{"id":32900,"date":"2019-10-31T21:49:36","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:49:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/samye-nestrashnye-yady\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:49:36","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:49:36","slug":"samye-nestrashnye-yady","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/samye-nestrashnye-yady","title":{"rendered":"Nejstra\u0161ideln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nejstra\u0161ideln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/aefdb39dd7e05dfd58fd7cadfca0dbb4.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nAhoj znovu, %username%!<\/p>\n<p>D\u011bkuji v\u0161em, kdo ohodnotili <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450294\/\">m\u016fj p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek \u201eNejstra\u0161n\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy\u201c.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Bylo velmi zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 \u010d\u00edst koment\u00e1\u0159e, a\u0165 u\u017e byly jak\u00e9koliv, bylo velmi zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 odpov\u00eddat.<\/p>\n<p>Jsem r\u00e1d, \u017ee se \u201ehitpar\u00e1da\u201c l\u00edbila. Pokud se nel\u00edbila \u2013 co u\u017e, ud\u011blal jsem, co jsem mohl.<\/p>\n<p>Na naps\u00e1n\u00ed druh\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti m\u011b inspirovaly pr\u00e1v\u011b koment\u00e1\u0159e a aktivita.<\/p>\n<p>Tak\u017ee v\u00e1m p\u0159edstavujeme dal\u0161\u00ed smrt\u00edc\u00ed des\u00edtku!<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h3>Des\u00e1t\u00e9 m\u00edsto<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">B\u011blidlo<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nejstra\u0161ideln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/5a9050f8ff11428f61b16661cfc0eb8a.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nAno, v\u00edm, %username%, \u017ee pr\u00e1v\u011b te\u010f vyk\u0159ikne\u0161: \u201eHur\u00e1, kone\u010dn\u011b chl\u00f3r, velk\u00fd a hrozn\u00fd!\u201c Ale nen\u00ed to tak. <\/p>\n<p>Za prv\u00e9, v b\u011blidle nen\u00ed chl\u00f3r, ale hypochlorit sodn\u00fd. Ano, nakonec se rozpad\u00e1 na chl\u00f3r, ale p\u0159esto to nen\u00ed chl\u00f3r. <\/p>\n<p>Za druh\u00e9 \u2013 p\u0159esto\u017ee chl\u00f3r byl v podstat\u011b prvn\u00edm bojov\u00fdm jedem v historii lidskosti (poprv\u00e9 pou\u017eit v roce 1915 b\u011bhem bitvy u Ypr\u016f \u2013 ano, on, ne yperit, a\u010dkoli n\u00e1zev poch\u00e1z\u00ed odtud), hned tak \u201ese neujal\u201c.<\/p>\n<p>Probl\u00e9m je v tom, \u017ee \u010dlov\u011bk c\u00edt\u00ed chl\u00f3r dlouho p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e se otr\u00e1v\u00ed. A ut\u00edk\u00e1 a\u017e o n\u011bco pozd\u011bji.<\/p>\n<p>Posu\u010f s\u00e1m: z\u00e1pach chl\u00f3ru uc\u00edt\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk bez sinusitidy p\u0159i 0,1-0,3 ppm (i kdy\u017e se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee sinusitidu pr\u00fd tak\u00e9 p\u0159ekon\u00e1). Koncentraci 1-3 ppm obvykle sn\u00e1\u0161\u00ed maxim\u00e1ln\u011b hodinu \u2013 nesnesiteln\u00e9 p\u00e1len\u00ed v o\u010d\u00edch vede k my\u0161lenk\u00e1m, \u017ee m\u00e1\u0161 spoustu d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch v\u011bc\u00ed na pr\u00e1ci, ale n\u011bjak dost daleko odsud. P\u0159i 30 ppm za\u010dnou okam\u017eit\u011b (a ne po hodin\u011b) t\u00e9ct slzy, objev\u00ed se dr\u00e1\u017ediv\u00fd ka\u0161el. P\u0159i 40-60 ppm za\u010dnou probl\u00e9my s pl\u00edcemi.<\/p>\n<p>Smrteln\u00fd je pobyt v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e s koncentrac\u00ed chl\u00f3ru 400 ppm po dobu p\u016fl hodiny. No, nebo n\u011bkolik minut \u2013 p\u0159i koncentraci 1000 ppm.<\/p>\n<p>B\u011bhem Prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky vyu\u017e\u00edvali toho, \u017ee chl\u00f3r je o n\u011bco v\u00edce ne\u017e dvakr\u00e1t t\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e vzduch \u2013 a proto ho pu\u0161t\u011bli po rovin\u011b, vyh\u00e1n\u011bj\u00edce nep\u0159\u00edtele z kryt\u016f. A tam \u2013 u\u017e to vyb\u00edrali star\u00fdm dobr\u00fdm a osv\u011bd\u010den\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem.<\/p>\n<p>Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, pokud pracuje\u0161 v chl\u00f3rov\u00e9m v\u00fdrobn\u00edm z\u00e1vod\u011b a p\u0159ipoutaj\u00ed t\u011b k cistern\u011b s chl\u00f3rem \u2013 je d\u016fvod k obav\u00e1m. Ale o\u010dek\u00e1vat, \u017ee se otr\u00e1v\u00ed\u0161 chl\u00f3rem p\u0159i myt\u00ed toalety nebo kv\u016fli elektrol\u00fdze slan\u00e9 vody \u2013 m\u00edrn\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, nen\u00ed d\u016fvod.<\/p>\n<p>No ano, pokud to p\u0159ece jen nevy\u0161lo \u2013 k tv\u00e9 informaci: proti chl\u00f3ru neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 antidotum, l\u00e9\u010d\u00ed se \u010derstv\u00fdm vzduchem. A samoz\u0159ejm\u011b obnovou sp\u00e1len\u00e9 tk\u00e1n\u011b.<\/p>\n<h3>Dev\u00e1t\u00e9 m\u00edsto<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Vitamin A \u2014 nebo jak \u0159\u00edk\u00e1me b\u011b\u017en\u011b retinol<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nejstra\u0161ideln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/9220e1c07b01354f026c5783d6773d1d.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nV\u0161ichni si pamatuj\u00ed na vitaminy. A jejich p\u0159\u00ednos. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed je zam\u011b\u0148uj\u00ed s alkoholem a cigaretami \u2014 ale to je jin\u00e1 v\u011bc.<\/p>\n<p>D\u011bde\u010dkov\u00e9 a babi\u010dky n\u00e1m v d\u011btstv\u00ed \u0159\u00edkali, abychom jedli jablka a mrkev. Mn\u011b to \u0159\u00edkali. J\u00e1 jsem prost\u011b zbo\u017e\u0148oval star\u00e9 sov\u011btsk\u00e9 mrkvov\u00e9 pyr\u00e9 v t\u011bch mal\u00fdch skleni\u010dk\u00e1ch!<\/p>\n<p>Ale nem\u011b\u0148te si moc p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b retinol s p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edm karotenem (to je ten, co je v melounu a mrkvi): p\u0159i nadm\u011brn\u00e9m u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed karoten\u016f je mo\u017en\u00e1 \u017eloutnut\u00ed dlan\u00ed, chodidel a sliznic (mimochodem, j\u00e1 jsem to m\u011bl jako d\u00edt\u011b!), nicm\u00e9n\u011b ani v krajn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpadech se p\u0159\u00edznaky otravy neprojevuj\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Tak\u017ee, LD50 retinolu je 2 g\/kg u potkan\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed ho konzumovali. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee vitamin je rozpustn\u00fd v tuc\u00edch, pokud spoj\u00edte s mal\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm s\u00e1dla \u2014 bude to m\u00e9n\u011b. U potkan\u016f byla pozorov\u00e1na ztr\u00e1ta v\u011bdom\u00ed, k\u0159e\u010de a smrt.<\/p>\n<p>U lid\u00ed byly p\u0159\u00edpady zaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed: d\u00e1vka vitaminu A 25 000 ME\/kg zp\u016fsobuje akutn\u00ed otravu, zat\u00edmco ka\u017edodenn\u00ed u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed d\u00e1vky 4000 ME\/kg po dobu 6\u201415 m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f zp\u016fsobuje chronickou otravu (pro zaj\u00edmavost: l\u00e9ka\u0159i \u2014 jsou to velmi slo\u017eit\u00e9 osoby k pochopen\u00ed, a to nejen kv\u016fli rukopisu \u2014 vitamin A po\u010d\u00edtaj\u00ed v ME \u2014 l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch jednotk\u00e1ch; jedna jednotka ME byla stanovena na 0,3 mcg retinolu).<\/p>\n<p>Pro otravu u \u010dlov\u011bka jsou charakteristick\u00e9 n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edznaky: z\u00e1n\u011bt rohovky oka, ztr\u00e1ta chuti k j\u00eddlu, nevolnost, zv\u011bt\u0161en\u00ed jater, bolesti kloub\u016f. Chronick\u00e1 otrava vitaminem A je pozorov\u00e1na p\u0159i pravideln\u00e9m u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed vysok\u00fdch d\u00e1vek vitam\u00ednu, velk\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed ryb\u00edho tuku. <\/p>\n<p>P\u0159\u00edpady akutn\u00ed otravy se smrteln\u00fdm n\u00e1sledkem jsou mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159i konzumaci jater \u017eraloka, b\u00edl\u00e9 medv\u011bdice, mo\u0159sk\u00fdch \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f, husky (netr\u00e1pte psy!). Evropan\u00e9 se s t\u00edm za\u010dali setk\u00e1vat alespo\u0148 od roku 1597, kdy \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci t\u0159et\u00ed expedice Barence v\u00e1\u017en\u011b onemocn\u011bli po konzumaci jater b\u00edl\u00e9 medv\u011bdice.<\/p>\n<p>Akutn\u00ed forma otravy se projevuje k\u0159e\u010demi a paral\u00fdzou. P\u0159i chronick\u00e9 form\u011b p\u0159ed\u00e1vkov\u00e1n\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed intrakrani\u00e1ln\u00edho tlaku, co\u017e doprov\u00e1z\u00ed bolest hlavy, nevolnost a zvracen\u00ed. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 se objevuje otok \u017elut\u00e9 skvrny a s t\u00edm souvisej\u00edc\u00ed poruchy vid\u011bn\u00ed. Projevuj\u00ed se hemoragie a tak\u00e9 zn\u00e1mky hepatotoxick\u00e9ho a nefrotoxick\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dinku vysok\u00fdch d\u00e1vek vitam\u00ednu A. Mohou nastat spont\u00e1nn\u00ed zlomeniny kost\u00ed. P\u0159ebytek vitam\u00ednu A m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobit vrozen\u00e9 vady a proto by nem\u011bl p\u0159ekra\u010dovat doporu\u010denou denn\u00ed d\u00e1vku; t\u011bhotn\u00e9 \u017eeny by ho m\u011bly rad\u011bji v\u016fbec neu\u017e\u00edvat.<\/p>\n<p>K l\u00e9\u010db\u011b otravy se doporu\u010duje mannitol, kter\u00fd sni\u017euje intrakrani\u00e1ln\u00ed tlak a eliminuje p\u0159\u00edznaky meningismu, glukokortikoidy, kter\u00e9 urychluj\u00ed metabolismus vitam\u00ednu v j\u00e1trech a stabilizuj\u00ed membr\u00e1ny lyzozom\u016f v j\u00e1trech a ledvin\u00e1ch. Vitam\u00edn E tak\u00e9 stabilizuje bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 membr\u00e1ny.<\/p>\n<p>Tak\u017ee, %username%, pamatuj si: ne v\u0161e, co je zdrav\u00e9, je prosp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 ve velk\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Osm\u00e9 m\u00edsto<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Hardware<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nejstra\u0161ideln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/588081f64bd14468de30fe45b9920a76.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nNejv\u00edc toxick\u00e9 je vniknut\u00ed \u017eelezn\u00e9 ty\u010de do mozku, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/lamro.org\/2019\/04\/16\/muzhchina-vyzhil-posle-togo-kak-zheleznyy-prut-probil-ego-golovu-naskvoz-foto.html\">av\u0161ak to nen\u00ed p\u0159esn\u00e9.<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>Ale pokud to mysl\u00edme v\u00e1\u017en\u011b, situace se \u017eelezem je velmi podobn\u00e1 t\u00e9 s vitam\u00ednem A.<\/p>\n<p>N\u011bkter\u00fdm lidem na l\u00e9\u010dbu nedostatku \u017eeleza p\u0159edepisuj\u00ed \u017eelezo. Moje v\u011b\u010dn\u011b vzpom\u00ednan\u00e1 babi\u010dka v\u017edy radila j\u00edst jablka \u2014 maj\u00ed hodn\u011b \u017eeleza (a v\u0161ichni znaj\u00ed ten vtip).<\/p>\n<p>D\u0159\u00edve se \u017eelezo jedlo doslova \u2014 na obr\u00e1zku v\u00fd\u0161e je karbonyln\u00ed \u017eelezo \u2014 to se skute\u010dn\u011b jedlo: v \u017ealudku je spousta kyseliny chlorovod\u00edkov\u00e9, tak\u017ee jemn\u011b disperzn\u00ed \u017eelezo se tam rozpou\u0161t\u011blo a to sta\u010dilo.<\/p>\n<p>Pot\u00e9 se za\u010dalo p\u0159edepisovat \u017eelezn\u00e9 sulf\u00e1ty a \u017eelezn\u00e9 lakty. Zaj\u00edmavost\u00ed \u017eeleza je to, \u017ee mus\u00ed b\u00fdt dvivalentn\u00ed; t\u0159\u00edvalentn\u00ed \u017eelezo t\u011blo nepot\u0159ebuje a nav\u00edc r\u00e1do sr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed p\u0159i pH nad 4.<\/p>\n<p>7-35 g \u017eeleza t\u011b spolehliv\u011b po\u0161le, %username%, na onen sv\u011bt. A te\u010f nemluv\u00edm o kovov\u00e9m p\u0159edm\u011btu na spr\u00e1vn\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b t\u011bla \u2014 mluv\u00edm o \u017eelezn\u00fdch solech. S d\u011btmi je to je\u0161t\u011b slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed (d\u011bti jsou v\u017edy slo\u017eit\u00e9): 3 gramy \u017eeleza jsou smrteln\u00e9 pro d\u011bti mlad\u0161\u00ed 3 let. Mimochodem, podle statistik je to nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed forma n\u00e1hodn\u00e9ho d\u011btsk\u00e9ho otraven\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Chov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ebytku \u017eeleza siln\u011b p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 otravu t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdmi kovy (a, mimochodem, se prakticky l\u00e9\u010d\u00ed podobn\u011b). \u017delezo se m\u016f\u017ee hromadit v t\u011ble stejn\u011b jako t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 kovy \u2014 ale za ur\u010dit\u00fdch d\u011bdi\u010dn\u00fdch a chronick\u00fdch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed nebo p\u0159i nadm\u011brn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edjmu z vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch zdroj\u016f. Lid\u00e9 s p\u0159ebytkem \u017eeleza trp\u00ed fyzickou slabost\u00ed, ztr\u00e1tou hmotnosti a \u010dast\u011bji onemocn\u00ed. P\u0159itom se \u010dasto zbavit p\u0159ebytku \u017eeleza mnohem obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bji ne\u017e jeho nedostatku.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159i t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 otrav\u011b \u017eelezem je po\u0161kozena sliznice st\u0159eva, rozv\u00edj\u00ed se jatern\u00ed insuficience a objevuj\u00ed se nevolnost a zvracen\u00ed. Typick\u00e9 jsou pr\u016fjmy a takzvan\u00e1 \u201e\u010dern\u00e1 stolice\u201c \u2014 v\u00ed\u0161, co t\u00edm mysl\u00edm. Pokud se to zanedb\u00e1 \u2014 v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 formy po\u0161kozen\u00ed jater, koma, setk\u00e1n\u00ed s d\u00e1vno zem\u0159el\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdmi.<\/p>\n<h3>Sedm\u00e9 m\u00edsto<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Aspirin<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nejstra\u0161ideln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/4391548f977978d85213c8bb9dee8570.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nN\u011bjak si te\u010f vzpom\u00edn\u00e1m na v\u0161echny americk\u00e9 filmy, kde postavy p\u0159i bolesti hlavy p\u0159\u00edmo hltaj\u00ed balen\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00fdch tablet. Bo\u017ee!<\/p>\n<p>Acetylsalicylov\u00e1 kyselina nebo aspirin \u2014 jak ho nazval Felix Hoffmann, kter\u00fd 10. srpna 1897 syntetizoval tento z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00fd produkt v laborato\u0159\u00edch firmy Bayer AG, m\u00e1 LD50 u my\u0161\u00ed na \u00farovni 200 mg\/kg. Ano, to je hodn\u011b, tolik tablet nese\u017eere\u0161, ale jako u v\u0161ech l\u00e9k\u016f m\u00e1 aspirin vedlej\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky. A ty nejsou pr\u00e1v\u011b nejlep\u0161\u00ed: probl\u00e9my s tr\u00e1vic\u00edm traktem a otok tk\u00e1n\u00ed. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b pokud bys p\u0159ece jen sn\u011bdl opravdu hodn\u011b aspirinu, tak p\u0159i akutn\u00edm p\u0159ed\u00e1vkov\u00e1n\u00ed (to je, kdy\u017e jednou \u2013 ale obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed) je \u00famrtnost 2 %. Chronick\u00e9 p\u0159ed\u00e1vkov\u00e1n\u00ed (to je, kdy\u017e \u010dlov\u011bk bere vysok\u00e9 d\u00e1vky \u2013 a dlouho) je \u010dast\u011bji smrteln\u00e9, \u00famrtnost \u010din\u00ed 25 %, a jako u \u017eeleza m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt chronick\u00e9 p\u0159ed\u00e1vkov\u00e1n\u00ed obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 u d\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159i otrav\u011b aspirinem se projevuje akutn\u00ed \u017ealude\u010dn\u00ed porucha, zmatenost, psych\u00f3za, stupor, zvon\u011bn\u00ed v u\u0161\u00edch, ospalost.<\/p>\n<p>L\u00e9\u010d\u00ed se jako u ka\u017ed\u00e9ho p\u0159ed\u00e1vkov\u00e1n\u00ed: aktivn\u00ed uhl\u00ed, intraven\u00f3zn\u00ed gluk\u00f3za a norm\u00e1ln\u00ed fyziologick\u00fd roztok, bikarbon\u00e1t sodn\u00fd a dial\u00fdza.<\/p>\n<p>Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed pozornost zasluhuje Reye\u016fv syndrom \u2014 vz\u00e1cn\u00e1, ale z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e1 nemoc, kter\u00e1 se vyzna\u010duje akutn\u00ed encefalopati\u00ed a ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm tuku v j\u00e1trech. Tato nemoc m\u016f\u017ee vzniknout, kdy\u017e se d\u011btem nebo dosp\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edm pod\u00e1v\u00e1 aspirin na hore\u010dku nebo jinou nemoc \u010di infekci. Od roku 1981 do roku 1997 bylo v N\u00e1rodn\u00edch st\u0159edisc\u00edch pro kontrolu a prevenci nemoc\u00ed USA zaznamen\u00e1no 1207 p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f Reyeova syndromu u lid\u00ed mlad\u0161\u00edch 18 let. Z nich 93 % uvedlo, \u017ee trp\u011bli b\u011bhem t\u0159\u00ed t\u00fddn\u016f p\u0159ed vznikem Reyeova syndromu, nej\u010dast\u011bji na respira\u010dn\u00ed infekci, ne\u0161tovice nebo pr\u016fjem. <\/p>\n<p>Vypad\u00e1 to takto:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>5-6 dn\u00ed po za\u010d\u00e1tku virov\u00e9ho onemocn\u011bn\u00ed (u ne\u0161tovic \u2014 4-5. den po objeven\u00ed vyr\u00e1\u017eky) se n\u00e1hle rozvinou nevolnost a nekontrolovateln\u00e1 zvracen\u00ed, spojen\u00e1 se zm\u011bnou psychick\u00e9ho stavu (od m\u00edrn\u00e9 letargie a\u017e po hlubok\u00fd k\u00f3ma a epizody dezorientace, psychomotorick\u00e9ho vzru\u0161en\u00ed). <\/li>\n<li>U d\u011bt\u00ed do 3 let mohou b\u00fdt hlavn\u00edmi p\u0159\u00edznaky onemocn\u011bn\u00ed pot\u00ed\u017ee s dechem, ospalost a k\u0159e\u010de, zat\u00edmco u d\u011bt\u00ed prvn\u00edho roku \u017eivota se zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 nap\u011bt\u00ed velk\u00e9 fontanely.<\/li>\n<li>P\u0159i absenci adekv\u00e1tn\u00ed terapie charakterizuje rychl\u00e9 zhor\u0161en\u00ed stavu pacienta: rychl\u00fd rozvoj k\u00f3ma, k\u0159e\u010de, zastaven\u00ed d\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>Zv\u011bt\u0161en\u00ed jater se zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 v 40 % p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f, av\u0161ak \u017eloutenka se objevuje z\u0159\u00eddka.<\/li>\n<li>Je charakteristick\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed AST, ALT a amoniaku v s\u00e9ru pacient\u016f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nJak tomu p\u0159edej\u00edt? Je to jednoduch\u00e9: nesm\u00edte sv\u00e9mu d\u00edt\u011bti pod\u00e1vat aspirin, pokud m\u00e1 ch\u0159ipku, spalni\u010dky nebo ne\u0161tovice. Bu\u010fte obez\u0159etn\u00ed p\u0159i p\u0159edepisov\u00e1n\u00ed kyseliny acetylsalicylov\u00e9 p\u0159i vysok\u00fdch teplot\u00e1ch u d\u011bt\u00ed do 12 let. V t\u00e9to situaci se doporu\u010duje nahradit kyselinu acetylsalicylovou paracetamolem nebo ibuprofenem. Neprodlen\u011b vyhledejte l\u00e9ka\u0159skou pomoc, pokud se u va\u0161eho d\u00edt\u011bte objev\u00ed p\u0159\u00edznaky: zvracen\u00ed, siln\u00e1 bolest hlavy, letargie, podr\u00e1\u017ed\u011bnost, deliriu, pot\u00ed\u017ee s d\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00edm, ztuhlost rukou a nohou, k\u00f3ma.<\/p>\n<p>Chra\u0148te sv\u00e9 d\u011bti, koneckonc\u016f jsou na\u0161\u00edm d\u011bdictv\u00edm.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0160est\u00e9 m\u00edsto<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Oxid uhli\u010dit\u00fd<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nejstra\u0161ideln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/33ee44eb5f1c0a36fbd7105a1c9f020f.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nAno, v\u0161ichni d\u00fdch\u00e1me a uvol\u0148ujeme tento oxid uhli\u010dit\u00fd. A organismus se jen tak nerozch\u00e1z\u00ed s n\u011b\u010d\u00edm u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdm! Vzduch obsahuje p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 0,04 % oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho \u2014 pro srovn\u00e1n\u00ed, argonu je ve vzduchu dvacetkr\u00e1t v\u00edce. <\/p>\n<p>Krom\u011b tebe a ostatn\u00edch zv\u00ed\u0159at se oxident uhli\u010dit\u00fd uvol\u0148uje p\u0159i \u00fapln\u00e9m spalov\u00e1n\u00ed a nach\u00e1z\u00ed se ve v\u0161ech perliv\u00fdch n\u00e1poj\u00edch \u2014 jak nealkoholick\u00fdch, tak t\u011bm zaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00edm (o t\u011bch n\u00ed\u017ee).<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159i koncentraci ji\u017e 0,1 % (takov\u00e1 hladina oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho se ob\u010das vyskytuje v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed velkom\u011bst), lid\u00e9 za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed poci\u0165ovat slabost, spavost \u2014 pam\u011btn\u00ed\u0161, jak t\u011b neodbytn\u011b t\u00e1hlo k z\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed? P\u0159i zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed na 7\u201410 % se objevuj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edznaky asfyxie, projevuj\u00edc\u00ed se bolest\u00ed hlavy, z\u00e1vrat\u011bmi, poruchami sluchu a ztr\u00e1tou v\u011bdom\u00ed (p\u0159\u00edznaky podobn\u00e9 vysokohorsk\u00e9 nemoci), tyto p\u0159\u00edznaky se vyv\u00edjej\u00ed, v z\u00e1vislosti na koncentraci, v rozmez\u00ed od n\u011bkolika minut do jedn\u00e9 hodiny.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159i vdechov\u00e1n\u00ed vzduchu s velmi vysok\u00fdmi koncentracemi plynu nast\u00e1v\u00e1 smrt velmi rychle kv\u016fli udusen\u00ed zp\u016fsoben\u00e9mu hypoxi\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Vdechov\u00e1n\u00ed vzduchu s vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed koncentrac\u00ed tohoto plynu nezp\u016fsobuje dlouhodob\u00e9 zdravotn\u00ed probl\u00e9my. Po odstran\u011bn\u00ed posti\u017een\u00e9ho z atmosf\u00e9ry s vysokou koncentrac\u00ed oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho rychle doch\u00e1z\u00ed k \u00fapln\u00e9mu uzdraven\u00ed zdrav\u00ed a pocitu.<\/p>\n<p>A tak\u00e9 oxident uhli\u010dit\u00fd je 1,5kr\u00e1t t\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e vzduch \u2014 a je t\u0159eba to br\u00e1t v \u00favahu p\u0159i shroma\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed v dutin\u00e1ch a sklep\u00edch.<\/p>\n<p>V\u011btrej svou m\u00edstnost, %username%!<\/p>\n<h3>P\u00e1t\u00e9 m\u00edsto<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Cukr<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nejstra\u0161ideln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/a9d9efe2b53667ac9443b8b41b829e3b.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nJak vypad\u00e1 cukr \u2014 v\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00fd. Co se t\u00fd\u010de debaty \u2014 co p\u00edt s cukrem a co bez: k\u00e1va nebo \u010daj \u2014 to rad\u011bji vynech\u00e1me, ukradl p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mnoho \u017eivot\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Ve skute\u010dnosti je cukr (p\u0159esn\u011bji \u2014 gluk\u00f3za) jednou z hlavn\u00edch \u017eivin \u2014 a jedinou, kterou nervov\u00e1 tk\u00e1\u0148 m\u016f\u017ee vst\u0159eb\u00e1vat. Bez cukru nebude\u0161 moci myslet a \u010d\u00edst tento text, %username%!<\/p>\n<p>Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, cukr m\u00e1 toxickou d\u00e1vku \u2014 50 % potkan\u016f um\u00edr\u00e1 p\u0159i konzumaci cukru 30 g\/kg (neptej se, jak jim ho nacpali). Pamatuji si, jak jsem v metru v New Yorku v roce 2014 sly\u0161el, jak na cukr sv\u00e1d\u011bli v\u0161echny nemoci: od impotence po infarkt. Tehdy jsem si pomyslel: jak to, \u017ee lidstvo p\u0159e\u017eilo bez chemick\u00fdch sladidel?<\/p>\n<p>Tak \u010di onak, cukr je toxick\u00fd ve velk\u00fdch (jak jsi si v\u0161iml \u2014 OPRAVDU velk\u00fdch) d\u00e1vk\u00e1ch. P\u0159\u00edznaky otravy jsou relativn\u011b skromn\u00e9:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b class=\"spoiler_title\">Depresivn\u00ed stav<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nejstra\u0161ideln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/a2c0579fcf70840405a4ad46a6c19bb8.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>\n<\/li>\n<li>Gastrointestin\u00e1ln\u00ed pot\u00ed\u017ee.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nVe skute\u010dnosti mezi n\u00e1mi existuje mnoho lid\u00ed, pro kter\u00e9 je cukr skute\u010dn\u011b jed. Jsou to diabetici. Jsem chemik, nejsem l\u00e9ka\u0159, ale v\u00edm, \u017ee diabetes m\u00e1 r\u016fzn\u00e9 typy, r\u016fzn\u00e9 z\u00e1va\u017enosti, r\u016fzn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny a r\u016fzn\u00e1 l\u00e9\u010dba. Proto, %username%, pokud sis v\u0161iml:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Polyurie je zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 vylu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed mo\u010di, zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm osmotick\u00e9ho tlaku mo\u010di d\u00edky rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 gluk\u00f3ze (ve zdrav\u00e9m stavu gluk\u00f3za v mo\u010di chyb\u00ed). Projevuje se \u010dast\u00fdm a hojn\u00fdm mo\u010den\u00edm, v\u010detn\u011b no\u010dn\u00edch hodin.<\/li>\n<li>Polydipsie (neust\u00e1l\u00fd neuhasiteln\u00fd \u017e\u00edze\u0148) je zp\u016fsobena zna\u010dn\u00fdmi ztr\u00e1tami vody mo\u010d\u00ed a zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm osmotick\u00e9ho tlaku krve.<\/li>\n<li>Polyf\u00e1gie \u2013 trval\u00fd neuhasiteln\u00fd hlad. Tento symptom je zp\u016fsoben metabolick\u00fdmi poruchami p\u0159i diabetu, a to neschopnost\u00ed bun\u011bk absorbovat a zpracov\u00e1vat gluk\u00f3zu v nep\u0159\u00edtomnosti inzul\u00ednu (hlad mezi p\u0159ebytkem).<\/li>\n<li>\u00dabytek na v\u00e1ze (zejm\u00e9na charakteristick\u00fd pro diabetes typu 1) je \u010dast\u00fdm symptomem diabetu, kter\u00fd se vyv\u00edj\u00ed i p\u0159es zv\u00fd\u0161enou chu\u0165 k j\u00eddlu. \u00dabytek na v\u00e1ze (a\u017e vy\u010derp\u00e1n\u00ed) je zp\u016fsoben zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdm katabolismem b\u00edlkovin a tuk\u016f kv\u016fli vylou\u010den\u00ed gluk\u00f3zy z energetick\u00e9ho metabolismu bun\u011bk.<\/li>\n<li>Sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edznaky: sv\u011bd\u011bn\u00ed k\u016f\u017ee a sliznic, sucho v \u00fastech, celkov\u00e1 svalov\u00e1 slabost, bolesti hlavy, z\u00e1n\u011btliv\u00e9 ko\u017en\u00ed projevy, kter\u00e9 se obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b l\u00e9\u010d\u00ed, poruchy zraku.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n \u2013 b\u011b\u017e do nemocnice a dej si ud\u011blat test na cukr!<\/p>\n<p>Diabetes nen\u00ed rozhodn\u011b rozsudek, l\u00e9\u010d\u00ed se, ale pokud se nel\u00e9\u010d\u00ed a j\u00ed se sladk\u00e9, \u010dek\u00e1 t\u011b: srde\u010dn\u00ed vady, slepota, po\u0161kozen\u00ed ledvin, po\u0161kozen\u00ed nerv\u016f, takzvan\u00e1 diabetick\u00e1 noha \u2013 vygoogli si to, bude se ti to l\u00edbit.<\/p>\n<h3>\u010ctvrt\u00e9 m\u00edsto<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Jedl\u00e1 s\u016fl<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nejstra\u0161ideln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/856dc51f5bb56a7cb350181706fc8575.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n\u201eS\u016fl a cukr \u2013 na\u0161i b\u00edl\u00ed nep\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9\u201c, \u017ee? No pr\u00e1v\u011b proto n\u00e1sleduje s\u016fl po cukru.<\/p>\n<p>Je t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 si p\u0159edstavit na\u0161e j\u00eddlo bez soli, ale mimochodem ji konzumujeme v\u00fdhradn\u011b kv\u016fli osobn\u00edm preferenc\u00edm: sod\u00edku a chloru je dostatek v potravin\u00e1ch, dal\u0161\u00ed zdroj prost\u011b nen\u00ed pot\u0159eba.<\/p>\n<p>I kdy\u017e s\u016fl hraje d\u016fle\u017eitou roli v udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u011b-elektrolytov\u00e9 rovnov\u00e1hy v t\u011ble, zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed spr\u00e1vnou funkci t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161eho \u2013 od krve po ledviny, 3 g\/kg krysy nebo 12,5 g\/kg \u010dlov\u011bka m\u016f\u017ee zab\u00edt.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou je pr\u00e1v\u011b naru\u0161en\u00ed tohoto vodn\u00edho a soln\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vede k selh\u00e1n\u00ed ledvin, prudk\u00e9mu zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed krevn\u00edho tlaku a smrti.<\/p>\n<p>Nemysl\u00edm si, \u017ee by n\u011bkdo dok\u00e1zal sn\u00edst tolik soli (vyjma s\u00e1zky \u2014 no dob\u0159e, to by byla slu\u0161n\u00e1 varianta Darwinovy ceny), av\u0161ak i mal\u00e9 \"p\u0159ed\u00e1vkov\u00e1n\u00ed\" sol\u00ed se podepisuje na zdrav\u00ed: je zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed p\u0159\u00edjmu soli na 1 \u010dajovou l\u017ei\u010dku denn\u011b a m\u00e9n\u011b sni\u017euje krevn\u00ed tlak o 8 mm Hg. Vzhledem k tomu, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/cardiovascular_diseases\/publications\/global_brief_hypertension\/ru\/\">\u017ee hypertenze zab\u00edj\u00ed lidi v\u00edce ne\u017e AIDS a rakovina,<\/a><\/noindex>, nemysl\u00edm si, \u017ee sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed p\u0159\u00edjmu soli je tak bezv\u00fdznamn\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed pro p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Ceny pro nejlep\u0161\u00ed t\u0159i! T\u0159et\u00ed m\u00edsto<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Kofein<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nejstra\u0161ideln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/0315d63a575851f3c0c69a2c9a57cde4.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nA nyn\u00ed se pod\u00edv\u00e1me na n\u00e1poje. K\u00e1va, \u010daj, kola, energetick\u00e9 n\u00e1poje \u2014 to v\u0161e obsahuje kofein. Kolik \u0161\u00e1lk\u016f k\u00e1vy jsi u\u017e dnes vypil? J\u00e1, zat\u00edmco p\u00ed\u0161u tohle \u2014 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd, ale velmi bych cht\u011bl...<\/p>\n<p>Mimochodem, 1,3,7-trimethylxanthin, guaranin, kofein, matein, methylxanthin, tein \u2014 to je tot\u00e9\u017e, jen jin\u00e9 n\u00e1zvy, velmi \u010dasto vymy\u0161len\u00e9, aby vyk\u0159ikly: \"Co\u017ee, v tomto n\u00e1poji nen\u00ed ani gram kofeinu \u2014 to... \u2014 je to \u00fapln\u011b jin\u00e9 a mnohem zdrav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed!\" Historicky to bylo tak: v roce 1819 n\u011bmeck\u00fd chemik Ferdinand Runge, kter\u00fd velmi cht\u011bl sp\u00e1t, izoloval alkaloid, kter\u00fd nazval kofeinem (mimochodem, byl fakt frajer: izoloval chin\u00edn, vymyslel pou\u017eit\u00ed chl\u00f3ru jako dezinfek\u010dn\u00edho prost\u0159edku a zah\u00e1jil historii anilinov\u00fdch barviv). Pot\u00e9 v roce 1827 Udr\u00fd izoloval z \u010dajov\u00fdch list\u016f nov\u00fd alkaloid a nazval ho teinem. A v roce 1838 Joost a G. J. Mulder se na v\u0161echny na\u0161tvali a prok\u00e1zali identitu teinu a kofeinu. Struktura kofeinu byla objasn\u011bna na konci XIX. stolet\u00ed Hermannem Emilem Fischerem, kter\u00fd byl tak\u00e9 prvn\u00edm \u010dlov\u011bkem, jen\u017e syntetizoval kofein um\u011ble. Stal se laure\u00e1tem Nobelovy ceny za chemii v roce 1902, kterou z\u00edskal \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b za tuto pr\u00e1ci \u2014 boj se sp\u00e1nkem byl kone\u010dn\u011b vyhr\u00e1n!<\/p>\n<p>50 % ps\u016f um\u00edr\u00e1, pokud p\u0159ij\u00edmaj\u00ed s j\u00eddlem 140 mg\/kg kofeinu. P\u0159itom za\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed akutn\u00ed selh\u00e1n\u00ed ledvin, nevolnost, zvracen\u00ed, vnit\u0159n\u00ed krv\u00e1cen\u00ed, poruchy rytmu srdce, k\u0159e\u010de. Nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e1 smrt, \u017ee?<\/p>\n<p>U \u010dlov\u011bka m\u00e1 kofein v mal\u00fdch d\u00e1vk\u00e1ch stimula\u010dn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinek na nervovou soustavu \u2014 to v\u0161ichni vyzkou\u0161eli na sob\u011b. P\u0159i dlouhodob\u00e9m u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee vyvolat m\u00edrnou z\u00e1vislost \u2014 teismus.<\/p>\n<p>Pod vlivem kofeinu se zrychluje srde\u010dn\u00ed \u010dinnost, zvy\u0161uje se krevn\u00ed tlak, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b na 40 minut se m\u00edrn\u011b zlep\u0161uje n\u00e1lada d\u00edky uvol\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed dopaminu, ale po 3\u20136 hodin\u00e1ch \u00fa\u010dinek kofeinu odezn\u00ed: p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed \u00fanava, mal\u00e1tnost, pokles pracovn\u00ed schopnosti.<\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">Nudn\u00fd mechanismus vysv\u011btluj\u00edc\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinek kofeinu.<\/b>V j\u00e1dru psychostimula\u010dn\u00edho \u00fa\u010dinku kofeinu spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 jeho schopnost potla\u010dovat aktivitu centr\u00e1ln\u00edch adenosinov\u00fdch receptor\u016f (A1 a A2) v k\u016f\u0159e mozkov\u00e9 a podkorov\u00fdch struktur\u00e1ch CNS. V sou\u010dasnosti je prok\u00e1z\u00e1no, \u017ee adenosin hraje v CNS roli neurotransmiteru, ag\u00f3nisticky ovliv\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edho adenosinov\u00e9 receptory, kter\u00e9 se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed na cytoplazmatick\u00fdch membr\u00e1n\u00e1ch neuron\u016f. Aktivace adenosinem adenosinov\u00fdch receptor\u016f typu I (A1) vede v bu\u0148k\u00e1ch mozku k poklesu tvorby cAMP, co\u017e nakonec vede k potla\u010den\u00ed jejich funk\u010dn\u00ed aktivity. Blok\u00e1da A1-adenosinov\u00fdch receptor\u016f p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 k ukon\u010den\u00ed tlumiv\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dinku adenosinu, co\u017e se klinicky projevuje zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm du\u0161evn\u00ed a fyzick\u00e9 v\u00fdkonnosti.<\/p>\n<p>Kofein v\u0161ak nem\u00e1 selektivn\u00ed schopnost blokovat pouze A1-adenosinov\u00e9 receptory mozku, ale blokuje i A2-adenosinov\u00e9 receptory. Bylo prok\u00e1z\u00e1no, \u017ee aktivace A2-adenosinov\u00fdch receptor\u016f v CNS je doprov\u00e1zena potla\u010den\u00edm funk\u010dn\u00ed aktivity D2 dopaminov\u00fdch receptor\u016f. Blok\u00e1da A2-adenosinov\u00fdch receptor\u016f kofeinem napom\u00e1h\u00e1 obnoven\u00ed funk\u010dn\u00ed aktivity D2 dopaminov\u00fdch receptor\u016f, co\u017e tak\u00e9 p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 k psychostimula\u010dn\u00edmu efektu l\u00e1tky.<\/p>\n<p>\nZkr\u00e1tka, kofein n\u011bco blokuje. Jako opi\u00e1ty. Jako LSD. A proto k z\u00e1vislosti dojde, ale proto\u017ee blokov\u00e1n\u00ed nen\u00ed tak siln\u00e9 a receptory nejsou tak \u017eivotn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, teismus nen\u00ed drogov\u00e1 z\u00e1vislost (a\u010dkoliv mnoz\u00ed milovn\u00edci k\u00e1vy by nesouhlasili).<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159\u00edznaky p\u0159ed\u00e1vkov\u00e1n\u00ed kofeinem zahrnuj\u00ed bolest b\u0159icha, neklid, \u00fazkost, psychomotorick\u00e9 vzru\u0161en\u00ed, zmatenost, delirium (dissociativn\u00ed), dehydrataci, tachykardii, arytmii, hypertermii, \u010dast\u00e9 mo\u010den\u00ed, bolest hlavy, zv\u00fd\u0161enou citlivost na dotyk nebo bolest, t\u0159es nebo svalov\u00e9 z\u00e1\u0161kuby; nevolnost a zvracen\u00ed, n\u011bkdy s krv\u00ed; zvon\u011bn\u00ed v u\u0161\u00edch, epileptick\u00e9 z\u00e1chvaty (p\u0159i akutn\u00edm p\u0159ed\u00e1vkov\u00e1n\u00ed - tonicko-klonick\u00e9 k\u0159e\u010de).<\/p>\n<p>D\u00e1vky nad 300 mg kofeinu denn\u011b (v\u010detn\u011b nadm\u011brn\u00e9ho u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed k\u00e1vy - v\u00edce ne\u017e 4 \u0161\u00e1lky p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed k\u00e1vy po 150 ml) mohou vyvolat stav \u00fazkosti, bolest hlavy, t\u0159es, zmatenost a poruchy srde\u010dn\u00ed \u010dinnosti.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159i d\u00e1vk\u00e1ch 150\u2013200 mg na kilogram t\u011blesn\u00e9 hmotnosti m\u016f\u017ee kofein zp\u016fsobit smrt. Stejn\u011b jako u ps\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Tak sakra, kde je moje k\u00e1va?<\/p>\n<h3>Druh\u00e9 m\u00edsto<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Nikotin<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nejstra\u0161ideln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/5c2f39d81eddc4c0489863ac3d53ed49.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nO \u0161kodlivosti kou\u0159en\u00ed v\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00fd. A tak\u00e9 o tom, \u017ee nikotin je jed. Ale poj\u010fme se na to pod\u00edvat podrobn\u011bji.<\/p>\n<p>S toxicitou nikotinu souvis\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad otravy v Belgii v roce 1850, kdy byl hrab\u011b Bokar m\u00fdm obvin\u011bn z otravy sv\u00e9ho \u0161vagra. Jako konzultant vystupoval belgick\u00fd chemik Jean Servais Stas, kter\u00fd b\u011bhem obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy nejen zjistil, \u017ee otrava byla zp\u016fsobena nikotinem, ale tak\u00e9 vyvinul metodu detekce alkaloid\u016f, kter\u00e1 se s mal\u00fdmi \u00fapravami pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 dodnes v analytick\u00e9 chemii.<\/p>\n<p>Po tomto incidentu nikotin nestudoval a neur\u010dil jen ten, kdo byl l\u00edn\u00fd. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b je zn\u00e1mo n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Jakmile se nikotin dostane do t\u011bla, rychle se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed krv\u00ed a dok\u00e1\u017ee p\u0159ekonat hematoencefalickou bari\u00e9ru. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee se dost\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edmo do mozku. V pr\u016fm\u011bru sta\u010d\u00ed 7 sekund po vdechnut\u00ed tab\u00e1kov\u00e9ho kou\u0159e, aby nikotin dos\u00e1hl mozku. Polo\u010das vylu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed nikotinu z t\u011bla \u010din\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b dv\u011b hodiny. Nikotin, kter\u00fd se vdechuje s tab\u00e1kov\u00fdm kou\u0159em p\u0159i kou\u0159en\u00ed, tvo\u0159\u00ed malou \u010d\u00e1st nikotinu obsa\u017een\u00e9ho v tab\u00e1kov\u00fdch listech (v\u011bt\u0161ina l\u00e1tky sho\u0159\u00ed, smutn\u00e9). Mno\u017estv\u00ed nikotinu, kter\u00e9 je t\u011blo schopno absorbovat p\u0159i kou\u0159en\u00ed, z\u00e1vis\u00ed na mnoha faktorech, v\u010detn\u011b druhu tab\u00e1ku, zda je kou\u0159 vdechov\u00e1n cel\u00fd a zda je pou\u017eit filtr. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b \u017ev\u00fdkac\u00edho a \u0161\u0148upac\u00edho tab\u00e1ku, kter\u00e9 se umis\u0165uj\u00ed do \u00fast a \u017ev\u00fdkaj\u00ed nebo vdechuj\u00ed nosem, je mno\u017estv\u00ed nikotinu, kter\u00e9 se dost\u00e1v\u00e1 do t\u011bla, mnohem vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e p\u0159i kou\u0159en\u00ed tab\u00e1ku. Nikotin je metabolizov\u00e1n v j\u00e1trech pomoc\u00ed enzymu cytochromu P450 (zejm\u00e9na CYP2A6 a tak\u00e9 CYP2B6). Hlavn\u00ed metabolit je kotinin.<\/p>\n<p>\u00da\u010dinky nikotinu na nervov\u00fd syst\u00e9m jsou dob\u0159e prozkouman\u00e9 a nejednozna\u010dn\u00e9. Nikotin p\u016fsob\u00ed na nikotinov\u00e9 acetylcholinov\u00e9 receptory: protonovan\u00fd atom dus\u00edku pyrrolidinov\u00e9ho cyklu v nikotinu imituje kvart\u00e9rn\u00ed atom dus\u00edku v acetylcholinu a atom dus\u00edku pyridinu m\u00e1 charakter l\u00e1tky Lewisovy b\u00e1ze, stejn\u011b jako kysl\u00edk ketoskupiny acetylcholinu. V n\u00edzk\u00fdch koncentrac\u00edch zvy\u0161uje aktivitu t\u011bchto receptor\u016f, co\u017e mimo jin\u00e9 vede ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed stimuluj\u00edc\u00edho hormonu adrenalinu (epinefrinu). Uvoln\u011bn\u00ed adrenalinu zp\u016fsobuje zrychlen\u00ed srde\u010dn\u00edho tepu, zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed krevn\u00edho tlaku a zrychlen\u00ed d\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed, a tak\u00e9 k vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hladin\u011b gluk\u00f3zy v krvi.<\/p>\n<p>Sympatick\u00fd nervov\u00fd syst\u00e9m, p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm c\u00e9vn\u00edch nerv\u016f na d\u0159e\u0148 nadledvin, stimuluje uvoln\u011bn\u00ed adrenalinu. Acetylcholin, kter\u00fd produkuj\u00ed p\u0159edgangliov\u00e9 sympatick\u00e9 vl\u00e1kna t\u011bchto nerv\u016f, p\u016fsob\u00ed na nikotinov\u00e9 acetylcholinov\u00e9 receptory, co\u017e vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 depolarizaci bun\u011bk a p\u0159\u00edtok v\u00e1pn\u00edku p\u0159es potenci\u00e1ln\u011b z\u00e1visl\u00e9 v\u00e1pn\u00edkov\u00e9 kan\u00e1ly. V\u00e1pn\u00edk spou\u0161t\u00ed exocyt\u00f3zu chromafinn\u00edch granul\u00ed a t\u00edm podporuje uvoln\u011bn\u00ed adrenalinu (a noradrenalinu) do krve.<\/p>\n<p>U\u017e jsem ti zas\u00e1hl mozek h\u016f\u0159 ne\u017e nikotin? Ano? Tak tedy k p\u0159\u00edjemn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu.<\/p>\n<p>Krom\u011b v\u0161eho ostatn\u00edho zvy\u0161uje nikotin hladinu dopaminu v centrech pot\u011b\u0161en\u00ed v mozku. Bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee kou\u0159en\u00ed tab\u00e1ku potla\u010duje monoaminooxid\u00e1zu \u2013 enzym, kter\u00fd je zodpov\u011bdn\u00fd za rozklad monoaminov\u00fdch neurotransmiter\u016f (nap\u0159. dopaminu) v mozku. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee samotn\u00fd nikotin nepotla\u010duje tvorbu monoaminooxid\u00e1zy, to zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed jin\u00e9 slo\u017eky tab\u00e1kov\u00e9ho kou\u0159e. Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 hladiny dopaminu vzru\u0161uj\u00ed centra pot\u011b\u0161en\u00ed v mozku, a tato centra jsou tak\u00e9 zodpov\u011bdn\u00e1 za \"bolestiv\u00fd pr\u00e1h t\u011bla\", proto ot\u00e1zka, zda ku\u0159\u00e1k poci\u0165uje pot\u011b\u0161en\u00ed, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 otev\u0159en\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>I p\u0159es svou silnou toxicitu p\u016fsob\u00ed nikotin v mal\u00fdch d\u00e1vk\u00e1ch (nap\u0159. p\u0159i kou\u0159en\u00ed) jako psychostimulant. \u00da\u010dinky nikotinu na n\u00e1ladu jsou r\u016fznorod\u00e9. Vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 uvoln\u011bn\u00ed gluk\u00f3zy z jater a adrenalinu (epinefrinu) z d\u0159en\u011b nadledvinek, co\u017e vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 vzru\u0161en\u00ed. Z subjektivn\u00edho hlediska se to projevuje pocity uvoln\u011bn\u00ed, klidu a \u017eivosti, stejn\u011b jako m\u00edrn\u011b euforick\u00fdm stavem.<\/p>\n<p>U\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed nikotinu vede k \u00fabytku t\u011blesn\u00e9 hmotnosti t\u00edm, \u017ee potla\u010duje chu\u0165 k j\u00eddlu v d\u016fsledku stimulace neuroz\u00e1kladn\u00edch neuron\u016f a zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed hladiny gluk\u00f3zy v krvi (gluk\u00f3za, p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed na centra sytosti a hladu v hypotalamu, potla\u010duje pocit hladu). Pravda, dostupn\u00e1, srozumiteln\u00e1 a u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1 dieta \"nejez hodn\u011b\" funguje je\u0161t\u011b \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bji.<\/p>\n<p>Jak vid\u00edme, \u00fa\u010dinky nikotinu na organismus jsou pom\u011brn\u011b slo\u017eit\u00e9. Co z toho vyvodit:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Nikotin je l\u00e1tka, kter\u00e1 interaguje s nervov\u00fdmi receptory.<\/li>\n<li>Jak mnoh\u00e9 podobn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, nikotin vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 z\u00e1vislost a n\u00e1vyk.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nMimochodem, u pacient\u016f s du\u0161evn\u00edmi poruchami se zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 touha po kou\u0159en\u00ed (kou\u0159\u00ed\u0161? \u2014 zamysli se a zajdi k psychiatrovi: zdrav\u00ed lid\u00e9 neexistuj\u00ed \u2014 existuj\u00ed nedostate\u010dn\u011b vy\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed). Mnoho v\u00fdzkum\u016f po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee pacienti se schizofreni\u00ed jsou v\u00edce n\u00e1chyln\u00ed k kou\u0159en\u00ed (v 20 r\u016fzn\u00fdch zem\u00edch bylo vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1no celkem 7593 pacient\u016f se schizofreni\u00ed, z nich\u017e 62 % byli ku\u0159\u00e1ci). V roce 2006 v USA kou\u0159ilo 80 % nebo v\u00edce lid\u00ed se schizofreni\u00ed, ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s 20 % celkov\u00e9 populace neku\u0159\u00e1k\u016f (podle \u00fadaj\u016f NCI). Existuje \u0159ada hypot\u00e9z ohledn\u011b p\u0159\u00ed\u010din t\u00e9to z\u00e1vislosti, kter\u00e9 ji vysv\u011btluj\u00ed jako snahu \u010delit symptom\u016fm poruchy, stejn\u011b jako snahu \u010delit negativn\u00edmu \u00fa\u010dinku antipsychotik. Podle jedn\u00e9 z hypot\u00e9z nikotin s\u00e1m naru\u0161uje psychiku.<\/p>\n<p>Nikotin je extr\u00e9mn\u011b toxick\u00fd pro studenokrevn\u00e9 \u017eivo\u010dichy. P\u016fsob\u00ed jako neurotoxin, zp\u016fsobuj\u00edc\u00ed paral\u00fdzu nervov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu (zastaven\u00ed d\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed, ukon\u010den\u00ed srde\u010dn\u00ed \u010dinnosti, smrt). Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 smrteln\u00e1 d\u00e1vka pro \u010dlov\u011bka je 0,5-1 mg\/kg, pro krysy 140 mg\/kg p\u0159es k\u016f\u017ei, pro my\u0161i 0,8 mg\/kg intraven\u00f3zn\u011b a 5,9 mg\/kg p\u0159i intraperitone\u00e1ln\u00edm pod\u00e1n\u00ed. Nikotin je jedovat\u00fd pro n\u011bkter\u00e9 hmyz\u00ed druhy, a proto byl d\u0159\u00edve \u0161iroce pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n jako insekticid, a v sou\u010dasnosti se i nad\u00e1le pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jeho deriv\u00e1ty \u2014 nap\u0159\u00edklad imidakloprid.<\/p>\n<p>Dlouhodob\u00e9 u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee vyvolat onemocn\u011bn\u00ed a dysfunkce, jako je hyperglyk\u00e9mie, arteri\u00e1ln\u00ed hypertenze, ateroskler\u00f3za, tachykardie, arytmie, angina pectoris, ischemick\u00e1 choroba srdce, srde\u010dn\u00ed selh\u00e1n\u00ed. <\/p>\n<p>Ve skute\u010dnosti je toxicita nikotinu prakticky nic ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s dal\u0161\u00edmi nebezpe\u010d\u00edmi, a to konkr\u00e9tn\u011b:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Dehty p\u0159i kou\u0159en\u00ed \u2014 podporuj\u00ed rozvoj onkologick\u00fdch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b rakoviny plic, jazyka, hrtanu, j\u00edcnu, \u017ealudku atd.<\/li>\n<li>Nehygienick\u00e9 kou\u0159en\u00ed \u2014 p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 k rozvoji gingivitidy a stomatitidy.<\/li>\n<li>Produkty ne\u00fapln\u00e9ho spalov\u00e1n\u00ed (oxid uhelnat\u00fd) \u2014 tady je to jasn\u00e9, p\u0159e\u010dt\u011bte si m\u016fj p\u0159edchoz\u00ed text.<\/li>\n<li>Usazov\u00e1n\u00ed deht\u016f v plic\u00edch \u2014 rann\u00ed ka\u0161el ku\u0159\u00e1k\u016f, bronchitidy, plicn\u00ed emfyz\u00e9m a rakovina plic.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nV sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 z metod kou\u0159en\u00ed nezachra\u0148uje na 100% p\u0159ed n\u00e1sledky \u2013 a proto v\u0161echny tyto va\u0161e filtry, vodn\u00ed d\u00fdmky a podobn\u011b nefunguj\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>V\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00edm by se tak\u00e9 nem\u011blo ulevit \u2013 a d\u016fvod je prost\u00fd:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>I kdy\u017e se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed ne\u0161kodn\u00e9 komponenty jako glycerin \u2013 <i>jsou ne\u0161kodn\u00e9 pro potravin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd pr\u016fmysl<\/i>! Nikdo nev\u00ed o n\u00e1sledc\u00edch p\u016fsoben\u00ed a v\u016fbec o slo\u017een\u00ed plyn\u016f, kter\u00e9 vznikaj\u00ed p\u0159i pyrol\u00fdze b\u011bhem vapov\u00e1n\u00ed. V\u00fdzkumy na tento t\u00e9ma se teprve prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed (<noindex>p\u0159\u00edklad jedna<\/noindex> a <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1021\/acs.est.6b05145\">p\u0159\u00edklad dva<\/a><\/noindex>), a v\u00fdsledky u\u017e jsou p\u016fsobiv\u00e9.<br \/>\n <b class=\"spoiler_title\">Seznamte se<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nejstra\u0161ideln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/e783f6ba31d33c68e8dce9743e40595e.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/li>\n<li>Jak jsem ji\u017e \u0159ekl, nikotin se pou\u017e\u00edval jako pesticid. Od roku 2014 se prakticky nepou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v USA, v Evropsk\u00e9 unii je zak\u00e1z\u00e1n od roku 2009. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b to nebr\u00e1n\u00ed jeho pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed v \u010c\u00edn\u011b\u2026<br \/>\n V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b je na trhu nikotin farmaceutick\u00e9 \u010distoty (Pharma Grade, USP \/PhEur nebo USP\/EP). Ale existuje i insekticid, kter\u00fd se vyr\u00e1b\u00ed v \u010c\u00edn\u011b. Pozor: co je levn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed? Opakuji, nejsem vaper, ale pro zaj\u00edmavost bych googlil a srovnal cenu toho, co jsi koupil v t\u00e9hle n\u00e1dob\u011b, s t\u00edm, kolik by to m\u011blo st\u00e1t. Jinak se m\u016f\u017ee\u0161 v n\u011bjak\u00e9m okam\u017eiku c\u00edtit jako \u0161v\u00e1b a pln\u011b si vychutnat p\u0159\u00edm\u011bsi v n\u00edzkokvalitn\u00edm nikotinu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nZkr\u00e1tka, v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b lidstvo nevyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 zcela bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed nikotinu. A je pot\u0159eba?<\/p>\n<h3>A n\u00e1\u0161 v\u00edt\u011bz! V\u00edtejte! Prvn\u00ed m\u00edsto<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Ethanol<\/b>\u010capajevci odrazili od b\u00edl\u00fdch polostanici. <br \/>\nP\u0159i prohl\u00eddce trofej\u00ed Vasily Ivanovi\u010d a Pe\u0165ka objevili cisternu s alkoholem.<br \/>\nAby se bojovn\u00edci nep\u0159epili, podepsali C2H5-OH, doufaj\u00edc, <br \/>\n\u017ee bojovn\u00edci chemii znaj\u00ed slab\u011b. R\u00e1no byli v\u0161ichni 'v ko\u017een\u00fdch bot\u00e1ch'. <br \/>\n\u010capajev probudil jednoho a pt\u00e1 se:<br \/>\n \u2013 Jak jste to na\u0161li?<br \/>\n \u2013 Jo, prost\u011b. Hledali jsme, hledali, najednou kouk\u00e1me: n\u011bco je naps\u00e1no na cistern\u011b \u2013 a pak poml\u010dka a 'OH'. Zkusili jsme \u2013 p\u0159esn\u011b to je!<\/p>\n<p>V\u016fbec, existuje dokonce toxikologie ethanolu \u2013 oblast medic\u00edny, kter\u00e1 zkoum\u00e1 toxickou l\u00e1tku ethanol (alkohol) a v\u0161echno s t\u00edm souvisej\u00edc\u00ed. Tak\u017ee ne\u010dekejte, \u017ee bych mohl vm\u011bstnat do n\u011bkolika odstavc\u016f celou \u010d\u00e1st medic\u00edny.<\/p>\n<p>V podstat\u011b je etanol lidstvu zn\u00e1m ji\u017e velmi dlouho. Nalezen\u00e9 n\u00e1doby z doby kamenn\u00e9 s poz\u016fstatky fermentovan\u00fdch n\u00e1poj\u016f nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee v\u00fdroba a konzumace alkoholick\u00fdch n\u00e1poj\u016f existovala ji\u017e v dob\u011b neolitu. Pivo a v\u00edno pat\u0159\u00ed mezi nejstar\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1poje. V\u00edno se stalo jedn\u00edm z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch kulturn\u00edch symbol\u016f pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 n\u00e1rody St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed a zaujalo d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 m\u00edsto v jejich mytologii a ritu\u00e1lech, a pozd\u011bji tak\u00e9 v k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9m bohoslu\u017eebn\u00e9m ob\u0159adu (srov. Eucharistie). U n\u00e1rod\u016f, kter\u00e9 p\u011bstuj\u00ed obilniny (je\u010dmen, p\u0161enici, \u017eito), bylo pivo hlavn\u00edm slavnostn\u00edm n\u00e1pojem.<\/p>\n<p>Mimochodem, jako vedlej\u0161\u00ed produkt metabolismu gluk\u00f3zy m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt v krvi zdrav\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka p\u0159\u00edtomno a\u017e 0,01% endogenn\u00edho etanolu.<\/p>\n<p>A p\u0159esto si v\u011bda st\u00e1le nen\u00ed \u00fapln\u011b jist\u00e1 ohledn\u011b:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>mechanismu p\u016fsoben\u00ed etanolu na centr\u00e1ln\u00ed nervovou soustavu \u2014 opilosti<\/li>\n<li>mechanismu a p\u0159\u00ed\u010din kocoviny<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nP\u016fsoben\u00ed etanolu na organismus je tak rozmanit\u00e9, \u017ee si zaslou\u017e\u00ed samostatn\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek. Ale kdy\u017e u\u017e jsem za\u010dal\u2026<\/p>\n<p>Pova\u017euje se, \u017ee etanol, maj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdraznou organotropnost, se v\u00edce hromad\u00ed v mozku ne\u017e v krvi. I n\u00edzk\u00e9 d\u00e1vky alkoholu spou\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed aktivitu inhibi\u010dn\u00edch GABA-system\u016f v mozku, a pr\u00e1v\u011b tento proces vede k sedativn\u00edmu \u00fa\u010dinku, kter\u00fd se projevuje uvoln\u011bn\u00edm sval\u016f, somnolenc\u00ed a eufori\u00ed (pocitem opilosti). Genetick\u00e9 variace GABA receptor\u016f mohou ovlivnit sklon k alkoholismu.<\/p>\n<p>Obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 v\u00fdrazn\u00e1 aktivace dopaminov\u00fdch receptor\u016f je pozorov\u00e1na v j\u00e1d\u0159e accumbens a v ventr\u00e1ln\u00edch oblastech mozkov\u00e9ho krytu. Euforie, kterou zp\u016fsobuje reakce t\u011bchto oblast\u00ed na dopamin uvoln\u011bn\u00fd pod vlivem etanolu, m\u016f\u017ee souviset s mo\u017enost\u00ed vzniku z\u00e1vislosti na alkoholu. Etanol tak\u00e9 vede k uvoln\u011bn\u00ed opioidn\u00edch peptid\u016f (nap\u0159. beta-endorfinu), kter\u00e9 jsou zase spojeny s uvoln\u011bn\u00edm dopaminu. Opioidn\u00ed peptidy tak\u00e9 hraj\u00ed ur\u010ditou roli v procesu vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed euforie.<\/p>\n<p>Nakonec alkohol stimuluje serotonergn\u00ed syst\u00e9m mozku. Existuj\u00ed geneticky podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 rozd\u00edly v citlivosti na alkohol, kter\u00e9 z\u00e1vis\u00ed na allelech gen\u016f pro transport\u00e9ry serotoninu.<\/p>\n<p>V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b se aktivn\u011b zkoum\u00e1 vliv alkoholu na dal\u0161\u00ed receptory a medi\u00e1torov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my v mozku, v\u010detn\u011b adrenergn\u00edch, kanabinoidn\u00edch, acetylcholinov\u00fdch receptor\u016f, adenozinov\u00fdch a syst\u00e9m\u016f reguluj\u00edc\u00edch stres (nap\u0159. syst\u00e9m kortikotropin-releasing hormonu).<\/p>\n<p>Stru\u010dn\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, je to velmi zamotan\u00e9 a p\u0159edstavuje vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed pole pro v\u011bdeckou \u010dinnost.<\/p>\n<p>Otravy etanolom dlouhodob\u011b zauj\u00edmaj\u00ed p\u0159edn\u00ed m\u00edsto mezi dom\u00e1c\u00edmi otravami podle absolutn\u00edho po\u010dtu \u00famrt\u00ed. V\u00edce ne\u017e 60 % v\u0161ech smrteln\u00fdch otrav v Rusku je zp\u016fsobeno alkoholem. Ohledn\u011b smrteln\u00e9 koncentrace a d\u00e1vky v\u0161ak v\u011bci nejsou tak jednoduch\u00e9. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee smrteln\u00e1 koncentrace alkoholu v krvi se pohybuje mezi 5\u20138 g\/l, smrteln\u00e1 jednor\u00e1zov\u00e1 d\u00e1vka je 4\u201312 g\/kg (p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 300 ml 96 % ethanolu), av\u0161ak u osob s chronick\u00fdm alkoholismem m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt tolerance k alkoholu v\u00fdrazn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Toto v\u0161e lze vysv\u011btlit r\u016fznou biochemi\u00ed: rychlost opilosti a jej\u00ed intenzita se li\u0161\u00ed jak mezi r\u016fzn\u00fdmi n\u00e1rody, tak mezi mu\u017ei a \u017eenami (to je zp\u016fsobeno t\u00edm, \u017ee isoenzymov\u00fd spektrum enzymu alkoholdehydrogen\u00e1zy (ADH nebo ADH I) je geneticky determinov\u00e1no \u2014 aktivita r\u016fzn\u00fdch izoforem ADH vykazuje jasn\u011b vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00e9 rozd\u00edly u r\u016fzn\u00fdch lid\u00ed). Krom\u011b toho z\u00e1vis\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tnosti opilosti tak\u00e9 na t\u011blesn\u00e9 hmotnosti, v\u00fd\u0161ce, mno\u017estv\u00ed vypit\u00e9ho alkoholu a druhu n\u00e1poje (p\u0159\u00edtomnost cukru nebo tanin\u016f, obsah oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho, s\u00edla n\u00e1poje, chu\u0165).<\/p>\n<p>V t\u011ble ADH oxiduje ethanol na acetaldehyd a pokud je v\u0161echno v po\u0159\u00e1dku, pokra\u010duje d\u00e1le na bezpe\u010dnou a vysoce kalorickou kyselinu octovou \u2014 ano, nep\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017e\u00edm v\u00e1s: \u201eZa\u010dalo se ochlazovat \u2014 nen\u00ed \u010das na to, abychom to rozjeli?\u201c m\u00e1 za sebou zcela biochemick\u00e9 zd\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed: ethanol je mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b kalorick\u00fd produkt. Ve skute\u010dnosti je v\u0161e zhor\u0161eno bu\u010f nedostatkem kysl\u00edku pro oxidaci (zakou\u0159en\u00fd prostor, zatuchl\u00fd vzduch \u2014 to v\u0161e je odsud), nebo nadbytkem ethanolu, nebo neaktivitou ADH \u2014 co\u017e je v\u00fdsledek genetick\u00e9 predispozice nebo prost\u00e9ho opilstv\u00ed. Nakonec v\u0161e kon\u010d\u00ed u acetaldehydu \u2014 kter\u00fd je toxick\u00e1, mutagenn\u00ed a karcinogenn\u00ed l\u00e1tka. Existuj\u00ed d\u016fkazy o karcinogenit\u011b acetaldehydu v experimentech na zv\u00ed\u0159atech, nav\u00edc acetaldehyd po\u0161kodzuj\u00ed DNA.<\/p>\n<p>Cel\u00e1 probl\u00e9m ethanol je t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u00fapln\u011b spojen s acetaldehydem, ale obecn\u011b je toxick\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed v podstat\u011b jedine\u010dn\u00e9 a komplexn\u00ed. Posu\u010fte sami:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Naru\u0161en\u00ed \u010dinnosti tr\u00e1vic\u00edho traktu. Projevuje se ostr\u00fdmi bolestmi v oblasti \u017ealudku a pr\u016fjmem. Nejt\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00ed je to u pacient\u016f s alkoholismem. Bolesti v oblasti \u017ealudku jsou zp\u016fsobeny po\u0161kozen\u00edm sliznice \u017ealudku a tenk\u00e9ho st\u0159eva, zejm\u00e9na v dvan\u00e1ctern\u00edku a jejunumu. Pr\u016fjem je d\u016fsledkem rychle vznikaj\u00edc\u00edho deficitu lakt\u00e1zy a s t\u00edm souvisej\u00edc\u00edho sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed tolerance na lakt\u00f3zu, a tak\u00e9 poruchy vst\u0159eb\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed vody a elektrolyt\u016f z tenk\u00e9ho st\u0159eva. I jednor\u00e1zov\u00e1 konzumace velk\u00fdch d\u00e1vek alkoholu m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k rozvoji nekrotizuj\u00edc\u00ed pankreatitidy s \u010dast\u00fdm smrteln\u00fdm n\u00e1sledkem. Nadm\u011brn\u00e9 u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed alkoholu zvy\u0161uje pravd\u011bpodobnost vzniku gastritidy a \u017ealude\u010dn\u00edho v\u0159edu, rakovinov\u00fdch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed gastrointestin\u00e1ln\u00edho traktu.<\/li>\n<li>I kdy\u017e j\u00e1tra jsou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed za\u017e\u00edvac\u00edho traktu, m\u00e1 smysl tuto org\u00e1novou alkoholem po\u0161kozenou tk\u00e1\u0148 posuzovat samostatn\u011b, proto\u017ee biotransformace etanolu prob\u00edh\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161inou v j\u00e1trech \u2014 pr\u00e1v\u011b tam se nach\u00e1z\u00ed ADH. Je mi dokonce l\u00edto jater v tomto ohledu. I p\u0159i jednor\u00e1zov\u00e9m po\u017eit\u00ed alkoholu mohou nastat p\u0159\u00edpady p\u0159echodn\u00e9 nekr\u00f3zy hepatocyt\u016f. P\u0159i dlouhodob\u00e9m zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee vzniknout alkoholov\u00fd steat\u00f3zy hepatitida. Zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u201eodolnosti\u201c v\u016f\u010di alkoholu (k tomu doch\u00e1z\u00ed zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm produkce enzymu alkoholdehydrogen\u00e1zy (ADH) jako ochrann\u00e9 reakce organismu) se odehr\u00e1v\u00e1 ve f\u00e1zi alkoholov\u00e9 dystrofie jater \u2014 tak\u017ee se net\u011b\u0161, %username%, pokud se z tebe n\u00e1hle stal rekordman na p\u00e1rty! Pot\u00e9, p\u0159i vzniku alkoholov\u00e9ho hepatitidy a cirh\u00f3zy jater, celkov\u00e1 aktivita enzymu ADH kles\u00e1, ale nad\u00e1le z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 vysok\u00e1 v regeneruj\u00edc\u00edch hepatocytech. V\u00edcen\u00e1sobn\u00e9 ohniska nekr\u00f3zy vedou k fibr\u00f3ze a nakonec k cirh\u00f3ze jater. Cirh\u00f3za se vyv\u00edj\u00ed alespo\u0148 u 10 % lid\u00ed se steat\u00f3zou hepatitidou. Bez jater ale lid\u00e9 ne \u017eij\u00ed\u2026<\/li>\n<li>Ethanol je hemolytick\u00e9 jed. Proto m\u016f\u017ee ethanol ve vysok\u00fdch koncentrac\u00edch, dost\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed se do krve, ni\u010dit \u010derven\u00e9 krvinky (zp\u016fsobit patologickou hemol\u00fdzu), co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k toxick\u00e9 hemolytick\u00e9 an\u00e9mii. Mnoho studi\u00ed prok\u00e1zalo jasnou souvislost mezi d\u00e1vkou alkoholu a zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdm rizikem rozvoje arteri\u00e1ln\u00ed hypertenze. Alkoholick\u00e9 n\u00e1poje maj\u00ed toxick\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek na srde\u010dn\u00ed sval, aktivuj\u00ed sympatoadren\u00e1ln\u00ed syst\u00e9m, co\u017e vede k uvoln\u011bn\u00ed katecholamin\u016f, kter\u00e9 zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed k\u0159e\u010d koron\u00e1rn\u00edch c\u00e9v a poruchy rytmu srde\u010dn\u00edch kontrakc\u00ed. Nadm\u011brn\u00e1 konzumace alkoholu zvy\u0161uje LDL (\u201e\u0161patn\u00fd\u201c cholesterol) a vede k rozvoji alkoholov\u00e9 kardiomyopatie a r\u016fzn\u00fdm arytmi\u00edm (uveden\u00e9 zm\u011bny se obvykle objevuj\u00ed p\u0159i u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 30 g ethanolu denn\u011b). Alkohol m\u016f\u017ee zv\u00fd\u0161it riziko mozkov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edhody, v z\u00e1vislosti na mno\u017estv\u00ed alkoholu a typu mozkov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edhody, a \u010dasto je p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou n\u00e1hl\u00e9 smrti lid\u00ed trp\u00edc\u00edch ischemickou chorobou srde\u010dn\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>Konzumace ethanolu m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobit oxida\u010dn\u00ed po\u0161kozen\u00ed neuron\u016f v mozku a tak\u00e9 jejich smrt v d\u016fsledku po\u0161kozen\u00ed hematoencefalick\u00e9 bari\u00e9ry. Chronick\u00fd alkoholismus m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st ke zmen\u0161en\u00ed objemu mozku \u2014 ale nen\u00ed to objem, kter\u00fd by byl prosp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd. P\u0159i dlouhodob\u00e9 konzumaci alkoholu doch\u00e1z\u00ed na povrchu k\u016fry mozku k organick\u00fdm zm\u011bn\u00e1m neuron\u016f. Tyto zm\u011bny vznikaj\u00ed v m\u00edstech krv\u00e1cen\u00ed a nekr\u00f3zy \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed mozkov\u00e9 tk\u00e1n\u011b. P\u0159i konzumaci velk\u00fdch mno\u017estv\u00ed alkoholu m\u016f\u017ee nastat ruptury kapil\u00e1r v mozku \u2014 proto mozek \u201eroste\u201c.<\/li>\n<li>P\u0159i vstupu alkoholu do t\u011bla se vysok\u00e9 koncentrace ethanolu vyskytuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 v sekretu prostaty, varlatech a spermatu, co\u017e m\u00e1 toxick\u00fd dopad na pohlavn\u00ed bu\u0148ky. Ethanol tak\u00e9 velmi snadno proch\u00e1z\u00ed placentou, dost\u00e1v\u00e1 se do mate\u0159sk\u00e9ho ml\u00e9ka, zvy\u0161uje riziko narozen\u00ed d\u00edt\u011bte s vrozen\u00fdmi vadami nervov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu a mo\u017enou opo\u017ed\u011bnou r\u016fst. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nUf. Dob\u0159e, \u017ee jsem do sv\u00e9 k\u00e1vy nep\u0159idal ko\u0148ak, \u017ee? Kr\u00e1tce \u0159e\u010deno, p\u0159\u00edli\u0161n\u00e9 pit\u00ed je \u0161kodliv\u00e9. A co kdy\u017e nepiju?<\/p>\n<p>Definice \u201eum\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 d\u00e1vky alkoholu\u201c se m\u011bn\u00ed v z\u00e1vislosti na nov\u00fdch v\u011bdeck\u00fdch poznatc\u00edch. V sou\u010dasnosti se \u0159\u00edd\u00edme definic\u00ed p\u0159ijatou v USA: ne v\u00edce ne\u017e 24 g ethanolu denn\u011b pro v\u011bt\u0161inu dosp\u011bl\u00fdch mu\u017e\u016f a ne v\u00edce ne\u017e 12 g pro v\u011bt\u0161inu \u017een.<\/p>\n<p>Probl\u00e9m spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee prakticky nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 prov\u00e9st \u201e\u010dist\u00fd\u201c experiment \u2014 nelze nal\u00e9zt vzorek lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed nikdy nepili. A pokud to jde \u2014 nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 odstranit vliv jin\u00fdch faktor\u016f \u2014 nap\u0159\u00edklad ekologie. A pokud to jde \u2014 nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 naj\u00edt takov\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed nem\u011bli hepatitidu, m\u011bli zdrav\u00e9 srdce a tak d\u00e1le. <\/p>\n<p>A lid\u00e9 tak\u00e9 l\u017eou. To v\u0161e situaci zna\u010dn\u011b zt\u011b\u017euje.<\/p>\n<p>Mysl\u00ed\u0161, \u017ee zn\u00e1\u0161 sopky? Zkus si vygooglit \u010dl\u00e1nky o \u00fa\u010dinc\u00edch alkoholu od Filmora, Harrise a dal\u0161\u00edch v\u011bdc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se v\u011bnovali studiu t\u00e9to problematiky! Jen o prosp\u011b\u0161nosti \u010derven\u00e9ho v\u00edna existuje spousta debat, nap\u0159\u00edklad ned\u00e1vno se uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee polyfenoly \u2014 a ty se spojuj\u00ed s prosp\u011b\u0161nost\u00ed \u010derven\u00e9ho v\u00edna \u2014 jsou v b\u00edl\u00e9m v\u00ednu p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b stejn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>A pokud opust\u00edme v\u011bdu \u2014 v popul\u00e1rn\u00ed literatu\u0159e o u\u017eite\u010dnosti alkoholu je stejn\u011b tolik nesmysl\u016f, jako o jeho \u0161kodlivosti (jedin\u011b \u017eensk\u00e9 pohlavn\u00ed hormony v pivu za to stoj\u00ed).<\/p>\n<p>Dokud nebudou tyto ot\u00e1zky vyjasn\u011bny, budou n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed rady nejrozumn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>T\u011bm, kdo moment\u00e1ln\u011b nepij\u00ed v\u016fbec, se nedoporu\u010duje konzumace alkoholu pouze za \u00fa\u010delem zdravotn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de, proto\u017ee nebylo prok\u00e1z\u00e1no, \u017ee p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou zlep\u0161en\u00ed zdrav\u00ed je samotn\u00fd alkohol.<\/li>\n<li>Osob\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 konzumuj\u00ed alkohol a nejsou v rizikov\u00e9 skupin\u011b alkoholov\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f (t\u011bhotn\u00e9 nebo koj\u00edc\u00ed \u017eeny, \u0159idi\u010di motorov\u00fdch vozidel nebo jin\u00fdch potenci\u00e1ln\u011b nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch stroj\u016f, u\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed l\u00e9ky, u kter\u00fdch je alkohol kontraindikov\u00e1n, lid\u00e9 s rodinnou anamn\u00e9zou alkoholismu nebo ti, kte\u0159\u00ed se zotavuj\u00ed z alkoholismu), se nedoporu\u010duje konzumovat v\u00edce ne\u017e 12-24 g ethanolu denn\u011b podle doporu\u010den\u00ed United States Dietary Guidelines.<\/li>\n<li>Osob\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 konzumuj\u00ed alkohol nad m\u00edrn\u00e9 d\u00e1vky, by m\u011blo b\u00fdt doporu\u010deno sn\u00ed\u017eit p\u0159\u00edjem.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nMimochodem, v jednom se v\u011bdci shodli \u2014 to je v takzvan\u00e9 J-\u0161roubovici \u00famrtnosti. Bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee z\u00e1vislost mezi mno\u017estv\u00edm konzumovan\u00e9ho alkoholu a \u00famrtnost\u00ed mezi mu\u017ei ve st\u0159edn\u00edm v\u011bku a star\u0161\u00edmi je podobn\u00e1 p\u00edsmenu \u201eJ\u201c v le\u017e\u00edc\u00edm stavu: zat\u00edmco \u00famrtnost mezi t\u011bmi, kdo p\u0159estali p\u00edt, a t\u011bmi, kdo pij\u00ed ve velk\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed, je v\u00fdrazn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161ena, \u00famrtnost (celkov\u00e1 ze v\u0161ech p\u0159\u00ed\u010din) je o 15-18 % ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed mezi t\u011bmi, kdo pij\u00ed v mal\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed (1-2 jednotky denn\u011b), ne\u017e mezi t\u011bmi, kdo nepij\u00ed. Byly uv\u00e1d\u011bny r\u016fzn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny \u2014 od hlubok\u00e9 biochemie a medic\u00edny, kde s\u00e1m \u010dert nohu zlom\u00ed \u2014 po lep\u0161\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u00ed status a kvalitu zdrav\u00ed m\u00edrn\u011b pij\u00edc\u00edch, ale fakt z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 faktem (dokonce byly provedeny studie, kter\u00e9 uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee strava m\u00edrn\u011b pij\u00edc\u00edch lid\u00ed obsahuje m\u00e9n\u011b tuk\u016f a cholesterolu ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s nepij\u00edc\u00edmi, \u017ee m\u00edrn\u011b pij\u00edc\u00ed lid\u00e9 se \u010dast\u011bji v\u011bnuj\u00ed sportu a jsou fyzicky aktivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e \u00fapln\u011b nepij\u00edc\u00ed \u2014 zkr\u00e1tka je v\u0161em jasn\u00e9, \u017ee \u00fapln\u011b se z\u0159\u00edci alkoholu necht\u011bj\u00ed ani v\u011bdci, kte\u0159\u00ed se to sna\u017e\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdmi zp\u016fsoby obh\u00e1jit).<\/p>\n<p>\u00dapln\u011b p\u0159esn\u011b, a v\u0161ichni s t\u00edm souhlas\u00ed, \u017ee konzumace alkoholu ve velk\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed vede k v\u00fdznamn\u00e9mu n\u00e1r\u016fstu \u00famrtnosti. Nap\u0159\u00edklad studie v USA uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed v dnech, kdy pij\u00ed, konzumuj\u00ed 5 nebo v\u00edce jednotek alkoholu, maj\u00ed o 30 % vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00famrtnost ne\u017e ti, kte\u0159\u00ed pij\u00ed pouze jednu jednotku. Podle jin\u00e9 studie maj\u00ed pij\u00e1ci, kte\u0159\u00ed vypij\u00ed \u0161est a v\u00edce jednotek alkoholu (najednou), \u00famrtnost o 57 % vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ti, kte\u0159\u00ed pij\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Mimochodem, studie o spojen\u00ed mezi \u00famrtnost\u00ed a konzumac\u00ed tab\u00e1ku uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee \u00fapln\u00e9 vysazen\u00ed tab\u00e1ku spolu s um\u00edrn\u011bnou konzumac\u00ed alkoholu vedlo k v\u00fdznamn\u00e9mu sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed \u00famrtnosti.<\/p>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00ed oblast\u00ed kontroverze byla role typu preferovan\u00e9ho alkoholick\u00e9ho n\u00e1poje. Francouzsk\u00fd paradox (n\u00edzk\u00e1 \u00famrtnost na ischemickou chorobu srde\u010dn\u00ed ve Francii) nazna\u010doval, \u017ee \u010derven\u00e9 v\u00edno je zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 zdrav\u00e9. Tento specifick\u00fd efekt by mohl b\u00fdt vysv\u011btlen p\u0159\u00edtomnost\u00ed antioxidant\u016f ve v\u00edn\u011b. Ale ve studi\u00edch se nepoda\u0159ilo prok\u00e1zat v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 rozd\u00edly mezi rizikem ischemick\u00e9 choroby srde\u010dn\u00ed a typem preferovan\u00fdch alkoholick\u00fdch n\u00e1poj\u016f. A pro\u010d \u010derven\u00e9, a ne b\u00edl\u00e9? Pro\u010d ne ko\u0148ak? Zkr\u00e1tka, je to slo\u017eit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Co je jist\u00e9, je to, \u017ee rozhodn\u011b nen\u00ed dobr\u00e9 p\u00edt p\u0159i u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed l\u00e9k\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Jak ji\u017e bylo uvedeno v\u00fd\u0161e, \u00fa\u010dinek alkoholu na organismus je velmi slo\u017eit\u00fd a m\u00edsty a\u017e do konce prozkoum\u00e1n nen\u00ed. Kdy\u017e se do tohoto mixu p\u0159id\u00e1 n\u011bjak\u00fd farmaceutick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpravek, nen\u00ed tam v\u016fbec nic jasn\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Za prv\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee \u00fa\u010dinnost l\u00e9ku zm\u011bnit \u2014 a to mnoha sm\u011bry. O d\u00e1vkov\u00e1n\u00ed u\u017e ani nemluv\u00edm.<\/li>\n<li>Za druh\u00e9 - biochemick\u00e1 zmatek zp\u016fsoben\u00fd ethanolem, se nev\u00ed, jak ovlivn\u00ed l\u00e9k. M\u016f\u017ee zv\u00fd\u0161it vedlej\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky. M\u016f\u017ee ho \u00fapln\u011b u\u010dinit k ni\u010demu (nepo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1m vedlej\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky, samoz\u0159ejm\u011b). A m\u016f\u017ee i zab\u00edt. Nikdo nev\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>Za t\u0159et\u00ed - j\u00e1tra, kter\u00e1 jsou u\u017e tak zam\u011bstn\u00e1na zpracov\u00e1n\u00edm nezn\u00e1m\u00fdch l\u00e1tek od farmaceut\u016f, se p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nebudou t\u011b\u0161it z pot\u0159eby tak\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1vat alkohol. Mohou se \u00fapln\u011b vzbou\u0159it.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nObvykle v n\u00e1vodech (kdo je \u010dte?) k l\u00e9k\u016fm p\u00ed\u0161\u00ed o mo\u017enosti u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed s alkoholem \u2014 to pokud to bylo testov\u00e1no. Ale m\u016f\u017ee\u0161 to zkusit s\u00e1m \u2014 a pak pov\u011bd\u011bt v\u0161em o sv\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti. To pokud m\u00e1\u0161 je\u0161t\u011b jedno t\u011blo v z\u00e1loze.<\/p>\n<p>Z toho, co jsem ji\u017e napsal v\u00fd\u0161e:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sou\u010dasn\u00e9 u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed aspirinu (kyseliny acetylsalicylov\u00e9) a alkoholu m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k v\u0159ed\u016fm na sliznici \u017ealudku a krv\u00e1cen\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>U\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed alkoholu negativn\u011b ovliv\u0148uje v\u00fdsledky vitam\u00ednov\u00e9 terapie. Zejm\u00e9na po\u0161kozen\u00ed tr\u00e1vic\u00edho traktu zp\u016fsobuje, \u017ee vitam\u00edny u\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 peror\u00e1ln\u011b se \u0161patn\u011b vst\u0159eb\u00e1vaj\u00ed a metabolizuj\u00ed, co\u017e naru\u0161uje jejich p\u0159em\u011bnu na aktivn\u00ed formu. To se zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 t\u00fdk\u00e1 vitam\u00edn\u016f B1, B6, PP, B12, C, A, kyseliny listov\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li>Kou\u0159en\u00ed zesiluje toxick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky alkoholu \u2014 jak z pohledu potla\u010den\u00ed oxida\u010dn\u00edch proces\u016f z d\u016fvodu nedostatku kysl\u00edku (pamatujme na acetaldehyd), tak i z pohledu spole\u010dn\u00e9ho blokuj\u00edc\u00edho \u00fa\u010dinku nikotinu a alkoholu na receptory.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nZkr\u00e1tka, s alkoholem to nen\u00ed jednoduch\u00e9. A\u0165 u\u017e je to dob\u0159e nebo \u0161patn\u011b \u2014 nikdo to p\u0159esn\u011b nev\u00ed, ale nikdo nesp\u011bch\u00e1 s jeho \u00fapln\u00fdm odm\u00edt\u00e1n\u00edm.<\/p>\n<p>Rozhodnut\u00ed je na tob\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Na t\u00e9to optimistick\u00e9 not\u011b \u2014 se lou\u010d\u00edm. Douf\u00e1m, \u017ee jsem byl op\u011bt zaj\u00edmav\u00fd.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>V\u00edno \u2014 n\u00e1\u0161 p\u0159\u00edtel, ale v n\u011bm se skr\u00fdv\u00e1 zr\u00e1dnost: <br \/>\nPije\u0161 moc \u2014 jed, pije\u0161 m\u00e1lo \u2014 l\u00e9k. <br \/>\nNeubli\u017euj si p\u0159ehnanost\u00ed, <br \/>\nPij s m\u00edrou \u2014 a kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed \u017eivota vydr\u017e\u00ed...<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\n<i> \u2014 Ab\u00fa Al\u00ed Husajn ibn Abdall\u00e1h ibn al-Ch\u00e1san ibn Al\u00ed ibn S\u00edn\u00e1 (Avicenna)<\/i><\/p>\n<p class=\"for_users_only_msg\">Pouze registrovan\u00ed u\u017eivatel\u00e9 se mohou \u00fa\u010dastnit ankety. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/auth\/login\/\">P\u0159ihlaste se<\/a><\/noindex>, pros\u00edm.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"default-block__polling-title\">Kter\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st se ti l\u00edbila nejv\u00edc?<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"content-list content-list_polling\">\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    Nejstr\u0161n\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    Nejstra\u0161ideln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>    Hlasovalo 4 u\u017eivatel\u016f. Zdr\u017eel se 1 u\u017eivatel.<br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450398\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0418 \u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, %username%! \u0421\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b \u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441 \u00ab\u0421\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044f\u0434\u044b\u00bb. \u0411\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u044b \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438, \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c. \u042f \u0440\u0430\u0434, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u00ab\u0445\u0438\u0442-\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u00bb \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u2014 \u043d\u0443 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0436, \u044f \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b \u0432\u0441\u0451, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0433. \u041d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u0432\u0434\u043e\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":24664,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-32900","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0418 \u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, %username%! \u0421\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/samye-nestrashnye-yady\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.3\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\ud83e\udd47\u0421\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044f\u0434\u044b | ProHoster\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0418 \u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, %username%! \u0421\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/samye-nestrashnye-yady\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:secure_url\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"350\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"350\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-10-31T18:49:36+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2019-10-31T18:49:36+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster\" \/>\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO -->\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Nejstra\u0161n\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy | ProHoster","description":"A znovu zdrav\u00edm, %username%! 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