{"id":32452,"date":"2019-10-31T21:47:09","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:47:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/budushhee-za-oblakami\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:47:09","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:47:09","slug":"budushhee-za-oblakami","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/budushhee-za-oblakami","title":{"rendered":"Budoucnost pat\u0159\u00ed cloud\u016fm","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

1.1. \u00davod<\/h2>\n

\nKdy\u017e hovo\u0159\u00edme o rozvoji IT v posledn\u00edch n\u011bkolika letech, nelze opomenout pod\u00edl cloudov\u00fdch \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed mezi ostatn\u00edmi. Poj\u010fme si objasnit, co vlastn\u011b cloudov\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed a technologie p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed.
\nCloudov\u00e9 slu\u017eby (nebo tak\u00e9 cloud computing) jsou speci\u00e1ln\u00ed soubor n\u00e1stroj\u016f a metod logistiky, ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed dat na vzd\u00e1len\u00fdch v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00edch zdroj\u00edch, mezi n\u011b\u017e pat\u0159\u00ed servery, syst\u00e9my pro ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed dat a syst\u00e9my pro p\u0159enos dat.<\/p>\n

P\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b IT produktu, a\u0165 u\u017e jde o webovou prezentaci, internetov\u00fd obchod, vysoce zat\u00ed\u017een\u00fd port\u00e1l nebo syst\u00e9m datab\u00e1z\u00ed, existuj\u00ed alespo\u0148 dv\u011b mo\u017enosti, jak um\u00edstit v\u00e1\u0161 produkt. <\/p>\n

U z\u00e1kazn\u00edka (angl. \u2014 on-premise)<\/b> nebo v cloudu (angl. \u2014 cloud)<\/b>. P\u0159itom nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159esn\u011b \u0159\u00edci, co je v\u00fdhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z hlediska n\u00e1klad\u016f v obecn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b. <\/p>\n

Pokud pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1te server, na kter\u00e9m b\u011b\u017e\u00ed mal\u00e1 datab\u00e1ze, kter\u00e1 nevy\u017eaduje vysokou dostupnost, a jednoduch\u00fd web bez v\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee \u2014 ano, lok\u00e1ln\u00ed um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed je pro v\u00e1s to prav\u00e9. Jakmile v\u0161ak vzroste z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e a pot\u0159eby \u2014 m\u011bli byste zv\u00e1\u017eit p\u0159echod do cloudu.
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

1.2. Clouds kolem n\u00e1s<\/h2>\n

\nNe\u017e se budeme zab\u00fdvat t\u00edm, jak p\u0159esn\u011b jsou cloudy poskytov\u00e1ny, je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pochopit, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o cloudech nen\u00ed o velk\u00fdch gigantech IT sektoru a jejich intern\u00edch slu\u017eb\u00e1ch; ka\u017ed\u00fd den vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me v\u00fdpo\u010dty v cloudech. <\/p>\n

Dnes, v roce 2019, je t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 naj\u00edt \u010dlov\u011bka, kter\u00fd by nepou\u017e\u00edval Instagram, e-mail, mapy a informace o doprav\u011b v telefonu. A kde se to v\u0161echno ukl\u00e1d\u00e1 a zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1? Spr\u00e1vn\u011b!
\nI kdy\u017e vy, jako IT specialista ve firm\u011b s aspo\u0148 malou pobo\u010dkovou s\u00edt\u00ed (pro n\u00e1zornost) implementujete do infrastruktury \u00falo\u017en\u00fd syst\u00e9m, jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem poskytujete p\u0159\u00edstup k tomuto zdroji, a\u0165 u\u017e je to webov\u00e9 rozhran\u00ed, FTP nebo Samba \u2014 pro va\u0161e u\u017eivatele bude toto \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b cloud, kter\u00e9 se nach\u00e1z\u00ed\u2026 n\u011bkde tam. Co\u017e plat\u00ed i pro tak b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 v\u011bci, kter\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me na dotek prst\u016f ka\u017ed\u00fd den n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t. <\/p>\n

2.1. Typy nasazen\u00ed cloudov\u00fdch kapacit<\/h2>\n

\nDob\u0159e, cloud. Ale nen\u00ed to tak jednoduch\u00e9. I my, kdy\u017e p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00edme do pr\u00e1ce, jsme prodejci, IT specialist\u00e9, mana\u017ee\u0159i. Ale toto je \u0161irok\u00fd pojem, ka\u017ed\u00fd m\u00e1 sv\u00e9 ur\u010den\u00ed a ur\u010ditou klasifikaci. Stejn\u011b jako zde. Vlastn\u011b lze cloudovou slu\u017ebu rozd\u011blit na 4 typy. <\/p>\n

1.Ve\u0159ejn\u00fd cloud (public cloud)<\/b> \u2014 je platforma, kter\u00e1 je ve\u0159ejn\u011b p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00e1 v\u0161em u\u017eivatel\u016fm zdarma nebo na z\u00e1klad\u011b placen\u00e9 p\u0159edplatby. Obvykle je \u0159\u00edzena konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed fyzickou osobou nebo pr\u00e1vnickou osobou. P\u0159\u00edkladem m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt port\u00e1l agreguj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nky v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho pozn\u00e1n\u00ed. <\/p>\n

2. Soukrom\u00e9 cloud (private cloud)<\/b> \u2014 je \u00fapln\u00fdm opakem bodu 1. Tato platforma je uzav\u0159en\u00e1 pro ve\u0159ejnost, \u010dasto ur\u010den\u00e1 pro jednu spole\u010dnost (nebo spole\u010dnost a jej\u00ed partnersk\u00e9 organizace). P\u0159\u00edstup je ud\u011blov\u00e1n pouze administr\u00e1torem syst\u00e9mu pro u\u017eivatele. M\u016f\u017ee se jednat o intern\u00ed slu\u017eby, jako je intranetov\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165, syst\u00e9m SD (service desk), CRM atd. Obvykle vlastn\u00edci cloud\u016f nebo segment\u016f velmi v\u00e1\u017en\u011b p\u0159istupuj\u00ed k ot\u00e1zk\u00e1m informa\u010dn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti a ochrany podnik\u00e1n\u00ed, proto\u017ee v soukrom\u00fdch cloudech jsou uchov\u00e1v\u00e1ny informace o prodeji, z\u00e1kazn\u00edc\u00edch, strategick\u00e9 pl\u00e1ny firem atd. <\/p>\n

3. Ve\u0159ejn\u00fd cloud \u2014 (community cloud)<\/b> lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee je to soukrom\u00fd cloud, kter\u00fd je distribuov\u00e1n mezi n\u011bkolika firmami, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed podobn\u00e9 c\u00edle nebo z\u00e1jmy. \u010casto se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1, pokud je pot\u0159eba ud\u011blit pr\u00e1va na pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed zdroj\u016f aplikac\u00ed n\u011bkolika lidem nebo odd\u011blen\u00edm z r\u016fzn\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed. <\/p>\n

4. Hybridn\u00ed cloud \u2014 (hybrid cloud)<\/b> je typ infrastruktury, kter\u00e1 kombinuje alespo\u0148 dva typy nasazen\u00ed. Nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edkladem je \u0161k\u00e1lov\u00e1n\u00ed klientsk\u00e9ho datov\u00e9ho centra pomoc\u00ed cloudu. D\u011bl\u00e1 se to za \u00fa\u010delem \u00faspory prost\u0159edk\u016f, pokud nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159ej\u00edt do cloudu na 100 % nebo z d\u016fvod\u016f bezpe\u010dnosti a dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed legislativy. <\/p>\n

2.2. Typy slu\u017eeb<\/h2>\n

\nSkv\u011bl\u00e9, typy nasazen\u00ed jsou tak r\u016fzn\u00e9, ale n\u011bco mus\u00ed b\u00fdt jejich spole\u010dn\u00fdm jmenovatelem? Ano, to jsou typy slu\u017eeb, kter\u00e9 jsou identick\u00e9 pro v\u0161echny typy cloud\u016f. Pod\u00edvejme se na 3 nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. <\/p>\n

IaaS (infrastructure as a service)<\/b> \u2014 infrastruktura jako slu\u017eba. V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b v\u00e1m jsou poskytov\u00e1ny servery ve form\u011b virtu\u00e1ln\u00edch stroj\u016f (VM), disk\u016f a s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9ho vybaven\u00ed, na kter\u00fdch si m\u016f\u017eete nasadit po\u017eadovan\u00fd opera\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m, prost\u0159ed\u00ed, spustit slu\u017eby atd. I kdy\u017e se nyn\u00ed intenzivn\u011b rozv\u00edj\u00edm v cloudu od Yandexu, svoji cestu jsem za\u010dal s GCP (Google Cloud Platform), proto uvedu p\u0159\u00edklady na jeho z\u00e1klad\u011b, a o poskytovatel\u00edch \u0159eknu v\u00edce pozd\u011bji. Tak\u017ee p\u0159\u00edkladem \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed IaaS v GCP bude prvek Compute Engine. Tedy je to jednoduch\u00fd b\u011b\u017en\u00fd VM, na kter\u00e9m si sami vyb\u00edr\u00e1te opera\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m, sami se star\u00e1te o nastaven\u00ed softwaru a nasazen\u00ed aplikac\u00ed. P\u0159edstavme si p\u0159\u00edklad. Jste program\u00e1tor Python a chcete vytvo\u0159it webovou str\u00e1nku s backendem v cloudu, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e zva\u017eujete pouze variantu IaaS. Pot\u0159ebujete vz\u00edt jeden VM, na kter\u00e9m bude b\u011b\u017eet web, pro to mus\u00edte nainstalovat (v GCP se vyb\u00edr\u00e1 v pr\u016fb\u011bhu vytvo\u0159en\u00ed instance) opera\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m, aktualizovat spr\u00e1vce bal\u00ed\u010dk\u016f (pro\u010d ne), nainstalovat pot\u0159ebnou verzi Pythonu, nginx atd. Na t\u0159ech VM vytvo\u0159it odoln\u00fd cluster DB (tak\u00e9 ru\u010dn\u011b). Zajistit logov\u00e1n\u00ed atd. Je to levn\u00e9 a zdlouhav\u00e9, ale pokud chcete maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed flexibilitu \u2014 je to va\u0161e volba.<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00edm, co se bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed jednodu\u0161e a draze, je PaaS (platforma jako slu\u017eba)<\/b>. Zde samoz\u0159ejm\u011b tak\u00e9 dost\u00e1v\u00e1te VM, ale bez mo\u017enosti tak flexibiln\u011b m\u011bnit konfiguraci, nevyb\u00edr\u00e1te si opera\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m, souborov\u00fd bal\u00ed\u010dek atd., dost\u00e1v\u00e1te hotov\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed pro v\u00e1\u0161 produkt. Vra\u0165me se k tomu stejn\u00e9mu p\u0159\u00edkladu. Kupujete dv\u011b instance App Engine v GCP, jedna z nich bude plnit roli DB, druh\u00e1 roli webov\u00e9ho serveru<\/a>. Nen\u00ed t\u0159eba nastavovat obslu\u017en\u00e9 programy, m\u016f\u017eete p\u0159\u00edmo z krabice spustit produk\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed. To stoj\u00ed v\u00edce, souhlas\u00edte, pr\u00e1ce mus\u00ed b\u00fdt zaplacena, a pro v\u00e1s pracoval cel\u00fd skript. Ale dost\u00e1v\u00e1te hotovou platformu pro pr\u00e1ci. <\/p>\n

T\u0159et\u00ed z hlavn\u00edch variant, kter\u00e1 stoj\u00ed nad ostatn\u00edmi \u2014 SaaS (Software jako slu\u017eba).<\/b> Neprov\u00e1d\u00edte jemn\u00e1 nastaven\u00ed VM, v\u016fbec je nenastavujete. Nen\u00ed t\u0159eba b\u00fdt IT specialistou, nen\u00ed t\u0159eba ps\u00e1t k\u00f3d, nen\u00ed t\u0159eba d\u011blat backend. V\u0161echno je u\u017e hotov\u00e9. To u\u017e jsou hotov\u00e1, nasazen\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, jako GSuite (d\u0159\u00edve Google Apps), DropBox, Office 365. <\/p>\n

3.1. Co je pod kapotou?<\/h2>\n

\nUlo\u017eili jste to do hlavy? Dob\u0159e, jdeme d\u00e1l. Koupili jsme VM, pracovali s n\u00ed, zni\u010dili ji a koupili dal\u0161\u00edch 10. Nezakupujeme hardware, ale v\u00edme, \u017ee n\u011bkde mus\u00ed b\u00fdt. Kdy\u017e jste implementovali \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b dat do infrastruktury va\u0161eho podniku, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b jste je um\u00edstili do racku v serverovn\u011b. Tak takov\u00ed poskytovatel\u00e9 cloudov\u00fdch technologi\u00ed v\u00e1m pronaj\u00edmaj\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st sv\u00e9 serverovny, jen\u017ee v obrovsk\u00fdch rozm\u011brech. Takzvan\u00e1 datov\u00e1 centra (DC). To jsou velk\u00e9 komplexy, um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 po cel\u00e9 planet\u011b. V\u00fdstavba se obvykle uskute\u010d\u0148uje v bl\u00edzkosti m\u00edst, kter\u00e1 alespo\u0148 \u010d\u00e1st roku mohou slou\u017eit jako zdroj p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho chlazen\u00ed, ale n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed poskytovatel\u00e9 se mohou postavit i v pou\u0161ti Nevada. Krom\u011b toho, \u017ee poskytovatel um\u00edst\u00ed n\u011bkolik stovek rack\u016f do kolos\u00e1ln\u00edho hang\u00e1ru, tak\u00e9 db\u00e1 na tepelnou v\u00fdm\u011bnu (v\u0161ichni v\u00ed, \u017ee po\u010d\u00edta\u010de nelze mrazit ani p\u0159eh\u0159\u00edvat?), na bezpe\u010dnost va\u0161ich dat p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na fyzick\u00e9 \u00farovni, tak\u017ee je nepravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee byste se do datov\u00e9ho centra dostali neleg\u00e1ln\u011b. Metody uchov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed dat v datov\u00e9m centru se p\u0159itom li\u0161\u00ed u r\u016fzn\u00fdch poskytovatel\u016f \u2013 n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed d\u011blaj\u00ed distribuovan\u00e9 z\u00e1pisy mezi r\u016fzn\u00fdmi datov\u00fdmi centry, jin\u00ed uchov\u00e1vaj\u00ed data spolehliv\u011b na jednom m\u00edst\u011b. <\/p>\n

3.2. Cloudy nyn\u00ed a v retrospektiv\u011b. Poskytovatel\u00e9<\/h2>\n

\nPokud se pod\u00edv\u00e1me do historie, prvn\u00ed p\u0159edpoklady pro vznik dne\u0161n\u00edch cloudov\u00fdch platforem se objevily ji\u017e v polovin\u011b 70. let minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed, v dob\u011b v\u00fdvoje a zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed prototypu internetov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b ARPANET. Tehdy se mluvilo o tom, \u017ee lid\u00e9 jednou budou moci p\u0159es s\u00ed\u0165 z\u00edsk\u00e1vat v\u0161echny mo\u017en\u00e9 slu\u017eby. \u010cas plynul, linky se st\u00e1valy stabiln\u00edmi a v\u00edce m\u00e9n\u011b \u0161irokop\u00e1smov\u00fdmi a v roce 1999 se objevuje prvn\u00ed komer\u010dn\u00ed CRM syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd je poskytov\u00e1n v\u00fdhradn\u011b na z\u00e1klad\u011b p\u0159edplatn\u00e9ho a je prvn\u00ed SaaS, jeho\u017e instance jsou uchov\u00e1v\u00e1ny v jedin\u00e9m datov\u00e9m centru. Pozd\u011bji spole\u010dnost vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed n\u011bkolik diviz\u00ed, kter\u00e9 poskytuj\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b p\u0159edplatn\u00e9ho PaaS v\u010detn\u011b specializovan\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edpadu BDaaS (data base as a service). V roce 2002 spole\u010dnost Amazon uv\u00e1d\u00ed na trh slu\u017ebu, kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje ukl\u00e1dat a zpracov\u00e1vat informace, a v roce 2008 p\u0159edstavuje slu\u017ebu, v n\u00ed\u017e si u\u017eivatel m\u016f\u017ee vytv\u00e1\u0159et svoje vlastn\u00ed virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed stroje, tak za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 \u00e9ra velk\u00fdch cloudov\u00fdch technologi\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Nyn\u00ed je obvykl\u00e9 mluvit o velk\u00e9 trojce (i kdy\u017e za p\u016fl roku vid\u00edm velkou \u010dty\u0159ku): Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform\u2026 Yandex Cloud. Je to obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 pot\u011b\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed, kdy\u017e na\u0161i krajani rychle vstupuj\u00ed na sv\u011btovou sc\u00e9nu \u2014 hrdost prob\u00edh\u00e1 mrazen\u00edm po k\u016f\u017ei. <\/p>\n

Existuje tak\u00e9 mnoho spole\u010dnost\u00ed, jako je Oracle nebo Alibaba, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed cloudov\u00e9 slu\u017eby, ale kv\u016fli ur\u010dit\u00fdm okolnostem nejsou mezi u\u017eivateli tak popul\u00e1rn\u00ed. No a samoz\u0159ejm\u011b kluci-hostitel\u00e9<\/a>, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou tak\u00e9 poskytovateli, nab\u00edzej\u00edc\u00edmi PaaS nebo SaaS \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. <\/p>\n

3.3. Ceny a granty<\/h2>\n

\nNebudu se podrobn\u011bji zab\u00fdvat cenovou politikou poskytovatel\u016f, proto\u017ee by to jinak bylo otev\u0159en\u00e9 reklamn\u00ed sd\u011blen\u00ed. Chci vyzdvihnout skute\u010dnost, \u017ee v\u0161echny velk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti nab\u00edzej\u00ed granty od 200 do 700 $ na rok nebo krat\u0161\u00ed obdob\u00ed, aby u\u017eivatel\u00e9 mohli vyzkou\u0161et s\u00edlu jejich \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed a pochopit, co p\u0159esn\u011b pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Tak\u00e9 v\u0161echny spole\u010dnosti z velk\u00e9 trojky\u2026 nebo \u010dty\u0159ky u\u017e skoro\u2026 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed vstoupit do \u0159ad partner\u016f, po\u0159\u00e1daj\u00ed semin\u00e1\u0159e a \u0161kolen\u00ed, poskytuj\u00ed certifikace a v\u00fdhody na sv\u00e9 produkty.
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Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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