t\u011bch, kdo ji vyr\u00e1b\u011bj\u00ed.<\/a><\/noindex>. Z\u00e1sadn\u011b o n\u011bm nebudu ps\u00e1t nic. Omlouv\u00e1m se, %username%.<\/p>\nMimochodem, pro omr\u00e1\u010den\u00ed nen\u00ed nutn\u00e9 d\u00e1vkovat drogu. Omra\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 tato slou\u010denina:
\n![\"O](\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/9459778bcd10966f82ca600ecb86934e.jpg\")
\n0,001 mg\/kg zp\u016fsobuje fyzickou slabost, i kdy\u017e rychle p\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00ed. Aby \u010dlov\u011bk ochabl trvale \u2013 je t\u0159eba se p\u0159ej\u00edst: toxick\u00e1 d\u00e1vka je v\u00edce ne\u017e 1000kr\u00e1t vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed.
\nUp\u0159\u00edmn\u011b: u\u017e jsem zapomn\u011bl trivi\u00e1ln\u00ed dom\u00e1c\u00ed n\u00e1zev t\u00e9to l\u00e1tky, ale vzorec jsem na\u0161el. Pou\u017e\u00edvejte.<\/p>\n
Zvy\u0161ujeme s\u00e1zky, %username%! <\/p>\n
Sernil<\/b>![\"O](\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/2298bd6f4fbe07fd90b75430d4f4fa76.jpg\")
\n
\nSernil, nebo fencyklidin, nebo SN podle nomenklatury zahrani\u010dn\u00edch slu\u017eeb, ve d\u00e1vk\u00e1ch 0,03-1 mg\/kg po skryt\u00e9m \u00fa\u010dinku a\u017e hodinu za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 fungovat velmi z\u00e1bavn\u011b: objevuje se periodick\u00e1 zm\u011bna mezi stavem vzru\u0161en\u00ed a deprese. Nev\u00edm, jak p\u0159edat tuto \u0161k\u00e1lu pocit\u016f, ale nakonec t\u011blo rychle unaven\u00e9. Objevuje se pocit hlubok\u00e9 osam\u011blosti a izolace, pot\u00e9 negativismus a nep\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed. 8-10 hodin po pod\u00e1n\u00ed sernilu se p\u0159\u00edznaky m\u00e1lo li\u0161\u00ed od symptom\u016f schizofrenie.<\/p>\n
Pokud se m\u00edrn\u011b p\u0159e\u017eene, p\u0159i 2 mg\/kg m\u016f\u017ee nastat katalepsie a\u017e na 3 dny. To je, kdy\u017e sed\u00edte, d\u00edv\u00e1te se z okna a neh\u00fdbete se. Ale jsou i v\u00fdhody \u2013 m\u016f\u017eete se vystavit v n\u011bjak\u00e9 galerii\u2026<\/p>\n
Tento z\u00e1zrak byl vytvo\u0159en v 50. letech v USA a dokonce byl zpo\u010d\u00e1tku pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n pro l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely a\u017e do roku 1965. Od roku 1979 byl sernil zak\u00e1z\u00e1n pro pou\u017eit\u00ed a v\u00fdrobu.<\/p>\n
Mimochodem, zaj\u00edmav\u00fd kontingent ve tv\u00e9m dvo\u0159e m\u016f\u017ee zn\u00e1t sernil jako PCP, Peace pill, and\u011blsk\u00fd pr\u00e1\u0161ek (Angel dust) \u2013 ano, o n\u011bm zp\u00edv\u00e1 \u201eAria\u201c, HOG, Killer weed, KJ, Embalming fluid, Rocker fuel, Sherms a dal\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Sernil velmi rychle vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 z\u00e1vislost, nav\u00edc je tento spole\u010dn\u00edk velmi \u017e\u00e1rliv\u00fd na jin\u00e9 zdroje sv\u011btsk\u00fdch pot\u011b\u0161en\u00ed: v kombinaci s jin\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami \u2013 nap\u0159\u00edklad s alkoholem, marihuanou nebo benzodiazepiny \u2013 m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k\u00f3mu.<\/p>\n
Sernilem je t\u00edmto spole\u010dn\u00edkem:
\nN\u011bjak\u00e1 hloupost<\/b>![\"O](\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/46bcb69d54779cecdc68f98dbec7d4d3.jpg\")
\n
\nTohle je druh\u00e1 l\u00e1tka, jej\u00ed\u017e trivi\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1zev jsem zapomn\u011bl. Te\u010f u\u017e v\u00ed\u0161, jak\u00fd m\u00e1m hrozn\u00fd rukopis, %username%! V\u011b\u0159, je to hor\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e jak\u00e9koli jed.<\/p>\n
Tato substance v d\u00e1vk\u00e1ch 60-210 mcg\/kg p\u016fsob\u00ed za 0,5-2 hodiny, pokud je p\u0159ijata \u00fasty, a pokud je vdechnuta nebo injek\u010dn\u011b pod\u00e1na, tak za 5 minut. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u011b pot\u0159ebuje \u010dlov\u011bk jen 5 mg.<\/p>\n
P\u0159i otrav\u011b jsou symptomy velmi podobn\u00e9 efekt\u016fm sernilu. Kr\u00e1tce po intoxikaci se objev\u00ed slabost, z\u00e1vrat\u011b, t\u0159es a \u0161kub\u00e1n\u00ed sval\u016f, pot\u00e9 se dostav\u00ed nevolnost, znecitliv\u011bn\u00ed v \u00fastech a porucha \u0159e\u010di. A u\u017e asi po hodin\u011b za\u010dne to nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Ztr\u00e1c\u00ed\u0161 mo\u017enost se soust\u0159edit a myslet, vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dasu a prostoru. Koordinace je naru\u0161ena, podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 reflexy jsou zkreslen\u00e9. A hlavn\u011b: halucinace. Barevn\u00e9. Sluchov\u00e9 a zrakov\u00e9. Ale bohu\u017eel \u2013 v\u0161echny d\u011bsiv\u00e9. Na pozad\u00ed neust\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edho pocitu strachu a hr\u016fzy \u2013 to je n\u011bco. Bude\u0161 se b\u00e1t, sly\u0161et a vid\u011bt to, \u010deho se boj\u00ed\u0161, po dlouh\u00fdch 5-6 hodin, a pokud se ti poda\u0159\u00ed chytit 200 mcg\/kg a v\u00edce, dojde k \u00fapln\u00e9 depersonalizaci, ty, %username%, u\u017e nejsi %username% \u2013 ale mal\u00e1, sv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00ed se a t\u0159esouca bytost, kter\u00e1 pl\u00e1\u010de, vyjad\u0159uje sv\u016fj pl\u00e1\u010d a BOJ\u00cd SE. V\u017edy\u0165 to zn\u00ed z\u00e1bavn\u011b?<\/p>\n
Natolik z\u00e1bavn\u00e9, \u017ee nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed psychotropn\u00ed incapacitanty se poj\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b s halucina\u010dn\u00edm \u00fa\u010dinkem.<\/p>\n
Tak\u017ee, p\u0159iv\u00edtejme \u2013 LSD<\/b>![\"O](\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/c36ec608bc4203f2ef440b851902fedc.jpg\")
\n
\nZa slovem \u201eLSD\u201c se, mimochodem, skr\u00fdv\u00e1 n\u00e1zev tohoto mistrovsk\u00e9ho d\u00edla \u2013 N,N-dietylamid D-lysergov\u00e9 kyseliny. No, je to asi jako bys byl oslovov\u00e1n cel\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem.<\/p>\n
Opravdu, %username%, nev\u00edm, jak a pro\u010d 16. listopadu 1938 \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00fd chemik Albert Hofmann v Basileji z\u00edskal LSD-25 z lysergov\u00e9 kyseliny (25 \u2013 proto\u017ee to byla 25. slou\u010denina, kterou syntetizoval). Lidstvo u\u017e znalo toxicitu ergotoxin\u016f z pal\u010divce, Arthur Stoll u\u017e v roce 1918 v laborato\u0159i firmy Sandoz extrahoval z sklerocii ergotamin \u2013 ale zkoumali ho v r\u00e1mci stimuluj\u00edc\u00edho \u00fa\u010dinku na d\u011blo\u017en\u00ed svalstvo. Nem\u00e1m pocit, \u017ee by Hofmann m\u011bl probl\u00e9my s d\u011blohou, ale jak \u0159\u00edk\u00e1m \u2013 LSD z\u00edskal. Potlesk pro n\u011bj (i kdy\u017e u\u017e zem\u0159el, ale ne proto).<\/p>\n
A 19. dubna 1943, Hofmann jako prav\u00fd v\u011bdec (hmm?) p\u0159ijal to, co syntetizoval. 250 mikrogram\u016f. V\u00fdsledek: po n\u011bjak\u00e9 dob\u011b za\u010daly projevovat z\u00e1vrat\u011b a \u00fazkost. Brzy se efekt stal tak siln\u00fdm, \u017ee Albert u\u017e nemohl formulovat souvisl\u00e9 v\u011bty a, sledov\u00e1n sv\u00fdm asistentem, kter\u00fd byl o pokusu informov\u00e1n, se vydal na kole dom\u016f. Cesta byla fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed: subjektivn\u00ed pocity Hofmanna - velmi pomal\u00e1 j\u00edzda - se neshodovaly s objektivn\u00edmi: uh\u00e1n\u011bl jako stimulovan\u00e9 mor\u010de. P\u0159itom mu zn\u00e1m\u00e1 t\u0159\u00edda na cest\u011b dom\u016f p\u0159ipadla jako obraz Salvadora Dal\u00edho: m\u011bl dojem, \u017ee budovy se pokryly jemn\u00fdmi vlnkami. <\/p>\n
Jakmile Hofmann dorazil dom\u016f, po\u017e\u00e1dal asistenta, aby zavolal l\u00e9ka\u0159e a po\u017e\u00e1dal souseda o ml\u00e9ko, kter\u00e9 si vybral jako obecn\u00e9 antidotum p\u0159i otrav\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n
P\u0159\u00edchoz\u00ed l\u00e9ka\u0159 nena\u0161el u pacienta \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 odchylky, krom\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fdch zornic. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b po n\u011bkolik hodin byl Hofmann ve stavu blouzn\u011bn\u00ed: m\u011bl dojem, \u017ee je posedl\u00fd d\u00e9mony, \u017ee jeho sousedka je \u010darod\u011bjnice, a \u017ee n\u00e1bytek v jeho dom\u011b mu hroz\u00ed. Pot\u00e9 \u00fazkost ustoupila a nahradily ji barevn\u00e9 obrazy ve tvaru kruh\u016f a spir\u00e1l, kter\u00e9 nezmizely ani p\u0159i zav\u0159en\u00fdch o\u010d\u00edch. Hofmann tak\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bl, \u017ee zvuk proj\u00ed\u017ed\u011bj\u00edc\u00edho auta vn\u00edmal jako optick\u00fd obraz.<\/p>\n
22. dubna napsal o sv\u00e9m experimentu a z\u00e1\u017eitku, a pozd\u011bji tuto pozn\u00e1mku za\u0159adil do sv\u00e9 knihy \"LSD - m\u016fj t\u011b\u017ek\u00fd potomek\".<\/p>\n
V p\u0159edmluv\u011b sv\u00e9 knihy napsal Hofmann mimo jin\u00e9, \u017ee se stal chemikem d\u00edky sv\u00e9mu \u00fasil\u00ed o absolutn\u00ed jednotu s p\u0159\u00edrodou. Hledal l\u00e1tky, kter\u00e9 roz\u0161i\u0159uj\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 schopnosti vn\u00edmat okoln\u00ed sv\u011bt v cel\u00e9 jeho plnosti. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b v dob\u011b psan\u00ed knihy u\u017e v\u011bdec v\u011bd\u011bl, \u017ee j\u00edm objeven\u00e1 slou\u010denina nejen roz\u0161i\u0159uje v\u011bdom\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee zni\u010dit psychiku \u010dlov\u011bka, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k katastrof\u00e1ln\u00edm n\u00e1sledk\u016fm. <\/p>\n
Z\u00e1m\u011brn\u00e9 vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed mystick\u00fdch z\u00e1\u017eitk\u016f, zejm\u00e9na za pomoci LSD a podobn\u00fdch halucinogen\u016f, v porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s spont\u00e1nn\u00edm vizion\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdm pro\u017eitkem, s sebou nese nebezpe\u010d\u00ed, kter\u00e1 nelze podce\u0148ovat. Ti, kte\u0159\u00ed se zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed t\u011bmito l\u00e1tkami, by m\u011bli m\u00edt na pam\u011bti n\u011bkter\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky t\u011bchto l\u00e1tek, zejm\u00e9na jejich schopnost ovlivnit na\u0161e v\u011bdom\u00ed, na samou podstatu n\u00e1s sam\u00fdch. Historie LSD dnes dostate\u010dn\u011b ukazuje katastrofick\u00e9 n\u00e1sledky, kter\u00e9 mohou nastat, kdy\u017e je hloubka jeho \u00fa\u010dink\u016f podce\u0148ov\u00e1na a tato l\u00e1tka je vn\u00edm\u00e1na jako droga, kterou lze u\u017e\u00edvat pro z\u00e1bavu. Nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9 a nevhodn\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed ud\u011blalo z LSD moje obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\n \u2014 \u201eLSD \u2014 moje obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b\u201c, A. Hofmann.<\/i><\/p>\n
Nicm\u00e9n\u011b od 19. dubna 1943 n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159\u00edvr\u017eenci naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed \u201eDnem bicyklu\u201c a dokonce ho oslavuj\u00ed. Po sv\u00e9m.
\nZn\u00e1mka na oslavu. Co je na zn\u00e1mce na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b \u2014 uhodni?<\/b>![\"O](\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/bfdb01308596054dd06ecc08de5844d8.jpg\")
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\nMechanismus \u00fa\u010dinku LSD je dost slo\u017eit\u00fd. P\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm je tato l\u00e1tka struktur\u00e1ln\u00edm analogem serotoninu \u2014 neurotransmiteru, kter\u00fd reguluje stavy relaxace, sp\u00e1nku a akumulace energie. Antiserotoninov\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed LSD vede k halucinac\u00edm. Krom\u011b m\u00e1lo specifick\u00e9ho serotoninolytika (l\u00e1tky, kter\u00e1 blokuje receptory nervov\u00fdch synaps\u00ed, v nich\u017e je medi\u00e1torem serotonin) m\u00e1 LSD tak\u00e9 inhibi\u010dn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinek na monoaminooxid\u00e1zu (MAO) serotoninu a tak\u00e9 na MAO jin\u00fdch medi\u00e1tor\u016f \u2014 \u03b3-aminom\u00e1selnou kyselinu, histamin a norepinefrin. Zkr\u00e1tka efekt je pom\u011brn\u011b rozmanit\u00fd a je t\u0159eba \u0159\u00edci \u2014 dosud nen\u00ed pln\u011b prozkoum\u00e1n.<\/p>\n
N\u011bjakou dobu se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dalo, \u017ee studium nov\u00e9 l\u00e1tky umo\u017en\u00ed pochopit podstatu schizofrenie, kter\u00e1 je tak\u00e9 charakterizov\u00e1na probl\u00e9my s fungov\u00e1n\u00edm serotoninu. Ale mnoz\u00ed v\u011bdci nev\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee psychedelick\u00fd a schizofrenn\u00ed psych\u00f3za jsou identick\u00e9. P\u0159es n\u011bkter\u00e9 spole\u010dn\u00e9 rysy byla hypot\u00e9za o jednotn\u00e9 podstat\u011b schizofrenie a p\u016fsoben\u00ed LSD vyvr\u00e1cena.<\/p>\n
Tak \u010di onak, v \u0161edes\u00e1t\u00fdch letech se aktivn\u011b prov\u00e1d\u011bla v\u00fdzkum LSD \u2013 a mluv\u00edm nyn\u00ed o zcela m\u00edrov\u00e9m studiu v\u011bdc\u016f na univerzit\u00e1ch v USA a dal\u0161\u00edch zem\u00edch. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed sl\u00e1vy dos\u00e1hly v\u00fdzkumy Stanislava Grofa a Timothyho Learyho. Posledn\u00ed jmenovan\u00fd aktivn\u011b propagoval tuto psychotropn\u00ed l\u00e1tku, proto\u017ee se domn\u00edval, \u017ee jej\u00ed u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fd efekt p\u0159evy\u0161uje mo\u017en\u00e9 vedlej\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky. Krom\u011b toho d\u00e1val LSD n\u011bkter\u00fdm student\u016fm, ani\u017e by je upozornil na jeho n\u00e1zev, co\u017e bylo v t\u00e9 dob\u011b p\u0159i v\u00fdzkumu psychedelik b\u011b\u017en\u00e9. Pozd\u011bji byl Timothy Leary aktivn\u011b pron\u00e1sledov\u00e1n \u00fa\u0159ady, a to v\u010detn\u011b jeho agresivn\u00edho postoje o prosp\u011b\u0161nosti \"roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed v\u011bdom\u00ed\" pro \u010dlov\u011bka.<\/p>\n
V roce 1977 b\u011bhem sly\u0161en\u00ed v Sen\u00e1tu USA \u0159editel CIA Stansfield Turner p\u0159iznal, \u017ee CIA od po\u010d\u00e1tku \u0161edes\u00e1t\u00fdch let prov\u00e1d\u011bla s\u00e9rii experiment\u016f s pou\u017eit\u00edm LSD na lidech bez jejich souhlasu a v\u011bdom\u00ed (program \"MK Ultra\"). T\u011bmto experiment\u016fm bylo podrobeno mnoho Ameri\u010dan\u016f, mezi nimi\u017e byli mimo jin\u00e9 v\u011bzni, pacienti psychiatrick\u00fdch nemocnic a pacienti onkologick\u00fdch center, zdravotn\u00ed sestry a \"jin\u00fd zdravotnick\u00fd person\u00e1l\". U n\u011bkter\u00fdch pokusn\u00fdch osob se p\u0159i tom \"objevily prvn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edznaky schizofrenie\".<\/p>\n
Po Americe se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila vlna z\u00e1jmu o psychotropn\u00ed l\u00e1tky a LSD, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla zna\u010dn\u00fd dopad na formov\u00e1n\u00ed kontrakultury \u0161edes\u00e1t\u00fdch a sedmdes\u00e1t\u00fdch let. \u0160iroce zn\u00e1m\u00e1 se stala fr\u00e1ze doktora Learyho, kter\u00e1 se zm\u011bnila na motto p\u0159\u00edznivc\u016f u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed psychedelik: \"Turn on, tune in, drop out\". Pod slovem \"vypadni\" se rozum\u011bl \u00fat\u011bk od konzervativn\u00edch mrav\u016f a zp\u016fsobu \u017eivota v\u011bt\u0161inov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti spole\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n
V roce 1966 bylo v USA zak\u00e1z\u00e1no v\u00fdroba, distribuce a u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed. L\u00e1tka byla zak\u00e1z\u00e1na i pro laboratorn\u00ed v\u00fdzkum.
\nA samoz\u0159ejm\u011b LSD milovali tv\u016fr\u010d\u00ed lid\u00e9.<\/b><\/p>\n\n- Kdy\u017e The Beatles nahr\u00e1li p\u00edse\u0148 \"Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds\", John Lennon vysv\u011btlil p\u016fvod n\u00e1zvu p\u00edsn\u011b t\u00edm, \u017ee tak pojmenoval sv\u016fj obr\u00e1zek jeho syn Julian. Av\u0161ak mnoz\u00ed vid\u011bli v tomto n\u00e1zvu nar\u00e1\u017eku na drogu LSD, nebo\u0165 takov\u00e1 zkratka vznikla z jeho prvn\u00edch p\u00edsmen, a BBC dokonce zak\u00e1zala p\u00edse\u0148 k rotaci. Pozd\u011bji Paul McCartney \u0159ekl, \u017ee vliv LSD na tuto p\u00edse\u0148 je zna\u010dn\u011b z\u0159ejm\u00fd.<\/li>\n
- Mezi p\u0159\u00edznivci LSD byli takov\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00ed v\u011bdci jako Francis Crick \u2014 jeden z objevitel\u016f struktury a funkc\u00ed DNA, a Stanislav Grof, kter\u00fd se zab\u00fdval transperson\u00e1ln\u00ed psychologi\u00ed. Tohoto l\u00e9ku se tak\u00e9 chytli Steve Jobs a Bill Gates. Jobs popisuje svou zku\u0161enost s LSD jako \"jednu z dvou nebo t\u0159\u00ed nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch v\u011bc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 ud\u011blal v \u017eivot\u011b\". Mimochodem, Jobs zem\u0159el na rakovinu slinivky b\u0159i\u0161n\u00ed, zat\u00edmco Gates je z\u00e1znamy v p\u0159enosech na charitu. Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b to nijak nesouvis\u00ed.<\/li>\n
- Zn\u00e1m\u00fd fakt je, \u017ee LSD pou\u017e\u00edvali \"k inspiraci\" celosv\u011btov\u011b proslul\u00ed spisovatel\u00e9 Aldous Huxley (\"Kr\u00e1sn\u00fd nov\u00fd sv\u011bt\"), Kurt Vonnegut (\"Budi\u017e sv\u011btlo\"), Ken Kesey (\"Kdy\u017e b\u011b\u017eel p\u0159es hn\u00edzdo kuku\u010dky\"), a tak\u00e9 takov\u00ed hudebn\u00edci jako John Lennon, Syd Barrett, Jim Morrison a dal\u0161\u00ed.<\/li>\n
- Mimochodem, ve filmu \"\u010cern\u00e9 zrcadlo: Bandersnatch\" hrdina s p\u0159\u00edtelem za\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky LSD, kter\u00e9 jsou velmi podobn\u00e9 skute\u010dnosti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Ale vra\u0165me se k na\u0161emu t\u00e9matu. V dob\u011b objeven\u00ed LSD m\u011bli voj\u00e1ci a speci\u00e1ln\u00ed slu\u017eby cel\u00fd seznam r\u016fzn\u00fdch ji\u017e p\u0159ipraven\u00fdch l\u00e1tek s podobn\u00fdm \u00fa\u010dinkem: meskalin, psilocybin, TMA, THC, nalorfin, garmin, DOM, DMT, ibotenov\u00e1 kyselina\u2026 Dokonce i N,N-dimethylamid octov\u00e9 kyseliny \u2014 ten tak\u00e9 p\u0159i 400 mg\/kg zp\u016fsobuje depresi, ztr\u00e1tu orientace, vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed halucinace, bludy a letargii \u2014 co\u017e je spolehliv\u00e9, po dobu 7 dn\u016f!<\/p>\n
Ale p\u0159esto si vybrali LSD. Pro\u010d?<\/p>\n
\n- Pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed spolehliv\u00e9ho odletu sta\u010d\u00ed 0,1-0,2 mg na st\u0159\u00edzliv\u00e9ho a 0,3-0,5 mg na pop\u00edjej\u00edc\u00edho (ano, opravdu!). TO JE VELMI M\u00c1LO! proto se na zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch m\u00edstech neprod\u00e1vaj\u00ed tablety LSD \u2014 prod\u00e1vaj\u00ed se pap\u00edrky, jejich\u017e ol\u00edznut\u00edm zaru\u010den\u011b dostanete pot\u0159ebnou d\u00e1vku.<\/li>\n
- LSD se dob\u0159e rozpou\u0161t\u00ed ve vod\u011b (ve form\u011b tartr\u00e1tu) a je dostate\u010dn\u011b stabiln\u00ed.<\/li>\n
- Smrteln\u00e1 d\u00e1vka je p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 100 mg na osobu, co\u017e je 500-1000kr\u00e1t v\u00edce ne\u017e \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1. Zab\u00edt je dost t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 (ale z u\u017e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9ho N,N-dimethylamidu octov\u00e9 kyseliny se, mimochodem, probud\u00ed 1 \u010dlov\u011bk z 3).<\/li>\n
- Kumulativn\u00ed efekt chyb\u00ed.<\/li>\n
- Nen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 fyziologick\u00e1 z\u00e1vislost.<\/li>\n
- \u00bbOdebere\u00ab minim\u00e1ln\u011b na 5 hodin \u2014 maxim\u00e1ln\u011b na 2 dny.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\nTak\u017ee tento l\u00e9k nejen\u017ee vstoupil do historie, ale byl tak\u00e9 p\u0159ijat do arzen\u00e1lu pod jasn\u011b srozumiteln\u00fdm k\u00f3dem LSD. A nav\u00edc byly syntetizov\u00e1ny analogy! Pravda, v\u0161echny se uk\u00e1zaly jako ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9.
\nHlavn\u00ed analogy LSD (v z\u00e1vork\u00e1ch jejich halucinogenn\u00ed aktivita v\u016f\u010di LSD v %)<\/b><\/p>\n\n- 2-brom-LSD (7 %, \u00fa\u010dinek se projevuje pouze u 2 % zkouman\u00fdch, 1,5kr\u00e1t aktivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed antiserotoninov\u00fd prost\u0159edek ne\u017e LSD, zkr\u00e1cen\u011b \u2014 BOL);<\/li>\n
- amid kyseliny lysergov\u00e9 (0 %);<\/li>\n
- dimethylamid kyseliny lysergov\u00e9 (10 %);<\/li>\n
- monoethylamid kyseliny lysergov\u00e9 (5-10 %);<\/li>\n
- morpholid kyseliny lysergov\u00e9 (30 %);<\/li>\n
- 1-acetyl-LSD (100 %, ale doba \u00fa\u010dinku je 2-3kr\u00e1t krat\u0161\u00ed a vegetativn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky jsou v\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ozna\u010den\u00ed \u2014 ALD-52);<\/li>\n
- 1-methyl-LSD (36 %, 4kr\u00e1t aktivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e LSD podle antiserotoninov\u00e9 aktivity);<\/li>\n
- 1-methoxy-LSD (66 %);<\/li>\n
- pyrrolidid kyseliny lysergov\u00e9 (5 %).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Nedostatek LSD byl zjevn\u00fd: pro synt\u00e9zu bylo pot\u0159eba ergot, ten bylo nutn\u00e9 p\u011bstovat, kyseliny lysergov\u00e9 d\u00e1vala m\u00e1lo \u2014 produkt byl drah\u00fd. Za\u010dal hledat n\u011bco, co by nebylo hor\u0161\u00ed. A skute\u010dn\u011b na\u0161li!
\nBZ<\/b>![\"O](\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/b903a71fb69a7eaba9e909d3695d164b.jpg\")
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\nNe, %username%, \u201eBZ\u201c nem\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd vztah k zvuk\u016fm organick\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu. A to, \u017ee se \u201eBZ\u201c p\u0159i chyb\u011b s rozlo\u017een\u00edm objevuje jako \u201e\u0418\u042f\u201c \u2014 je pouh\u00e1 n\u00e1hoda. Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b.<\/p>\n
BZ \u2014 3-hinuklidylov\u00fd ester benzoov\u00e9 kyseliny \u2014 je psychotomimetikum ze skupiny glykola.
\nByl vynalezen \u0161v\u00fdcarskou farmaceutickou spole\u010dnost\u00ed Hoffman-LaRoche v roce 1951 \u2014 spole\u010dnost zkoumala spazmolytika pro l\u00e9\u010dbu gastrointestin\u00e1ln\u00edch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed. A to, co se uk\u00e1zalo nevhodn\u00e9 pro v\u0159edy, se uk\u00e1zalo jako velmi vhodn\u00e9 pro jin\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely (no, s viagrou to dopadlo podobn\u011b). <\/p>\n
V tuto dobu se ameri\u010dt\u00ed voj\u00e1ci sna\u017eili naj\u00edt mo\u017en\u00e9 nesmrteln\u00e9, psychoaktivn\u00ed l\u00e1tky, kter\u00e9 by vy\u0159azovaly z boje, v\u010detn\u011b psychedelick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek, jako je LSD a THC, dissociativn\u00edch l\u00e1tek, jako je ketamin a fencyklidin, a siln\u011b \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdch opioid\u016f, jako je fentanyl, a tak\u00e9 n\u011bkolika glykola\u00adov\u00fdch anticholinergik. A v tu chv\u00edli m\u011bl \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed. <\/p>\n
P\u016fvodn\u011b byl l\u00e9k ozna\u010dov\u00e1n jako \u201eTK\u201c, ale kdy\u017e byl standardizov\u00e1n arm\u00e1dou v roce 1961, z\u00edskal k\u00f3dov\u00e9 ozna\u010den\u00ed NATO \u201eBZ\u201c. \u010casto se agentovi \u0159\u00edkalo \u201eBuzz\u201c kv\u016fli t\u00e9to zkratce a efekt\u016fm, kter\u00e9 m\u011bl na psychick\u00fd stav dobrovoln\u00edk\u016f v n\u011bkter\u00fdch v\u011bdeck\u00fdch studi\u00edch v Edgewood Arsenal v Marylandu.<\/p>\n
V roce 1962 byla na vojensk\u00e9 z\u00e1kladn\u011b Pine Bluff (Arkansas) zah\u00e1jena v\u00fdroba l\u00e1tky BZ ve velk\u00e9m pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku. Jej\u00ed bojov\u00e1 \u00fa\u010dinnost byla hodnocena b\u011bhem ter\u00e9nn\u00edch zkou\u0161ek, kter\u00e9 skon\u010dily v roce 1966. <\/p>\n
Jeliko\u017e je BZ b\u00edl\u00e9 krystaly s teplotou t\u00e1n\u00ed 190 \u00b0C, n\u00edzkou t\u011bkavost\u00ed a vysokou tepelnou stabilitou, byly pou\u017eity kazetov\u00e9 bomby, kter\u00e9 rozpt\u00fdlily pyrotechnick\u00e9 \"kou\u0159\u00edc\u00ed\" n\u00e1lo\u017ee s BZ zhruba na 1,2 hektaru. Tak\u00e9 existovaly \"gener\u00e1tory\", napln\u011bn\u00e9 5-6 kg BZ. Zva\u017eovaly se tak\u00e9 varianty kontaminace fragment\u016f, kulek a podobn\u011b.<\/p>\n
BZ p\u016fsob\u00ed jako aerosol p\u0159i koncentrac\u00edch kolem 110 mg*min\/l \u2014 a je opravdu t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 pomoc\u00ed t\u00e9to l\u00e1tky zab\u00edt, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e bylo pozorov\u00e1no, \u017ee v ohro\u017een\u00ed jsou p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm star\u0161\u00ed lid\u00e9, d\u011bti a lid\u00e9 s onemocn\u011bn\u00edm d\u00fdchac\u00edch cest.<\/p>\n
Za\u010d\u00e1tek je b\u011b\u017en\u00fd: roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed zornic, sucho v \u00fastech, zrychlen\u00fd puls. B\u011bhem 30-60 minut za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 hlavn\u00ed akt dramatu: oslaben\u00ed pozornosti a pam\u011bti, sn\u00ed\u017een\u00e9 reakce na vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed podn\u011bty, v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 potla\u010den\u00ed a naru\u0161en\u00ed orientace v okoln\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed. B\u011bhem 1\u20134 hodin se projevuje siln\u00e1 tachykardie, zmatenost, ztr\u00e1ta kontaktu se sv\u011btem. Halucinace jsou tak siln\u00e9, \u017ee posti\u017een\u00fd nen\u00ed schopen pochopit, co se skute\u010dn\u011b d\u011bje a co se mu zd\u00e1. To je velmi z\u00e1bavn\u00e9, %username%. Sm\u011bjete se, sakra.<\/p>\n
Nakonec se rozv\u00edj\u00ed agresivn\u00ed negativismus: \u010dlov\u011bk d\u011bl\u00e1 opak toho, co mu bylo navr\u017eeno. P\u0159i\u010dem\u017e velmi \u010dasto \u2014 s v\u00fdbuchy vzteku. Tento \u0161\u00edlenstv\u00ed trv\u00e1 4\u20135 dn\u00ed, zbytkov\u00e9 poruchy a\u017e 2\u20133 t\u00fddny. Mohou se objevit \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u00e9 nebo \u00fapln\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty pam\u011bti. <\/p>\n
Mechanismus p\u016fsoben\u00ed BZ je stejn\u011b slo\u017eit\u00fd jako u LSD. BZ je antagonistou muskarinov\u00fdch receptor\u016f acetylcholinu, tedy v podstat\u011b je to cholinolytikum, kter\u00e9 naru\u0161uje p\u0159enos nervov\u00fdch impuls\u016f s acetylcholinem \u2014 ano, ano, %username%, p\u0159esn\u011b jako VX, ale jsou zde nuance. Nuance je v vysok\u00e9m pom\u011bru toxick\u00e9 d\u00e1vky k \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9: u BZ je tento pom\u011br zhruba 40kr\u00e1t (rozsah od 32 do 384kr\u00e1t), tedy v podstat\u011b \u00fa\u010dinek BZ \u2014 je to velmi mal\u00e9 otr\u00e1ven\u00ed. Zkr\u00e1tka, tam se s\u00e1m \u010f\u00e1bel zran\u00ed, ale opojen\u00ed, difenhydramin a taren (aprofen) \u2014 jsou bratranci v mechanismu p\u016fsoben\u00ed s BZ. No, mo\u017en\u00e1 nejsou p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00ed, ale ur\u010dit\u011b jsou to dvoj\u010data.<\/p>\n
Existuje zm\u00ednka o p\u0159\u00edpadu pou\u017eit\u00ed l\u00e1tky b\u011bhem v\u00e1lky ve Vietnamu, ale o v\u00fdsledc\u00edch se uv\u00e1d\u00ed pouze, \u017ee byly \u201euspokojiv\u00e9\u201c.<\/p>\n
P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee Paul Robeson byl v roce 1961 otr\u00e1ven BZ, co\u017e zp\u016fsobilo z\u00e1chvaty halucinac\u00ed a t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 deprese.<\/p>\n
V \u00fanoru 1998 obvinilo ministerstvo obrany Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nie Ir\u00e1k z uchov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed velk\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed glykyl\u00e1tov\u00e9ho anticholinergn\u00edho \u201eagenta 15\u201c. Agent 15 m\u011bl b\u00fdt chemicky bu\u010f identick\u00fd s BZ, nebo s n\u00edm \u00fazce spojen a byl uchov\u00e1v\u00e1n ve velk\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed p\u0159ed a b\u011bhem v\u00e1lky v Z\u00e1livu. Po v\u00e1lce v\u0161ak CIA dosp\u011bla k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee Ir\u00e1k agent 15 nenakoupil ani nevyvinul.<\/p>\n
V lednu 2013 uvedl nezn\u00e1m\u00fd z\u00e1stupce americk\u00e9 administrativy, s odkazem na nezve\u0159ejn\u011bnou zpr\u00e1vu ministerstva zahrani\u010d\u00ed USA, \u017ee \u201esyrsk\u00e9 kontakty p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u011b dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed, \u017ee agent 15, halucinogen podobn\u00fd BZ, byl pou\u017eit v Homsu\u201c. Na tyto zpr\u00e1vy v\u0161ak mluv\u010d\u00ed Rady n\u00e1rodn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti USA odpov\u011bd\u011bl: \u201eZpr\u00e1vy, kter\u00e9 jsme shl\u00e9dli v m\u00e9di\u00edch o \u00fadajn\u00fdch incidentech s chemick\u00fdmi zbran\u011bmi v S\u00fdrii, neodpov\u00eddaj\u00ed tomu, co pova\u017eujeme za pravdu t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se syrsk\u00e9ho programu chemick\u00fdch zbran\u00ed.\u201c Chemick\u00e1 l\u00e1tka m\u011bla b\u00fdt \u00fadajn\u011b tak\u00e9 pou\u017eita p\u0159i \u00fatoc\u00edch v G\u00fat\u011b v srpnu 2013.<\/p>\n
Dne 14. dubna 2018 ministr zahrani\u010dn\u00edch v\u011bc\u00ed RF Sergej Lavrov ozn\u00e1mil, \u017ee experti ze \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00e9ho centra radiologick\u00e9 a chemicko-radiologick\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy ve m\u011bst\u011b \u0160pice, kte\u0159\u00ed analyzovali vzorky Organizace pro z\u00e1kaz chemick\u00fdch zbran\u00ed z m\u00edsta otravy Sergeje a Julie Skripalov\u00fdch v Salisbury, objevili v t\u011bchto vzorc\u00edch stopy BZ. Dne 18. dubna na zased\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdkonn\u00e9ho v\u00fdboru OPCW jeho gener\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0159editel Ahmet \u00dcz\u00fcmc\u00fc vysv\u011btlil, \u017ee prekurzor BZ byl pou\u017eit jako kontroln\u00ed vzorek pro ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed kvality pr\u00e1ce laborato\u0159\u00ed a nem\u011bl nic spole\u010dn\u00e9ho se vzorky ze Salisbury.<\/p>\n
Jak p\u00ed\u0161\u00ed, v letech 1988-1990 byly ve\u0161ker\u00e9 z\u00e1soby BZ v USA zlikvidov\u00e1ny spolu s pr\u016fmyslovou v\u00fdrobou. Nyn\u00ed jedin\u00e9 experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed na planet\u011b, nach\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed se ve m\u011bst\u011b Edgewood (USA), umo\u017e\u0148uje vyr\u00e1b\u011bt a\u017e 20 tun\/rok, zat\u00edmco mimo USA celkov\u00e9 v\u00fdrobn\u00ed kapacity nedosahuj\u00ed ani 1 tuny\/rok, proto\u017ee b\u011bhem cel\u00e9ho \u010dasu se probl\u00e9m efektivn\u00edho z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed jeho prekurzoru - 3-hinuklidolu - nevy\u0159e\u0161il. Tak se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, nev\u00edm. Ale v\u00edm, \u017ee byly pokusy o n\u00e1hradu - nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je ditran.
\nDitran \u2014 ve skute\u010dnosti je to sm\u011bs takov\u00e9ho slo\u017een\u00ed.<\/b>![\"O](\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/53981fa5911bc29d262169b3a8040308.jpg\")
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\nP\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee p\u0159i d\u00e1vce 5-15 mg tato sm\u011bs zp\u016fsobuje podobn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edznaky jako BZ, kter\u00e9 se vyv\u00edjej\u00ed b\u011bhem jedn\u00e9 hodiny.<\/p>\n
V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b ofici\u00e1ln\u011b ve v\u00fdzbroji zem\u00ed sv\u011bta nejsou psychotropn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpravky. Ale pozoruj\u00edc n\u011bkter\u00e9 masov\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti v bl\u00edzk\u00fdch zem\u00edch a nejen tam - velmi siln\u011b pochybuji, \u017ee tomu tak je. Arm\u00e1dy je mo\u017en\u00e1 nemaj\u00ed, ale speci\u00e1ln\u00ed slu\u017eby jasn\u011b pracuj\u00ed.<\/p>\n
No, takov\u00fd je p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh. <\/p>\n
Uvid\u00edme, jestli se ti to bude l\u00edbit, %username%. Hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed tentokr\u00e1t nebude - v\u0161echno uk\u00e1\u017ee rating \u010dl\u00e1nku.<\/p>\n
Bohu\u017eel, v sobotu mi za\u010dne dal\u0161\u00ed obdob\u00ed dalek\u00fdch a m\u00e9n\u011b dalek\u00fdch slu\u017eebn\u00edch cest - a proto bude m\u00e1lo \u010dasu na tvo\u0159en\u00ed - odejdu na dal\u0161\u00ed tv\u016fr\u010d\u00ed dovolenou. A proto\u017ee \u010dasu je m\u00e1lo, a v hlav\u011b je prozat\u00edm jen jeden v\u00edce \u010di m\u00e9n\u011b utvo\u0159en\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o \u017elut\u00e9m fosforu a nehod\u011b u Lvova, kter\u00e1 s n\u00edm souvis\u00ed, tak pokud se uk\u00e1\u017ee, \u017ee jsem st\u00e1le zaj\u00edmav\u00fd - pod\u011bl\u00edm se s tebou o tento p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh.<\/p>\n
No a pokud ne - co, sna\u017eil jsem se.<\/p>\n
Hodn\u011b \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed a nesch\u00e1zej se! Ani fyzicky, ani psychicky...
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, %username%. gjf \u043e\u043f\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438. \u0421\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0442\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043a\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0445 \u0443 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u044e\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430. \u0418 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u043b \u0438\u043b\u043b\u044e\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u041d\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0430\u043c \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043c \u043e \u0431\u043e\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0442\u0435. \u041d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435-\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0445\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":24870,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-33124","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47O bojov\u00fdch enkapsulantech | ProHoster","description":"Ahoj, %username%. gjf je op\u011bt na spojen\u00ed. 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