{"id":32987,"date":"2019-10-31T21:50:08","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:50:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/samye-interesnye-yady\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:50:08","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:50:08","slug":"samye-interesnye-yady","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/samye-interesnye-yady","title":{"rendered":"Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/1adc2613ed3713c148a0eeb4c4510cb7.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nAhoj, %username%!<\/p>\n<p>Znovu ve\u010der, znovu m\u00e1m nic na pr\u00e1ci, a rozhodl jsem se str\u00e1vit trochu \u010dasu psan\u00edm t\u0159et\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti sv\u00e9ho cyklu o jedovat\u00fdch l\u00e1tk\u00e1ch. Douf\u00e1m, \u017ee jsi \u010detl <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450294\/\">prvn\u00ed<\/a><\/noindex> a <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450398\/\">druhou<\/a><\/noindex> \u010d\u00e1st a l\u00edbila se ti.<\/p>\n<p>Ve t\u0159et\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti si trochu odpo\u010dineme. Nebude se zde vypr\u00e1v\u011bt o jedovat\u00fdch l\u00e1tk\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 se ti ukazuj\u00ed na ka\u017ed\u00e9m kroku \u2014 sp\u00ed\u0161e naopak. Nebude to diskuze o \u0161kodlivosti alkoholu a nikotinu.<\/p>\n<p>Ve t\u0159et\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u00edm ty jedy, kter\u00e9 mi z n\u011bjak\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu p\u0159i\u0161ly zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 (pokud je toto slovo v\u016fbec aplikovateln\u00e9 na jedy \u2014 ale, jak u\u017e jsem \u0159ekl: jsem um\u011blec, takto to vid\u00edm).<\/p>\n<p>Tak\u017ee, op\u011bt m\u00e1 smrt\u00edc\u00ed des\u00edtka! Jdeme na to.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h3>Des\u00e1t\u00e9 m\u00edsto<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Chomidybromid<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/0344809f92010a7ebf7d7c024733ce81.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n\u010clov\u011bk byl v\u017edy zv\u011bdav\u00fd. A ve sv\u00e9 zv\u011bdavosti n\u011bkdy ne\u00famysln\u011b vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u0161ery.<\/p>\n<p>Chomidybromid byl vytvo\u0159en jako interkaluj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dinidlo pro molekul\u00e1rn\u00ed biologii za \u00fa\u010delem detekce a zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed nukleov\u00fdch kyselin, zejm\u00e9na v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b elektrofor\u00e9zy DNA nebo RNA v agar\u00f3zov\u00e9m gelu.<\/p>\n<p>Slovo \u201einterkaluj\u00edc\u00ed\u201c je zde kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9. Podle definice je interkalace reverzibiln\u00ed za\u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed molekuly nebo skupiny mezi jin\u00e9 molekuly nebo skupiny. Chomidybromid interaguje s nukleov\u00fdmi kyselinami, v\u010dlen\u011bn\u00edm mezi b\u00e1zemi.<\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">Komu se to zaj\u00edm\u00e1 \u2013 vypad\u00e1 to p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b takto<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/b352f666de3f03eb133509a35ab3373e.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nV praxi chomidybromid dokonce i v mal\u00fdch d\u00e1vk\u00e1ch inhibuje synt\u00e9zu DNA a RNA a m\u011bn\u00ed super\u0161roubov\u00e1n\u00ed kruhov\u00e9 DNA. Tato l\u00e1tka je t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nejmocn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm zn\u00e1m\u00fdm mutagenem.<\/p>\n<p>V literatu\u0159e nejsou \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 informace o tom, kolik je t\u0159eba u\u017e\u00edt chomidybromidu, aby se zaru\u010den\u011b zem\u0159elo. Nen\u00ed zn\u00e1mo, jak bude tato smrt prob\u00edhat. V\u011bdci se st\u00e1le h\u00e1daj\u00ed, zda m\u00e1 tato l\u00e1tka karcinogenn\u00ed vlastnosti.<\/p>\n<p>%username%, chomidybromid je skv\u011bl\u00fd zp\u016fsob, jak se dozv\u011bd\u011bt n\u011bco nov\u00e9ho o sv\u00e9m t\u011ble ve stylu S.T.A.L.K.E.R. Odpov\u011bz si!<\/p>\n<h3>Dev\u00e1t\u00e9 m\u00edsto<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">NNG<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/51f2314e8f709f7a638330d8e41561e5.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nPokud t\u011b neuspokojilo des\u00e1t\u00e9 m\u00edsto \u2013 p\u0159edstavujeme: N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidin! No nebo prost\u011b a skromn\u011b: BFG NNG.<\/p>\n<p>Pamatuje\u0161, jak jsem \u0159\u00edkal o \u201eskoro nejmocn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm mutagenu\u201c? Tak NNG je ten nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Na rozd\u00edl od pod\u0159adn\u00e9ho chomidybromidu v\u017edy zp\u016fsobuje v\u00edce ne\u017e jednu mutaci na bu\u0148ku. Mistrn\u00ed genetikov\u00e9, kdy\u017e prov\u00e1d\u011bli sv\u00e9 experimenty s E. coli, pou\u017e\u00edvali pr\u00e1v\u011b NNG.<\/p>\n<p>A mimochodem, NNG je 100% karcinogenn\u00ed. V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se objevuj\u00ed mnoh\u00e9, v\u017edy recidivuj\u00edc\u00ed n\u00e1dory.<\/p>\n<p>Krom\u011b toho NNG:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Nestabiln\u00ed. Samotn\u00e1 tato l\u00e1tka je pr\u00e1\u0161ek, ale neust\u00e1le se rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 a p\u0159i skladov\u00e1n\u00ed v uzav\u0159en\u00e9 n\u00e1dob\u011b exploduje. <\/li>\n<li>Siln\u011b reaguje s vodou.<\/li>\n<li>M\u016f\u017ee explodovat p\u0159i n\u00e1razu.<\/li>\n<li>Citliv\u00fd na teplotu, sv\u011btlo, vlhkost \u2013 exploduje bez varov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>Snadno vzn\u00edmateln\u00fd.<\/li>\n<li>Nekompatibiln\u00ed s vodn\u00edmi roztoky, kyselinami, z\u00e1sadami, oxida\u010dn\u00edmi a reduk\u010dn\u00edmi \u010dinidly \u2013 bou\u0159liv\u00e1 reakce s explozi.<\/li>\n<li>Alkalick\u00e1 hydrol\u00fdza p\u0159i deaktivaci uvol\u0148uje toxick\u00e9 a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00e9 plyny.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nI kdy\u017e je z hlediska toxicity NNG docela mil\u00fd: potkani um\u00edraj\u00ed p\u0159i d\u00e1vk\u00e1ch kolem 90 mg\/kg. Vzhledem k hlavn\u00edm vlastnostem NNG lze \u0159\u00edct, \u017ee maj\u00ed \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Osm\u00e9 m\u00edsto<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Heptyl<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/597e48bbf67200c50514a28b65517be8.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nOd prad\u00e1vna snil \u010dlov\u011bk o l\u00e9t\u00e1n\u00ed. Minul\u00fd stolet\u00ed p\u0159ivedlo sny k realistick\u00fdm let\u016fm do vesm\u00edru. S ka\u017ed\u00fdm rokem lidstvo h\u00fd\u010dk\u00e1lo my\u0161lenky na kolonizaci M\u011bs\u00edce, Marsu a let na hv\u011bzdy.<\/p>\n<p>Pak v\u0161ak z\u00e1vod ustal. Zmizela konkurence, ztratil se el\u00e1n, v\u0161ichni za\u010dali po\u010d\u00edtat pen\u00edze a najednou objevili, \u017ee je daleko zaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vyd\u011bl\u00e1vat na smartphonech a procesorech ne\u017e n\u011bkde l\u00e9tat.<\/p>\n<p>Ale o tom te\u010f nemluv\u00edm. Heptyl \u2013 nebo nesymetrick\u00fd dimethylhydrazin (NDMH, 1,1-dimethylhydrazin) \u2013 je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed vysoce varn\u00e9ho (s bodem varu nad 0 \u00b0C) raketov\u00e9ho paliva. Jako oxidant jsou v p\u00e1ru s heptylem \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny tetraoxid dusi\u010dnanu (AT), bu\u010f \u010dist\u00fd nebo sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fd s kyselinou dusi\u010dnou, zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jsou p\u0159\u00edpady pou\u017eit\u00ed \u010dist\u00e9 kyseliny a kapaln\u00e9ho kysl\u00edku. Aby se zlep\u0161ily vlastnosti heptylu, byl pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n ve sm\u011bsi s hydrazinem, zn\u00e1mou jako aerosol.<\/p>\n<p>Toto palivo (a to je skute\u010dn\u011b raketov\u00e9 palivo!) se pou\u017e\u00edvalo a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 mimo jin\u00e9 v sov\u011btsk\u00fdch nosn\u00fdch raket\u00e1ch \u201eProton\u201c, \u201eKosmos\u201c, \u201eCyclone\u201c; americk\u00fdch \u2013 rodina \u201eTitan\u201c; francouzsk\u00fdch \u2013 rodina \u201eAriane\u201c; v pohonn\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech pilotovan\u00fdch lod\u00ed, satelit\u016f, orbit\u00e1ln\u00edch a meziplanet\u00e1rn\u00edch stanic.<\/p>\n<p>Heptyl je bezbarv\u00fd nebo m\u00edrn\u011b na\u017eloutl\u00fd pr\u016fhledn\u00fd kapalina s ostr\u00fdm nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00fdm z\u00e1pachem, kter\u00fd je charakteristick\u00fd pro aminy (z\u00e1pach zka\u017een\u00e9 ryby, podobn\u00fd z\u00e1pachu amoniaku, velmi podobn\u00fd z\u00e1pachu \u0161prot). Dob\u0159e se m\u00eds\u00ed s vodou, ethanolem, v\u011bt\u0161inou ropn\u00fdch produkt\u016f a mnoha organick\u00fdmi rozpou\u0161t\u011bdly. Samoz\u00e1pal se p\u0159i kontaktu s oxidanty na b\u00e1zi dusi\u010dn\u00e9 kyseliny a tetraoxidu diazotu, co\u017e zjednodu\u0161uje konstrukci a zaji\u0161\u0165uje snadn\u00fd start a mo\u017enost opakovan\u00e9ho zap\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed raketov\u00fdch motor\u016f. To je jedna z v\u00fdhod, k nim\u017e se p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 tak\u00e9 velk\u00e1 efektivita na jednotku hmotnosti palivov\u00e9 sm\u011bsi (p\u0159evy\u0161uje p\u00e1r kysl\u00edk + kerosin a p\u00e1r kysl\u00edk + vod\u00edk co do hustoty \u2014 1170 kg\/m\u00b3 proti 1070 kg\/m\u00b3 a 285 kg\/m\u00b3 p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u011b) a mo\u017enost dlouhodob\u00e9ho skladov\u00e1n\u00ed raket v napln\u011bn\u00e9m stavu p\u0159i norm\u00e1ln\u00edch teplot\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<p>Te\u010f k tomu nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Heptyl je \u010dty\u0159ikr\u00e1t toxi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e kyanovod\u00edk. \u00da\u010dinky na lidsk\u00fd organismus: podr\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed sliznic o\u010d\u00ed, d\u00fdchac\u00edch cest a plic, siln\u00e9 vzru\u0161en\u00ed centr\u00e1ln\u00ed nervov\u00e9 soustavy, poruchy za\u017e\u00edvac\u00edho traktu (nevolnost, zvracen\u00ed), ztr\u00e1ta v\u011bdom\u00ed, smrt.<\/li>\n<li>Teplota vzplanut\u00ed -15 \u00b0C; teplota samovzn\u00edcen\u00ed 249 \u00b0C; koncentrace hranice \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed plamene 2\u201495 % obj. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee heptyl se velmi ochotn\u011b zapaluje a velmi nad\u0161en\u011b ho\u0159\u00ed (kdo by to pochyboval).<\/li>\n<li>P\u00e1ry heptylu jsou extr\u00e9mn\u011b v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00e9, snad jen p\u00e1ra vod\u00edk - kysl\u00edk je p\u0159ekon\u00e1v\u00e1.<\/li>\n<li>Muta\u00adgen. Kancerogen. P\u0159i\u010dem\u017e natolik siln\u00fd, \u017ee se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k spolehliv\u00e9mu vyvol\u00e1n\u00ed kolorekt\u00e1ln\u00ed karcinomu u krys p\u0159i v\u00fdzkumech n\u00e1dor\u016f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nCo na to \u0159\u00edk\u00e1\u0161, Ilone Musku? Jin\u00fdmi slovy, %username%, nez\u00e1vid\u00edm ti, pokud \u017eije\u0161 bl\u00edzko kosmodromu.<\/p>\n<h3>Sedm\u00e9 m\u00edsto<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Kantaridin<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/4454a2a9a26a6276a41ddcbcf4ee23ed.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nKrom\u011b l\u00e9t\u00e1n\u00ed m\u011bl lidstvo v\u017edy zaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1le\u017eitosti. Nap\u0159\u00edklad se mu\u017ei v pr\u016fb\u011bhu v\u0161ech \u010das\u016f \u010dasto tr\u00e1pili ohledn\u011b sv\u00fdch schopnost\u00ed \u2014 a ano, mluv\u00edm pr\u00e1v\u011b o t\u011bchto schopnostech!<\/p>\n<p>Te\u010f m\u00e1 n\u011bjak\u00fd chlap\u00edk \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed v hled\u00e1n\u00ed l\u00e9k\u016f na anginu \u2014 a objevil se sildenafil \u2014 nebo lidov\u011b viagra. A d\u0159\u00edve to bylo mnohem slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed!<\/p>\n<p>Jednou z popul\u00e1rn\u00edch variant bylo u\u017e\u00edvat takov\u00fdto \u017eivo\u010dich:<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/a027df8ffc439528e543a7c6d2bdf567.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nNe, %username%, to rozhodn\u011b nen\u00ed zelen\u00e1 \u0161v\u00e1ba, ale \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e1 moucha. A jej\u00ed historie je docela d\u00e1vn\u00e1 a velmi pestr\u00e1:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Za dob \u0158\u00edma Livia, zr\u00e1dn\u00e1 \u017eena Oktaviana Augusta, p\u0159id\u00e1vala \u0161pan\u011blku do j\u00eddla s nad\u011bj\u00ed, \u017ee inspiruje hosty Livie k neslu\u0161nosti, co\u017e by j\u00ed v budoucnu pomohlo je vyd\u00edrat.<\/li>\n<li>V roce 1572 Ambroise Par\u00e9 napsal zpr\u00e1vu o mu\u017ei trp\u00edc\u00edm \"nejstra\u0161n\u011bj\u0161\u00edm satyri\u00e1zou\". <i>(u n\u00e1s se tomu nyn\u00ed \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 jin\u00fdm slovem, ale vyhledej si to s\u00e1m)<\/i> pot\u00e9, co p\u0159ijal lektvar obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed kop\u0159ivu a \u0161pan\u011blskou mouchu.<\/li>\n<li>V roce 1670 navrhovala v\u011b\u0161tkyn\u011b a bylink\u00e1\u0159ka La-Vauz\u00e9n \u201epoutnick\u00fd lektvar\u201c z \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 mouchy, su\u0161en\u00e9 kr\u00e1li\u010d\u00ed krve a netop\u00fdra (fuj).<\/li>\n<li>V \u201eMarseillesk\u00e9 z\u00e1le\u017eitosti\u201c mark\u00fdze de Sade mu bylo vy\u010d\u00edt\u00e1no i pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed \u201e\u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fdch mu\u0161ek\u201c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nA za to m\u016f\u017ee kantaridin, kter\u00fd je v tomto brouku v tajnosti a\u017e do 5%! Mimochodem, nejen tam: kantaridin se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v hemolymf\u011b brouk\u016f v\u0159etenovc\u016f, majek a n\u011bkter\u00fdch brouk\u016f-u\u017eovkov\u00fdch. A ano, v mal\u00fdch d\u00e1vk\u00e1ch je p\u0159esn\u011b to, co pot\u0159ebuje star\u00fd chevalier, kter\u00e9ho obklopily mlad\u00e9 kurtiz\u00e1ny!<\/p>\n<p>Probl\u00e9m je v tom, \u017ee krom\u011b pr\u00e1v\u011b tohoto \u00fa\u010dinku m\u00e1 kantaridin tak\u00e9 ko\u017en\u00ed a v\u0159edy vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed vlastnosti. Ale proto\u017ee se nevt\u00edral, ale pil, tak: po vstupu do tr\u00e1vic\u00edho traktu v d\u00e1vk\u00e1ch kolem 0,5 mg\/kg za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 rychle se rozv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00ed intoxikace - bolesti b\u0159icha, zvracen\u00ed, krev v mo\u010di, akutn\u00ed z\u00e1n\u011bt ledvin, rozvoj selh\u00e1n\u00ed ledvin. P\u0159ed\u00e1vkov\u00e1n\u00ed v rozmez\u00ed 40-80 mg\/kg spolehliv\u011b a nav\u017edy vy\u0159e\u0161ilo ot\u00e1zku komunikace nejen se \u017eenami, ale i v\u016fbec se v\u0161\u00edm \u017eiv\u00fdm: p\u0159i n\u00e1sledn\u00fdm pitv\u00e1n\u00ed byly pozorov\u00e1ny jasn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edznaky hyperemie sliznic, vznik v\u0159ed\u016f a ohnisek hemoragie, difuzn\u00ed lo\u017eiska po\u0161kozen\u00ed se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v j\u00e1trech a ledvin\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<p>Stoj\u00ed to za to riziko? Historie \u0159\u00edkala, \u017ee ano.<\/p>\n<p>A proto \u00fasp\u011bch viagry nen\u00ed v\u016fbec p\u0159ekvapuj\u00edc\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0160est\u00e9 m\u00edsto<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Paraquat<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/1e1285e4586353ea9c1fce79bc3decbf.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nKdy\u017e u\u017e byla \u0159e\u010d o lidstvu a lidech, v\u00ed\u0161, %username%, kdy\u017e jsem p\u0159ipravoval seznam \u010dlen\u016f tohoto hitpar\u00e1dy, n\u011bjak jsem si uv\u011bdomil i \u0159asy, a houby, a celou tu zlou jedovatou fl\u00f3ru a faunu, kter\u00e1 n\u00e1s obklopuje. Proto\u017ee v\u00edce zl\u00e9ho a \u2014 co\u017e je zaj\u00edmav\u00e9! \u2014 chaoticky jedovat\u00e9ho tvora, ne\u017e je \u010dlov\u011bk \u2014 jsem nena\u0161el. A slovo \"chaoticky\" je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9, proto\u017ee \u010dlov\u011bk otr\u00e1v\u00ed jak fl\u00f3ru, tak faunu a i sebe samotn\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n<p>Parakvat \u2013 organick\u00e1 slou\u010denina, obchodn\u00ed n\u00e1zev N,N'-dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridil\u00edndichloridu. Ve form\u011b kvart\u00e9rn\u00edch amoniov\u00fdch sol\u00ed se parakvat \u0161iroce vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jako siln\u00fd herbicid nespecifick\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dinku. Mimochodem, %username%, m\u00e1\u0161 vlastn\u00ed webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky? <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.paraquat.com\/\">A co paraquat m\u00e1<\/a><\/noindex>!<\/p>\n<p>Paraquat se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed listnat\u00fdch plevel\u016f a tr\u00e1vy, ale je m\u00e9n\u011b \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd proti hluboko ko\u0159en\u011bn\u00fdm plevel\u016fm. Tento herbicid nepo\u0161kozuje k\u016fru strom\u016f, proto se \u0161iroce pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 na plevele v ovocn\u00fdch sadech. V 60. letech se paraquat tak\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edval v USA k boji proti plant\u00e1\u017e\u00edm marihuany a koky v Ji\u017en\u00ed Americe (n\u011bjak si vzpom\u00edn\u00e1m na p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o \"\u017dlut\u00e9m de\u0161ti\" a \"Agentu Orange\" \u2014 p\u0159ipome\u0148 mi to pozd\u011bji, pokud chce\u0161 sly\u0161et i tento p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh). <\/p>\n<p>Paraquat je vysoce toxick\u00fd pro zv\u00ed\u0159ata a lidi. Smrteln\u00e1 d\u00e1vka m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt kolem jedn\u00e9 \u010dajov\u00e9 l\u017ei\u010dky l\u00e1tky. P\u0159i po\u017eit\u00ed se paraquat s krevn\u00edm ob\u011bhem dost\u00e1v\u00e1 do v\u0161ech tk\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bla, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e se selektivn\u011bji hromad\u00ed v plic\u00edch. To zp\u016fsobuje otok a dal\u0161\u00ed po\u0161kozen\u00ed plic, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k fibr\u00f3ze. Krom\u011b plic mohou b\u00fdt po\u0161kozeny tak\u00e9 j\u00e1tra a ledviny (selh\u00e1n\u00ed ledvin).<\/p>\n<p>V sou\u010dasnosti se paraquat pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jako herbicid v 120 zem\u00edch (v Rusku se nepou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 \u2014 to jsem byl p\u0159ekvapen!).<\/p>\n<p>Co ti m\u00e1m \u0159\u00edct? Dobrou chu\u0165.<\/p>\n<h3>P\u00e1t\u00e9 m\u00edsto<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Endrin<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/2c5ed0caaf2151799d914079cfbf6a66.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Endrin byl syntetizov\u00e1n v roce 1949 Kurtem Alderem. Komer\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdroba endrinu za\u010dala v USA v roce 1951, kde byl spolu s aldrinem pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n jako pesticid. Bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee je v\u00edce ne\u017e dvakr\u00e1t \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e aldrin a 10\u201412kr\u00e1t ne\u017e DDT. Uk\u00e1zal se jako \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd v boji proti:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>housenk\u00e1m a m\u0161ic\u00edm na tab\u00e1ku, kuku\u0159ici, cukrov\u00e9 \u0159ep\u011b, cukrov\u00e9 t\u0159tin\u011b, bavln\u011b a dal\u0161\u00edch zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch plodin\u00e1ch;<\/li>\n<li>\u010dern\u00fdm ryb\u00edzem s nov\u00fdm pupenov\u00fdm rozto\u010dem, proti kter\u00e9mu jsou v\u0161echny ostatn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpravky ne\u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9;<\/li>\n<li>my\u0161\u00ed a jin\u00fdmi hlodavci;<\/li>\n<li>lid\u00ed (co???).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nAno, m\u016fj drah\u00fd p\u0159\u00edteli, toxicita aerosolov\u00e9ho endrinu pro \u010dlov\u011bka je srovnateln\u00e1 s kyselinou kyanovod\u00edkovou. Prim\u00e1rn\u011b postihuje nervovou soustavu. Absorbuje se k\u016f\u017e\u00ed. M\u00e1 dlouh\u00fd polo\u010das vylu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed z t\u011bla. Kr\u00e1sn\u00e9, \u017ee?<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159i akutn\u00edm p\u0159ed\u00e1vkov\u00e1n\u00ed endrinem se projevuje motorick\u00e1 vzru\u0161en\u00ed, zrychlen\u00e9 d\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed, \u0161kub\u00e1n\u00ed sval\u016f, trh\u00e1n\u00ed, tonick\u00e9 k\u0159e\u010de. Smrt nast\u00e1v\u00e1 po n\u011bkolika z\u00e1chvatech k\u0159e\u010d\u00ed v d\u016fsledku paral\u00fdzy d\u00fdchac\u00edho centra. Byly pops\u00e1ny p\u0159\u00edpady akutu otravy v d\u016fsledku konzumace chleba upe\u010den\u00e9ho z kontaminovan\u00e9 mouky s obsahem endrinu 150\u20145500 mg\/kg. Prvn\u00ed zn\u00e1mky intoxikace se obvykle objevovaly po 2\u20143 hodin\u00e1ch (celkov\u00e1 slabost, nevolnost, zvracen\u00ed, \u00fanava, siln\u00e9 pocen\u00ed). V t\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpadech byly zaznamen\u00e1ny k\u0159e\u010de, do\u010dasn\u00e1 hluchota, paral\u00fdzy, poruchy koordinace pohyb\u016f, parest\u00e9zie. Uzdraven\u00ed nastalo rychle, av\u0161ak n\u011bkdy byly pozorov\u00e1ny jako d\u016fsledek otravy kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9 dezorientace, agresivita, poruchy intelektu. <\/p>\n<p>V roce 1969 (18 let pozd\u011bji!!!) byl endrin vy\u0159azen ze seznamu l\u00e1tek na ochranu rostlin kv\u016fli sv\u00e9 sklonosti k bioakumulaci (mimochodem, \u0159\u00edkal jsem, \u017ee je nerozpustn\u00fd ve vod\u011b?). Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, tento pesticid byl v n\u011bkter\u00fdch zem\u00edch pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n a\u017e do za\u010d\u00e1tku 90. let. Podle rozhodnut\u00ed Stockholmsk\u00e9 \u00famluvy z 23. kv\u011btna 2001 existuje glob\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1kaz v\u00fdroby, prodeje a pou\u017eit\u00ed endrinu jako jednoho z extr\u00e9mn\u011b toxick\u00fdch a odoln\u00fdch pesticid\u016f v\u016f\u010di vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu prost\u0159ed\u00ed. <\/p>\n<p>Celkov\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed vyroben\u00e9ho endrinu od roku 1951 \u010din\u00ed ~5000 tun, z nich\u017e v\u00edce ne\u017e 2500 tun p\u0159ipad\u00e1 na USA. Nikdo nev\u00ed, co se s n\u00edm tam te\u010f d\u011bje, a jestli ho n\u011bkde nenalili potichu \u2014 a to je smutn\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h3>\u010ctvrt\u00e9 m\u00edsto<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">ricin<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/6037c04cd294f98662de64d7fd9a9afb.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nV\u00ed\u0161, co je to makuha, %username%? To je zbytek slune\u010dnicov\u00fdch semen, kdy\u017e se z nich lisuje olej. M\u016fj d\u011bde\u010dek nosil dom\u016f po\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 kusy makuhy \u2014 na to potom chytal ryby.<\/p>\n<p>Vid\u011bl jsi n\u011bkdy ricinov\u00fd olej, %username%? Nept\u00e1m se, jestli jsi ho pil, i kdy\u017e mimochodem \u2014 je to nejlep\u0161\u00ed a nejekologi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed prost\u0159edek na \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch delik\u00e1tn\u00edch probl\u00e9m\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Vid\u011bl jsi n\u011bkdy ricinov\u00fd odpad, %username%? Ne? V\u011b\u0159 mi, neuvid\u00ed\u0161.<\/p>\n<p>Ricinov\u00fd olej se vyr\u00e1b\u00ed ze semen ricinovn\u00edku \u2013 v tepl\u00fdch oblastech je to ke\u0159\u00edk vysok\u00fd a\u017e 10 m, u n\u00e1s kv\u016fli n\u00edzk\u00e9mu minim\u00e1ln\u00edmu p\u0159\u00edjmu v m\u00edrn\u00e9m klimatu jde o jednoletou rostlinu vysokou 2-5 m.<\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">Takto vypad\u00e1 tato rostlina.<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/c4f6fbaf0b72e16a87b6bf5fefe70e01.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">A tak \u2013 \u2018ricinov\u00e9 o\u0159\u00ed\u0161ky\u2019<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/0a2c19756cb2b70001ec092f10fdfded.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Tak\u017ee, %username%, ricinov\u00fd odpad nikdy neuvid\u00ed\u0161, proto\u017ee to je strategick\u00fd jed a podl\u00e9h\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e9mu sledov\u00e1n\u00ed a likvidaci. Glykopeptid ricin, kter\u00fd se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v semenech ricinovn\u00edku, je nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed rostlinn\u00fd jed na sv\u011bt\u011b, pokud nepo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1me rostlinn\u00e9 organismy jako \u0159asy. Ricin je 6 tis\u00edckr\u00e1t jedovat\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e kyanid draseln\u00fd. Mechanismus toxick\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dinku ricinu je tak\u00e9 fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed: inhibice synt\u00e9zy b\u00edlkovin ribosomy. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee tyto mal\u00e9 intracelul\u00e1rn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti, kter\u00e9 v\u0161e syntetizuj\u00ed a \u010din\u00ed bu\u0148ky u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdmi, n\u00e1hle p\u0159estanou fungovat. V\u0161ude. Takov\u00e1 intern\u00ed st\u00e1vka.<\/p>\n<p>Ve skute\u010dnosti se st\u00e1vka projevuje takto: nevolnost, zvracen\u00ed, bolest a p\u00e1len\u00ed v j\u00edcnu a \u017ealudku, pr\u016fjem, bolest hlavy, ospalost, anurie, leukocyt\u00f3za, aglutination erytrocyt\u016f (to je, kdy\u017e se slep\u00ed a usad\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo v c\u00e9v\u00e1ch a srdci) \u2013 a pak kolaps a smrt. Je to jednoduch\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Proto\u017ee mal\u00e1 d\u00e1vka ricinu velikosti hlavi\u010dky \u0161pendl\u00edku sta\u010d\u00ed k usmrcen\u00ed dosp\u011bl\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka, je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee lidem to velmi zaj\u00edmalo a zp\u016fsoby pou\u017eit\u00ed ricinu jako zbran\u011b hromadn\u00e9ho ni\u010den\u00ed byly zkoum\u00e1ny vojensk\u00fdmi \u00fa\u0159ady r\u016fzn\u00fdch zem\u00ed, po\u010d\u00ednaje prvn\u00ed sv\u011btovou v\u00e1lkou. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b kv\u016fli n\u011bkolika nedostatk\u016fm nebyl tento materi\u00e1l nikdy p\u0159ijat do v\u00fdzbroje.<\/p>\n<p>Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, ricin na\u0161el uplatn\u011bn\u00ed ve st\u00e1tn\u00edch slu\u017eb\u00e1ch. Jedn\u00edm z nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f s pou\u017eit\u00edm ricinu byla vra\u017eda bulharsk\u00e9ho disidenta Georgiho Markova, kter\u00fd byl otr\u00e1ven v roce 1978 pomoc\u00ed injekce do speci\u00e1ln\u011b upraven\u00e9ho de\u0161tn\u00edku. Podle jin\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f byl vra\u017eedn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj pneumatickou zbran\u00ed, kter\u00e1 st\u0159\u00edlela mikrokapsl\u00ed s ricinem a byla maskov\u00e1na jako de\u0161tn\u00edk. D\u00e1vka, kter\u00e1 byla Markovovi pod\u00e1na, \u010dinila maxim\u00e1ln\u011b 450 mcg (nebo 0,45 miligramu).<\/p>\n<p>Jednoduchost z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed toxinu z n\u011bj u\u010dinila potenci\u00e1ln\u011b dostupn\u00fd prost\u0159edek pro teroristick\u00e9 skupiny. Tak v roce 2001 m\u00e9dia hl\u00e1sila o nalezen\u00ed instrukc\u00ed k v\u00fdrob\u011b ricinu na zni\u010den\u00e9 z\u00e1kladn\u011b \"Al-K\u00e1ida\" v K\u00e1bulu. V roce 2003 byl ur\u010dit\u00fd mno\u017estv\u00ed ricinu nalezeno u terorist\u016f v Lond\u00fdn\u011b, stopy ricinu byly objeveny v \u00faschovn\u011b na Lyonu ve Francii.<\/p>\n<p>V roce 2013 byli n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed jednotlivci ze st\u00e1tu Mississippi zat\u010deni za pokus o zas\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed dopis\u016f s ricinem americk\u00e9mu prezidentovi Baracku Obamovi a dal\u0161\u00edm vysok\u00fdm \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk\u016fm USA. Tak v kv\u011btnu t\u00e9ho\u017e roku byl starostovi New Yorku zasl\u00e1n v\u00fdhru\u017en\u00fd dopis obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed ricin, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b jako reakce na \u010dinnost ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 organizace \"Starostov\u00e9 proti neleg\u00e1ln\u00edm zbran\u00edm\".<\/p>\n<p>Pozd\u011bji byly v Texasu vzneseny obvin\u011bn\u00ed proti here\u010dce Shannon Richardsonov\u00e9, podez\u0159el\u00e9 z rozes\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed dopis\u016f se smrt\u00edc\u00edm jedem americk\u00fdm politik\u016fm. Jak se uk\u00e1zalo, rusk\u00e1 stopa tam nebyla nalezena, tak\u017ee se v\u0161ichni za\u010dali nudit a p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh zapomn\u011bli.<\/p>\n<h3>T\u0159et\u00ed m\u00edsto<\/h3>\n<p>\nKdy\u017e u\u017e mluv\u00edme o tr\u00e1v\u011b, vzpome\u0148 tak\u00e9 na \u0159asy. A te\u010f nemluv\u00edm o t\u011bch, kter\u00e9 se p\u0159ichyt\u00e1vaj\u00ed na nohy, kdy\u017e plave\u0161 - i kdy\u017e to je tak odporn\u00e9, \u017ee je to hor\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e jak\u00fdkoli jed (podle m\u011b). Ne, mluv\u00edm o drobn\u00fdch mikroskopick\u00fdch potvorech, o kter\u00fdch \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed: \"mo\u0159e kvete!\". Ty, kter\u00e9 ve tm\u011b je\u0161t\u011b sv\u00edt\u00ed, t\u0159eba takto:<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/3e80d0c46704d3a36c09daea19b18262.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nDob\u0159e-dob\u0159e, p\u0159izn\u00e1v\u00e1m - vtipkoval jsem, i kdy\u017e pozd\u011bji bude jasn\u00e9, \u017ee \u010derenkovsk\u00e9 z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed nen\u00ed o nic hor\u0161\u00ed.<br \/>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Takto sv\u00edt\u00ed \u0159asy<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/0f8ddbec542749e0d2f6e5f80b9613fd.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nTato potvora je mal\u00e1, ale je j\u00ed hodn\u011b. Je prakticky na sam\u00e9m dnu potravinov\u00e9ho \u0159et\u011bzce vodn\u00edho sv\u011bta. Kdo si ji v\u016fbec v\u0161\u00edm\u00e1?<\/p>\n<p>A zbyte\u010dn\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed pozornost si zaslou\u017e\u00ed \u0159asy zvan\u00e9 dinoflagel\u00e1ty a sinice. A konkr\u00e9tn\u011b:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Dinoflagel\u00e1ty Gambierdiscus toxicus<\/li>\n<li>Sinice Gonyaulax catenella, Alexandrium sp., Gymnodinium sp., Pyrodinium sp.<\/li>\n<li>Dinoflagel\u00e1ty Anabaena sp., Aphanizomenon spp., Cylindrospermopsis sp., Lyngbya sp., Planktothrix sp.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nV\u0161ichni tito kamar\u00e1di produkuj\u00ed celou \u0159adu toxin\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za n\u011bkter\u00e9 z nejjedovat\u011bj\u0161\u00edch l\u00e1tek na t\u00e9to mal\u00e9 planet\u011b. Nejmilej\u0161\u00ed z nich pojmenuji a pop\u00ed\u0161u.<\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">Maitotoxin<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/87fe35fc7dda11689a1e22c8980b0509.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nProdukuje ob\u010dan \u010d\u00edslo 1 ze seznamu v\u00fd\u0161e. Je nejtoxi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z skupiny brevetoxin\u016f: sta\u010d\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 0,2 \u03bcg\/kg, aby va\u0161i bl\u00edzc\u00ed ur\u010dit\u011b dostali pojistn\u00e9 pln\u011bn\u00ed. Mechanismus \u00fa\u010dinku je zp\u016fsoben modifikac\u00ed potenci\u00e1lov\u011b z\u00e1visl\u00fdch Ca-kan\u00e1l\u016f, zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm koncentrace Ca2+ uvnit\u0159 nervov\u00fdch bun\u011bk, spont\u00e1nn\u00edm uvol\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00edm acetylcholinu do krve a trvalou postsynaptickou depolarizac\u00ed. Jin\u00fdmi slovy \u2013 siln\u00e1 a nevratn\u00e1 paral\u00fdza.<\/p>\n<p>Samotn\u00e1 molekula maitotoxinu p\u0159edstavuje syst\u00e9m z 32 kondenzovan\u00fdch uhl\u00edkov\u00fdch kruh\u016f. To je jedna z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch a nejkomplexn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch neproteinov\u00fdch molekul produkovan\u00fdch \u017eiv\u00fdm organismem. Douf\u00e1m, \u017ee t\u011b to pot\u011b\u0161\u00ed, kdy\u017e se dostane dovnit\u0159.<\/p>\n<p>Ach ano, m\u00e1lem jsem zapomn\u011bl, pikantn\u00ed detail: jako z\u00e1stupce brevetoxin\u016f, maitotoxin p\u0159ed t\u00edm, ne\u017e zp\u016fsob\u00ed ochablou paral\u00fdzu sval\u016f a zastaven\u00ed d\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed, ur\u010dit\u011b zp\u016fsob\u00ed slin\u011bn\u00ed, siln\u00fd v\u00fdtok z nosu a samo\u010dinnou defekaci. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, p\u0159ijmout smrt s d\u016fstojnost\u00ed nebude mo\u017en\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">Saxitoxin<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/29ea15e9465b02d4a52e4bdb884f1aac.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n <br \/>\nProdukuje skupina ob\u010dan\u016f \u010d\u00edslo 2 a 3 ze seznamu v\u00fd\u0161e. Nen\u00ed tak \u00fa\u017easn\u00fd a p\u011bkn\u00fd jako maitotoxin, ale nen\u00ed o nic m\u00e9n\u011b mizantropn\u00ed: sn\u011bzen\u00ed 2 \u03bcg\/kg p\u0159im\u011bje cel\u00e9 lidstvo si po tob\u011b smutnit. Mechanismus \u00fa\u010dinku saxitoxinu spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v blokaci potenci\u00e1lov\u011b z\u00e1visl\u00fdch sod\u00edkov\u00fdch kan\u00e1l\u016f nervov\u00fdch vl\u00e1ken. To blokuje veden\u00ed nervov\u00fdch impulz\u016f a zp\u016fsobuje paral\u00fdzy sval\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Je zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, \u017ee n\u00e1zev saxitoxinu je spojen s jm\u00e9nem zcela jedl\u00fdch m\u011bkk\u00fd\u0161\u016f rodu Saxidomus, kter\u00e9 se tak\u00e9 naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed \u201ewashington\u0161t\u00ed m\u011bkk\u00fd\u0161i\u201c a \u201em\u00e1slov\u00ed m\u011bkk\u00fd\u0161i\u201c (\u201eWashington clams\u201c a \u201ebutter clam\u201c, pokud to ne\u0159ekneme \u010desky). No, podle n\u00e1zvu je jasn\u00e9, kde je maj\u00ed r\u00e1di. Tyto mil\u00e9 bytosti r\u00e1dy jed\u00ed \u0159asy, a kdy\u017e jich je mnoho v obdob\u00edch jejich bujn\u00e9ho rozmno\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed (\u201e\u010derven\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edlivy\u201c) \u2013 akumuluj\u00ed v sob\u011b v\u0161echny toxiny. Nev\u00edm, pro\u010d: lze uva\u017eovat o evoluci, o zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed rezistence \u2013 ale jed \u0159as velmi dob\u0159e p\u016fsob\u00ed na teplokrevn\u00e9 \u2013 a ne moc na studenokrevn\u00e9. Zejm\u00e9na na m\u011bkk\u00fd\u0161e.<\/p>\n<p>Jin\u00fdmi slovy: po po\u017eit\u00ed plod\u016f mo\u0159e b\u011bhem \u010derven\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edliv\u016f \u2013 m\u016f\u017eete m\u00edt posledn\u00ed hostinu. <\/p>\n<p>Je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee takovou n\u00e1lez nemohla ignorovat Nejdemokrati\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zem\u011b na sv\u011bt\u011b, a proto je saxitoxin pova\u017eov\u00e1n za objekt s c\u00edlem vyu\u017eit\u00ed jako chemick\u00e1 zbra\u0148 a ve ozbrojen\u00fdch sil\u00e1ch USA je ozna\u010dov\u00e1n jako TZ.<\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">Mikrocystin-LR<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/153df39e1e40781088766fa56f0f129f.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nChemicky je mikrocystin-LR cyklick\u00fd heptapeptid. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze sedmi aminokyselin, kter\u00e9 se chopily za ruku a upletly takov\u00fd roztomil\u00fd koloto\u010d. Mimochodem, jedna z nich je unik\u00e1tn\u00ed \u03b2-aminokyselina, obvykle jsou v\u0161echny aminokyseliny v peptidech alfa. Zn\u00ed to roztomile? Ne? No, a\u0165 je jak chce!<\/p>\n<p>Mikrocystin-LR je ve skute\u010dnosti prost\u011b nejzlovoln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ze v\u0161ech mikrocystin\u016f produkovan\u00fdch sinicemi. A \u017ee jich je dost, tomu v\u011b\u0159te! Mikrocystin inhibuje aktivitu proteinfosfat\u00e1z typu 1 a typu 2A (PP1 a PP2A) v cytoplazm\u011b jatern\u00edch bun\u011bk. To vede ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed fosforylace protein\u016f v jatern\u00edch bu\u0148k\u00e1ch, co\u017e spolehliv\u011b ovliv\u0148uje tuto \u017eivotn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eitou \u010d\u00e1st. Ale \u2014 co je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9! \u2014 ovliv\u0148uje ji s v\u00fdhledem do budoucna.<\/p>\n<p>Nikdo a nikdy nezaznamenal kr\u00e1tkodobou toxicitu mikrocystin\u016f. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b se domn\u00edv\u00e1, \u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina probl\u00e9m\u016f s j\u00e1try \u2013 v\u010detn\u011b rakoviny jater \u2013 m\u00e1 tak \u010di onak spojen\u00ed s chronick\u00fdm otravov\u00e1n\u00edm sinicemi. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/water_sanitation_health\/diseases\/cyanobacteria\/ru\/\">WHO, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b, je velmi znepokojena<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>Pr\u00e1v\u011b z tohoto d\u016fvodu trojici v\u00edt\u011bz\u016f v na\u0161em hitpar\u00e1d\u011b otev\u0159ely toxiny mal\u00fdch \u2013 ale velmi hrd\u00fdch \u0159as, kter\u00fdm u\u017e d\u00e1vno do\u0161la trp\u011blivost s cel\u00fdm t\u00edm lidstvem.<\/p>\n<h3>Druh\u00e9 m\u00edsto<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">VX<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/f5aa2a215332e5010f3523fd13fdb1a7.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nJednou si lidstvo sedlo na prah a zamyslelo se: kolem je tolik r\u016fzn\u00fdch, zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch v\u011bc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1s mohou otr\u00e1vit tolika r\u016fzn\u00fdmi zp\u016fsoby. A \u010d\u00edm jsme hor\u0161\u00ed?<\/p>\n<p>A tak vymyslelo.<\/p>\n<p>Od po\u010d\u00e1tku 50. let 20. stolet\u00ed se ve Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nii zkoumala \u0159ada O,S-ester\u016f fosfore\u010dn\u00e9 kyseliny, kter\u00e9 obsahovaly dialkylaminethylthiolovou skupinu. C\u00edlem bylo zcela mil\u00e9: vyv\u00edjen\u00ed nov\u00fdch insekticid\u016f. Ale najednou se uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee z\u00edskan\u00e9 slou\u010deniny, nazvan\u00e9 fosforiltiokolin, jsou extr\u00e9mn\u011b toxick\u00e9 pro teplokrevn\u00e9. Je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee t\u00e9ma insekticid\u016f se najednou v\u0161em stalo nezaj\u00edmav\u00fdm \u2013 a do pr\u00e1ce se pustili skute\u010dn\u00ed specialist\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Odborn\u00edci si trochu vyzkou\u0161eli na ko\u010dk\u00e1ch a zjistili, \u017ee ne fosfornokysel\u00e9, ale alkylfosfonov\u00e9 analogy fosforthiokolin\u016f vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed mnohem v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed peklo. USA, Velk\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nie, Nizozemsko a Kanada se rychle mobilizovaly a vyvinuly novou t\u0159\u00eddu slou\u010denin, kter\u00e1 byla pojmenov\u00e1na jako V-g\u00e1zy. VX je jejich nejtoxi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edm z\u00e1stupcem.<\/p>\n<p>VX je nejtoxi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed l\u00e1tka, kter\u00e1 byla kdy um\u011ble vytvo\u0159ena k pou\u017eit\u00ed v chemick\u00fdch zbran\u00edch. Stejn\u011b jako v\u0161echny podobn\u00e9 organofosforov\u00e9 toxiny, VX je inhibitory acetylcholinester\u00e1zy: selektivn\u011b potla\u010duje tento enzym, kter\u00fd katalyzuje hydrol\u00fdzu acetylcholinu \u2013 medi\u00e1toru nervov\u00e9ho vzru\u0161en\u00ed. Hydrol\u00fdza acetylcholinu v zdrav\u00e9m organismu prob\u00edh\u00e1 neust\u00e1le a je nezbytn\u00e1 pro ukon\u010den\u00ed p\u0159enosu nervov\u00e9ho impulsu, co\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje n\u00e1vrat svalu do klidov\u00e9ho stavu. Phosphorylovan\u00e1 cholinester\u00e1za vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159i otrav\u011b VX na rozd\u00edl od acetylovan\u00e9 je stabiln\u00edm spojen\u00edm a nepodl\u00e9h\u00e1 samovoln\u00e9 hydrol\u00fdze. T\u00edm se zpomaluje rozklad molekul acetylcholinu a ten nad\u00e1le vykazuje nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek na cholinoreceptory. To vede k generalizovan\u00e9mu p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00ed cholinoreceptor\u016f, kter\u00e9 nejprve zp\u016fsobuje siln\u00e9 vzru\u0161en\u00ed a pozd\u011bji paral\u00fdzu funkc\u00ed org\u00e1n\u016f a tk\u00e1n\u00ed. V tomto ohledu lze hlavn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edznaky otravy VX interpretovat jako projev nadm\u011brn\u00e9, pro organismus nevhodn\u00e9 aktivity \u0159ady struktur a org\u00e1n\u016f, kterou zaji\u0161\u0165uje acetylcholinov\u00e1 mediace. P\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm se jedn\u00e1 o nervov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky, p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u011b pruhovan\u00e9 a hladk\u00e9 svaly a tak\u00e9 r\u016fzn\u00e9 \u017el\u00e1zy.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159\u00edznaky po\u0161kozen\u00ed: 1\u20142 minuty \u2014 z\u00fa\u017een\u00ed zornic; 2\u20144 minuty \u2014 pocen\u00ed, slin\u011bn\u00ed; 5\u201410 minut \u2014 k\u0159e\u010de, paral\u00fdzy, spasmus; 10\u201415 minut \u2014 smrt.<\/p>\n<p>Pro \u010dlov\u011bka LD50 p\u0159i kontaktu = 100 \u00b5g\/kg, peror\u00e1ln\u011b = 70 \u00b5g\/kg. LCt100 = 0,01 mg\u00b7min.\/l, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e latentn\u00ed doba \u010din\u00ed 5\u201410 minut. My\u00f3za nast\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159i koncentraci 0,0001 mg\/l b\u011bhem 1 minuty.<\/p>\n<p>Ano, to je pravda \u2014 pozorn\u00fd \u010dten\u00e1\u0159 si spr\u00e1vn\u011b v\u0161iml slova \"poko\u017ekov\u011b\": VX m\u00e1 velmi vysokou toxicitu pro poko\u017eku ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s jin\u00fdmi organofosf\u00e1tov\u00fdmi jedy. Nejcitliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed na \u00fa\u010dinky VX je poko\u017eka obli\u010deje a krku. P\u0159i poko\u017ekov\u00e9m vstupu se symptomy rozv\u00edjej\u00ed b\u011bhem 1\u201424 hodin, av\u0161ak pokud se VX dostane na rty nebo na po\u0161kozenou poko\u017eku, \u00fa\u010dinek se projev\u00ed velmi rychle. Prvn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edznakem p\u0159i absorpci p\u0159es poko\u017eku nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt my\u00f3za, ale drobn\u00e9 z\u00e1\u0161kuby sval\u016f v m\u00edst\u011b kontaktu s VX, pot\u00e9 k\u0159e\u010de, svalov\u00e1 slabost a paral\u00fdza.<\/p>\n<p>Toxick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky VX p\u0159es poko\u017eku mohou b\u00fdt pos\u00edleny l\u00e1tkami, kter\u00e9 samy o sob\u011b nejsou toxick\u00e9, ale jsou schopny transportovat jed do t\u011bla. Mezi nimi jsou nej\u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed dimetylsulfoxid a N,N-dimethylamid kyseliny palmitov\u00e9. Co si mysl\u00ed\u0161, %username%, neprov\u00e1d\u011bly se pr\u00e1ce a neexistuj\u00ed sm\u011bsi, kter\u00e9 by vyu\u017e\u00edvaly tuto skv\u011blou vlastnost? Spr\u00e1vn\u011b!<\/p>\n<p>VX kontaminuje otev\u0159en\u00e9 vodn\u00ed plochy na velmi dlouhou dobu \u2014 a\u017e 6 m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f. Budovy a v\u0161e kolem, co je kontaminov\u00e1no kapkami VX, p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed nebezpe\u010d\u00ed v l\u00e9t\u011b po dobu 1\u20143 dn\u016f, v zim\u011b \u2014 30\u201460 dn\u00ed. Obecn\u011b, odolnost VX v ter\u00e9nu (poko\u017ekov\u011b-absorp\u010dn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinek): v l\u00e9t\u011b \u2014 od 7 do 15 dn\u016f, v zim\u011b \u2014 po celou dobu, dokud nep\u0159ijde teplo.<\/p>\n<p>A ty mluv\u00ed\u0161 o jadern\u00e9 zim\u011b\u2026 <\/p>\n<p>Sv\u011bt zn\u00e1 n\u011bkolik p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f pou\u017eit\u00ed VX.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>V prosinci 1994 a lednu 1995 byl Masami Tsucija, \u010dlen japonsk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 sekty \u201eAum \u0160inrikj\u00f3\u201c, na pokyn v\u016fdce sekty \u0160j\u00f3ko Asahary syntetizov\u00e1n od 100 do 200 gram\u016f VX, kter\u00fd byl pou\u017eit k pokusu o vra\u017edu t\u0159\u00ed osob. Dva byli otr\u00e1veni, ale neum\u0159eli. Jeden z otr\u00e1ven\u00fdch, 28let\u00fd mu\u017e, zem\u0159el a stal se prvn\u00ed ob\u011bt\u00ed VX, kter\u00e1 byla kdy na sv\u011bt\u011b zaznamen\u00e1na. \u010clov\u011bk, kter\u00e9ho Asahara podez\u0159\u00edval z zrady, byl napaden v 7:00 12. prosince 1994 na ulici v Osace. \u00dato\u010dn\u00edci post\u0159\u00edkali tekut\u00fdm VX jeho krk. Otr\u00e1ven\u00fd je pron\u00e1sledoval p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 100 metr\u016f, ne\u017e spadl; zem\u0159el po 10 dnech, ani\u017e by se dostal z hlubok\u00e9ho k\u00f3matu. L\u00e9ka\u0159i ze za\u010d\u00e1tku podez\u0159\u00edvali, \u017ee byl otr\u00e1ven n\u011bjak\u00fdm organofosf\u00e1tov\u00fdm pesticidem, ale skute\u010dn\u00e1 p\u0159\u00ed\u010dina smrti byla zji\u0161t\u011bna a\u017e po zat\u010den\u00ed \u010dlen\u016f sekty za teroristick\u00fd \u00fatok v tokijsk\u00e9m metru, kte\u0159\u00ed se k vra\u017ed\u011b p\u0159iznali. Po sedmi m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch od vra\u017edy byly v krevn\u00edch vzorc\u00edch ob\u011bti nalezeny metabolity VX, jako je ethylmetylfosfon\u00e1t, methylfosfonov\u00e1 kyselina a diizopropyl-2-(metylthio)ethylenamin. Na rozd\u00edl od sarinu nebyl VX sektou pou\u017eit pro hromadn\u00e9 vra\u017edy (nap\u0159\u00edklad incident v Macumotu nebo teroristick\u00fd \u00fatok v tokijsk\u00e9m metru).<\/li>\n<li>13. \u00fanora 2017 byl pomoc\u00ed VX zavra\u017ed\u011bn Kim \u010cong Nam \u2014 nevlastn\u00ed bratr Kim \u010cen Una, vl\u00e1dce KLDR. K vra\u017ed\u011b do\u0161lo v odletov\u00e9 z\u00f3n\u011b mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho leti\u0161t\u011b v Kuala Lumpur (Malajsie). Na vra\u017ed\u011b se pod\u00edlely dv\u011b \u017eeny. Jedna odv\u00e1d\u011bla pozornost Kim \u010cong Nama, zat\u00edmco druh\u00e1 mu zezadu hodila na obli\u010dej kapesn\u00edk namo\u010den\u00fd v jedovat\u00e9 l\u00e1tce. Namu se ud\u011blalo \u0161patn\u011b, vezli ho do nemocnice, ale cestou zem\u0159el.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nA jak u\u017e to b\u00fdv\u00e1, kdy\u017e se lidstvo trochu vzpamatovalo a pochopilo, co vytvo\u0159ilo \u2014 nastala zp\u011btn\u00e1 reakce. \u00damluva o chemick\u00fdch zbran\u00edch z roku 1993 zakazuje V-gazy, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee je nelze vyr\u00e1b\u011bt, a existuj\u00edc\u00ed z\u00e1soby mus\u00ed b\u00fdt zni\u010deny. Ale jsou zde nuance.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pouze Rusko a USA uzn\u00e1vaj\u00ed, \u017ee maj\u00ed nebo m\u011bly z\u00e1soby V-gaz\u016f, nicm\u00e9n\u011b se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee i jin\u00e9 zem\u011b maj\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed tohoto jedu.<\/li>\n<li>27. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2017 rusk\u00e1 m\u00e9dia informovala o \u00fapln\u00e9m zni\u010den\u00ed z\u00e1sob chemick\u00fdch zbran\u00ed v Rusku, v\u010detn\u011b VX. Nikdo tomu nev\u011b\u0159il.<\/li>\n<li>Cindy Westergaard, odbornice na chemick\u00e9 zbran\u011b a seniorn\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e1 pracovnice Stimsonova centra, \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee Ir\u00e1k \u201enaprosto jist\u011b vyr\u00e1b\u011bl VX\u201c v 80. letech, ale d\u016fkazy o jeho pou\u017eit\u00ed chyb\u00ed. V\u0161ichni tomu uv\u011b\u0159ili. Mimochodem, VX je st\u00e1le v arzen\u00e1lech USA (arm\u00e1dn\u00ed zna\u010den\u00ed - t\u0159i zelen\u00e9 krou\u017eky s n\u00e1pisem VX-GAS). Ale nikdo si z toho nic ned\u011bl\u00e1.<\/li>\n<li>KLDR, spolu s Egyptem a Ji\u017en\u00edm S\u00fad\u00e1nem, nikdy nepodepsala ani neratifkovala \u00damluvu o z\u00e1kazu chemick\u00fdch zbran\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nA hned n\u011bkolik slov o \u201eNovi\u010dku\u201c.<\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">Skupina slou\u010denin \u2018Novi\u010dok\u2019<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/9952f7d4a73da2d1e9125024b17705d4.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nS \u201eNovi\u010dkem\u201c se obvykle spojuje:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A-230: N-(methylfluorfosfonyl)-N',N'-diethyl-acetamidin (na obr\u00e1zku vlevo), zamrz\u00e1 za chladn\u00e9ho po\u010das\u00ed;<\/li>\n<li>A-232: N-(O-methylfluorfosfonyl)-N',N'-diethyl-acetamidin (na obr\u00e1zku vpravo), vyv\u00edjen a testov\u00e1n pro pou\u017eit\u00ed jako bojov\u00e1 chemick\u00e1 l\u00e1tka;<\/li>\n<li>A-234: N-(O-ethylfluorfosfonyl)-N',N'-diethyl-acetamidin, m\u00e1 podobu visk\u00f3zn\u00ed masti a ne\u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed se vzduchem, po\u0161kod\u00ed organismus p\u0159i styku s poko\u017ekou, je stabiln\u00ed a odoln\u00fd v\u016f\u010di pov\u011btrnostn\u00edm podm\u00ednk\u00e1m.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nPr\u00e1v\u011b tyto slou\u010deniny p\u0159edstavil Viktor Holstov \u2013 \u010dlen rusk\u00e9 delegace na 57. a 59. zased\u00e1n\u00edch v\u00fdboru Organizace pro z\u00e1kaz chemick\u00fdch zbran\u00ed, ostatn\u011b cel\u00e9 toto rodina se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z v\u00edce ne\u017e \u0161edes\u00e1ti podobn\u00fdch slou\u010denin.<\/p>\n<p>Existuje n\u00e1zor, \u017ee \u201eNovi\u010dok\u201c je v\u00edce toxick\u00fd ne\u017e VX, av\u0161ak \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla o toxick\u00fdch d\u00e1vk\u00e1ch nejsou uvedena. \u0158\u00edk\u00e1 se, \u017ee \u201eNovi\u010dok\u201c je toxi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed 5-10kr\u00e1t.<\/p>\n<p>Ve skute\u010dnosti je v tomto p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu tolik nejasnost\u00ed, \u017ee by si zaslou\u017eil samostatn\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek. Napi\u0161te mi o tom v koment\u00e1\u0159\u00edch, %username%.<\/p>\n<p>A zat\u00edm\u2026<\/p>\n<h3>M\u00e1me v\u00edt\u011bze! Prvn\u00ed m\u00edsto<\/h3>\n<p>\nZv\u00eddav\u00e1 mysl \u010dlov\u011bka nebyla po objevu VX nikdy klidn\u00e1. V\u017edy\u0165 bylo nalezeno l\u00e1tka, kter\u00e1 potenci\u00e1ln\u011b mohla kontaminovat v\u0161e okolo jako atomov\u00fd v\u00fdbuch \u2014 co kdybychom to v\u0161echno spojili dohromady?<\/p>\n<p>Nu\u017ee, n\u011bkolik slov o radiaci.<\/p>\n<p>\u010clov\u011bku je zn\u00e1mo n\u011bkolik typ\u016f radiace. \u0158e\u010deno jednoduch\u00fdm a srozumiteln\u00fdm jazykem, m\u016f\u017ee to b\u00fdt:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Radiace zp\u016fsoben\u00e1 fotony \u2014 UV, rentgenov\u00e9, gamma<\/li>\n<li>Radiace zp\u016fsoben\u00e1 elektrony \u2014 beta<\/li>\n<li>Radiace zp\u016fsoben\u00e1 element\u00e1rn\u00edmi \u010d\u00e1sticemi \u2014 neutrony, protony<\/li>\n<li>Radiace zp\u016fsoben\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161\u00edmi \u010d\u00e1sticemi \u2014 alfa<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nPokud bys, drah\u00fd %username%, cht\u011bl v hlav\u011b spustit hr\u00e1\u0161ek, tenisov\u00fd m\u00ed\u010d, basketbalov\u00fd m\u00ed\u010d a \u017eeleznou kouli \u2013 co by t\u011b v\u00edce tr\u00e1pilo? Stejn\u011b je to s radiac\u00ed \u2013 \u010d\u00edm t\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00ed, t\u00edm bolestiv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. A samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, \u017ee v\u0161echno z\u00e1vis\u00ed na rychlosti.<\/p>\n<p>Ve skute\u010dnosti je \u0161koda zp\u016fsoben\u00e1 alfa \u010d\u00e1sticemi nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u2013 a proto je koeficient kvality pro alfa \u010d\u00e1stice roven 20, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee p\u0159i stejn\u00e9 d\u00e1vce energie z z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed absorbovan\u00e9 v jednotkov\u00e9 hmotnosti org\u00e1nu nebo tk\u00e1n\u011b bude biologick\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek alfa \u010d\u00e1stic dvacetkr\u00e1t siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e \u00fa\u010dinek gama z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Na\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed jsou alfa \u010d\u00e1stice tak t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 a tak siln\u011b se s v\u0161\u00edm sr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed a interaguj\u00ed, \u017ee prakticky neprostupuj\u00ed p\u0159es zrohovat\u011bl\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice pleti. Ale...<br \/>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Polonium-210<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/005ea30ac35acc5ff02e2e11637727fd.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Na sv\u011bt\u011b neexistuje \u010dist\u00e9 polonium-210, i kdy\u017e se vyskytuje v stopov\u00fdch mno\u017estv\u00edch ve v\u0161ech uranov\u00fdch a thorov\u00fdch rud\u00e1ch. \u010cist\u00e9 formy se z\u00edsk\u00e1vaj\u00ed um\u011ble. P\u0159esn\u011bji \u2013 byly z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1ny. Jak uk\u00e1zala zku\u0161enost, vlastnosti polonia-210 jsou pro lidstvo prakticky nezaj\u00edmav\u00e9, s v\u00fdjimkou jedn\u00e9 v\u011bci:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Polonium-210 v slitin\u00e1ch s beryliem a b\u00f3rem bylo pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1no k v\u00fdrob\u011b kompaktn\u00edch a velmi siln\u00fdch neutronov\u00fdch zdroj\u016f, kter\u00e9 prakticky nevytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed \u03b3-z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b tuto mezeru nyn\u00ed pevn\u011b obsadil kalifornium.<\/li>\n<li>D\u016fle\u017eitou oblast\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed polonia-210 je jeho pou\u017eit\u00ed jako slitin s olovem, yttriem nebo samostatn\u011b k v\u00fdrob\u011b siln\u00fdch a velmi kompaktn\u00edch tepeln\u00fdch zdroj\u016f pro autonomn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad kosmick\u00e1. Jeden krychlov\u00fd centimetr polonia-210 vyza\u0159uje p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1320 W tepla. Tento v\u00fdkon je velmi vysok\u00fd, snadno p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u00ed polonium do taven\u00e9ho stavu, proto se slou\u010den\u00edm se nap\u0159\u00edklad s olovem. A\u010dkoli tyto slitiny maj\u00ed znateln\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed energetickou hustotu (150 W\/cm\u00b3), jsou p\u0159esto prakti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a bezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, proto\u017ee polonium-210 vyza\u0159uje t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u00fdhradn\u011b alfa \u010d\u00e1stice, jejich\u017e pronikavost a dr\u00e1ha v hust\u00e9m materi\u00e1lu jsou minim\u00e1ln\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v sov\u011btsk\u00fdch mobiln\u00edch apar\u00e1tech kosmick\u00e9ho programu \u201eLunochod\u201c byl pro vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstrojov\u00e9ho prostoru pou\u017eit poloniov\u00fd oh\u0159\u00edva\u010d. Ale SSSR u\u017e neexistuje, lun\u00e1rn\u00ed program tak\u00e9 ne, a vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed domova vych\u00e1z\u00ed o n\u011bco levn\u011bji ne\u017e poloniov\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li>Polonium-210 se \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edval k ionizaci plyn\u016f (zejm\u00e9na vzduchu). Nap\u0159\u00edklad se p\u0159id\u00e1val do elektrody slitin zapalovac\u00edch sv\u00ed\u010dek automobil\u016f pro sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed vzniku jiskry. Dnes se to ji\u017e ned\u011bl\u00e1, a\u010dkoli nap\u0159\u00edklad pro precizn\u00ed optiku se vyr\u00e1b\u011bj\u00ed prachov\u00e9 \u0161t\u011btce, do kter\u00fdch se vkl\u00e1d\u00e1 zanedbateln\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed polonia. Pravda, ne v Rusku \u2013 zde je polonium zcela zak\u00e1z\u00e1no, zat\u00edmco v USA lze takov\u00e9 \u0161t\u011btce koupit a n\u00e1sledn\u011b dokonce vyhodit do b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho odpadu.<\/li>\n<li>Polonium-210 m\u016f\u017ee slou\u017eit ve slitin\u011b s lehk\u00fdm izotopem lithia (6Li) jako l\u00e1tka, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee v\u00fdznamn\u011b sn\u00ed\u017eit kritickou hmotnost jadern\u00e9ho n\u00e1boje a fungovat jako jak\u00fdsi jadern\u00fd deton\u00e1tor. Krom\u011b toho je polonium vhodn\u00e9 k v\u00fdrob\u011b kompaktn\u00edch '\u0161pinav\u00fdch bomb' a je pohodln\u00e9 pro tajnou p\u0159epravu, proto\u017ee prakticky nevyd\u00e1v\u00e1 gamma z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed. Izotop vyza\u0159uje gamma kvanty s energi\u00ed 803 keV s v\u00fdnosem pouze 0,001 % na rozpad \u2013 dle dozimetr\u016f je izotop prakticky bezpe\u010dn\u00fd. A abyste zm\u011b\u0159ili alfa z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed \u2013 pot\u0159ebujete p\u0159\u00edstroj se z\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi parametry. <b>BINGO!<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nPolonium-210 je extr\u00e9mn\u011b toxick\u00e9, radiotoxick\u00e9 a karcinogenn\u00ed, m\u00e1 polo\u010das rozpadu 138 dn\u00ed a 9 hodin. Ka\u017ed\u00fd z t\u011bchto dn\u016f a hodin vypou\u0161t\u00ed spoustu alfa \u010d\u00e1stic: jeho specifick\u00e1 aktivita (166 TBq\/g) je tak vysok\u00e1, \u017ee se ned\u00e1 br\u00e1t do rukou, proto\u017ee v\u00fdsledkem bude radia\u010dn\u00ed po\u0161kozen\u00ed k\u016f\u017ee a mo\u017en\u00e1 i cel\u00e9ho organismu: polonium se docela snadno dost\u00e1v\u00e1 dovnit\u0159 skrz ko\u017en\u00ed pokr\u00fdvku. Obvykle alfa \u010d\u00e1stice s takovou energi\u00ed prol\u00e9taj\u00ed vzduchem maxim\u00e1ln\u011b 1 cm, nicm\u00e9n\u011b to nen\u00ed varianta pro tvrd\u00e9 polonium: jeho slou\u010deniny se samoregenera\u010dn\u011b zah\u0159\u00edvaj\u00ed a p\u0159ech\u00e1zej\u00ed do aerosolov\u00e9ho stavu.<\/p>\n<p>A co se d\u011bje s tv\u00fdm organismem, kdy\u017e se do n\u011bj dostane \u017eivotod\u00e1rn\u00e9 polonium-210 \u2013 m\u00e1 to cenu vypr\u00e1v\u011bt? V podstat\u011b ka\u017ed\u00fd atom, kter\u00fd se dostane na tvou vnit\u0159n\u00ed jemn\u011b r\u016f\u017eovou tk\u00e1\u0148, se d\u011bl\u00ed a bombarduje v\u0161e bl\u00edzk\u00e9 alfa \u010d\u00e1sticemi. Bu\u0148ky. Vodu. Molekuly DNA a RNA. V\u0161echno se to rozpad\u00e1 na nezn\u00e1m\u00e9 v\u011bci \u2013 a ty sb\u00edr\u00e1\u0161 v\u0161echny kouzla radia\u010dn\u00ed nemoci v tom nejhor\u0161\u00edm slova smyslu.<\/p>\n<p>Polonium-210 je 4 bilionykr\u00e1t jedovat\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e kyanid. Podle odborn\u00edk\u016f se smrteln\u00e1 d\u00e1vka polonia-210 pro dosp\u011bl\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka odhaduje na 0,6\u20132 \u03bcg p\u0159i vdechnut\u00ed izotopu do organismu a 6\u201318 \u03bcg p\u0159i po\u017eit\u00ed do t\u011bla tr\u00e1vic\u00edm traktem.<\/p>\n<p>Historie zn\u00e1 dva p\u0159\u00edpady otravy poloninem-210. Oba se zdaj\u00ed b\u00fdt v\u00edc ne\u017e pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Smrt Alexandra Litvin\u011bnka v roce 2006, kter\u00fd podlehl otrav\u011b poloninem-210. Mimochodem, p\u016fvodn\u011b se myslelo, \u017ee ho otr\u00e1vili thaliem. 24. listopadu v\u011bdci z Britsk\u00e9 agentury pro zdrav\u00ed (UKHSA) ozn\u00e1mili, \u017ee Litvin\u011bnko zem\u0159el na radioaktivn\u00ed kontaminaci. Podle prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed vedouc\u00edho centra UKHSA pro radia\u010dn\u00ed, chemick\u00e9 a extern\u00ed riziko Rogera Coxe byly v anal\u00fdz\u00e1ch mo\u010di nalezeny stopy radiace zp\u016fsoben\u00e9, <i>jak se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1<\/i>, poloninem-210. Tak\u00e9 uvedl, \u017ee v mal\u00fdch d\u00e1vk\u00e1ch Po-210 zvy\u0161uje riziko onemocn\u011bn\u00ed zhoubnymi n\u00e1dory, zat\u00edmco ve velk\u00fdch mno\u017estv\u00edch naru\u0161uje \u010dinnost kostn\u00ed d\u0159en\u011b, tr\u00e1vic\u00edho syst\u00e9mu a dal\u0161\u00edch \u017eivotn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch org\u00e1n\u016f.<\/li>\n<li>Polonium bylo nalezeno v osobn\u00edch v\u011bcech Yasira Arafata, kter\u00fd zem\u0159el v roce 2004. Byla provedena exhumace jeho t\u011bla. <i>P\u016fvodn\u011b \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00e1 strana mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed komise potvrdila fakt otravy poloninem. Pozd\u011bji v\u0161ak souhlasila se z\u00e1v\u011bry rusk\u00e9 a francouzsk\u00e9 strany o nep\u0159\u00edtomnosti d\u016fkaz\u016f otravy.<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nMimochodem, existuje lite verze polonia-210 \u2013 to je protaktinium-231. P\u0159i stejn\u00e9m mechanismu ( Alfa-z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed) je polo\u010das rozpadu protaktinia ohromn\u00fdch 32 480 let, a proto nen\u00ed tak nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9: nezah\u0159\u00edv\u00e1 se, nen\u00ed tak r\u00e1dioaktivn\u00ed, a tedy je jen 250 milion\u016fkr\u00e1t jedovat\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e kyanid. Nen\u00ed volatiln\u00ed, p\u0159es k\u016f\u017ei se nevst\u0159eb\u00e1v\u00e1 \u2013 ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s poloniem vypad\u00e1 docela chab\u011b, a proto maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 (tady se usm\u00edv\u00e1m velmi zl\u00fdm \u00fa\u0161klebkem) mno\u017estv\u00ed protaktinia p\u0159i vstupu do lidsk\u00e9ho organismu \u010din\u00ed 0,5 \u03bcg. Pravda, v lidsk\u00e9m t\u011ble m\u00e1 protaktinium-231 tendenci se hromadit v ledvin\u00e1ch a kostech \u2013 a z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 tam dlouho, oza\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed organismus zevnit\u0159. Tak\u017ee smrt stejn\u011b \u010dek\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p><b>V\u0160E!<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Tak jsme dokon\u010dili t\u0159et\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st na\u0161eho sezn\u00e1men\u00ed, %username%.<\/p>\n<p>Douf\u00e1m, \u017ee jsi v\u0161e do\u010detl a\u017e do konce a zbyla ti s\u00edla stisknout tla\u010d\u00edtko v hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed, abychom ur\u010dili, zda na\u0161e zn\u00e1most bude pokra\u010dovat.<\/p>\n<p>A u m\u011b u\u017e je skoro \u0161est r\u00e1no, je \u010das sp\u00e1t.<\/p>\n<p>Po\u0159\u00e1d ti p\u0159eji hodn\u011b zdrav\u00ed a co nejm\u00e9n\u011b jed\u016f v \u017eivot\u011b!<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Jsem Smrt, velk\u00fd ni\u010ditel sv\u011bt\u016f.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\n<i> \u2014 \u0158\u00e1dky z Bhagavadg\u00edty, kter\u00e9 recitoval Robert Oppenheimer b\u011bhem prvn\u00edho um\u011bl\u00e9ho jadern\u00e9ho v\u00fdbuchu u Alamogorda 16. \u010dervence 1945.<\/i><\/p>\n<p class=\"for_users_only_msg\">Pouze registrovan\u00ed u\u017eivatel\u00e9 se mohou \u00fa\u010dastnit ankety. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/auth\/login\/\">P\u0159ihlaste se<\/a><\/noindex>, pros\u00edm.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"default-block__polling-title\">M\u011blo by se pokra\u010dovat?<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"content-list content-list_polling\">\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    U\u017e dost s mu\u010den\u00edm m\u00e9ho mozku!<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    Kdo v\u016fbec \u010dte tyhle hlouposti na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch IT odborn\u00edk\u016f?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    Vypij jed!<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    Napi\u0161 o '\u017dlut\u00e9m de\u0161ti' a 'Oran\u017eov\u00e9m agentu'.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    Napi\u0161 o 'Novi\u010doku'.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>    Hlasovalo 6 u\u017eivatel\u016f. Zdr\u017eeli se 3 u\u017eivatel\u00e9.<br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450542\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, %username%! \u0421\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0440, \u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0438 \u044f \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043b \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430 \u043e \u044f\u0434\u0430\u0445. \u041d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u044e\u0441\u044c, \u0442\u044b \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0438 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c. \u0412 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u044b \u043d\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0434\u043e\u0445\u043d\u0451\u043c. \u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u043e \u0442\u0435\u0445 \u044f\u0434\u0430\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0448\u0430\u0433\u0443 \u2014 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":24746,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-32987","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, %username%! \u0421\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0440, \u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0438.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/samye-interesnye-yady\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.3\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\ud83e\udd47\u0421\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044f\u0434\u044b | ProHoster\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, %username%! \u0421\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0440, \u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0438.\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/samye-interesnye-yady\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:secure_url\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"350\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"350\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-10-31T18:50:08+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2019-10-31T18:50:08+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster\" \/>\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO -->\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedy | ProHoster","description":"Ahoj, %username%! 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