitu. Prost\u011b proto, \u017ee poctiv\u00e1 n\u00e1hoda vybere 51 ze 100 \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f v 51 % p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f. Ale to je teorie, nebo\u0165 v re\u00e1ln\u00fdch s\u00edt\u00edch, aby byla zaji\u0161t\u011bna takov\u00e1 \u00farove\u0148 bezpe\u010dnosti, jako v \u010dl\u00e1nc\u00edch, vy\u017eaduje velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed zpr\u00e1v mezi hostiteli, slo\u017eitou v\u00edcestup\u0148ovou kryptografii, a jak\u00e9koli zkomplikov\u00e1n\u00ed protokolu okam\u017eit\u011b p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 nov\u00e9 \u00fato\u010dn\u00e9 vektory.<br \/>\nPr\u00e1v\u011b proto dosud nevid\u00edme v blockchainech prokazateln\u011b odoln\u00fd PVRB, kter\u00fd by byl dostate\u010dn\u011b dlouho pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n, aby pro\u0161el testy skute\u010dn\u00fdmi aplikacemi, n\u011bkolika audity, zat\u00ed\u017een\u00edmi a samoz\u0159ejm\u011b skute\u010dn\u00fdmi \u00fatoky, bez nich\u017e se obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b naz\u00fdv\u00e1 produkt skute\u010dn\u011b bezpe\u010dn\u00fdm.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Nicm\u00e9n\u011b existuje n\u011bkolik perspektivn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edstup\u016f, kter\u00e9 se li\u0161\u00ed mnoha detaily, a n\u011bkter\u00fd z nich ur\u010dit\u011b vy\u0159e\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m. P\u0159i sou\u010dasn\u00fdch v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00edch zdroj\u00edch je kryptografick\u00e1 teorie schopna velmi obratn\u011b p\u0159ech\u00e1zet do praktick\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed. V budoucnu s radost\u00ed p\u0159edstav\u00edme implementace PVRB: v sou\u010dasnosti jich je n\u011bkolik, ka\u017ed\u00e1 m\u00e1 svou sadu d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed a zvl\u00e1\u0161tnost\u00ed v realizaci, a za ka\u017edou stoj\u00ed dobr\u00fd n\u00e1pad. N\u00e1hodou se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 jen m\u00e1lo t\u00fdm\u016f a zku\u0161enosti ka\u017ed\u00e9ho z nich jsou nesm\u00edrn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pro v\u0161echny ostatn\u00ed. 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