{"id":33395,"date":"2019-10-31T21:52:20","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:52:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/samye-interesnye-metally\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:52:20","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:52:20","slug":"samye-interesnye-metally","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/samye-interesnye-metally","title":{"rendered":"Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kovy","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed<\/p>\n

Kdo neposlouch\u00e1 metal, tomu b\u016fh rozumu nedal!<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\n \u2014 Lidov\u00e9 um\u011bn\u00ed<\/i><\/p>\n

Ahoj, %username%.<\/p>\n

gjf<\/a><\/noindex> znovu na spojen\u00ed. Dnes budu \u00fapln\u011b stru\u010dn\u00fd, proto\u017ee za \u0161est hodin mus\u00edm vst\u00e1vat a odj\u00ed\u017ed\u011bt.<\/p>\n

A dnes chci mluvit o kovu. Ale ne o tom, kter\u00fd je hudbou \u2014 o tom m\u016f\u017eeme mluvit n\u011bkdy u p\u016fllitru piva, a ne na Habru. A dokonce ne o kovu \u2014 ale o kovech! A chci se pod\u011blit o ty kovy, kter\u00e9 m\u011b v \u017eivot\u011b n\u011bjak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem ohromily sv\u00fdmi vlastnostmi.<\/p>\n

Jeliko\u017e v\u0161ichni \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci hitpar\u00e1dy maj\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00e9 sv\u00e9 super schopnosti, nebude \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 m\u00edsta ani v\u00edt\u011bz\u016f. Bude \u2014 kovov\u00e1 des\u00edtka! Tak\u017ee po\u0159ad\u00ed nic neznamen\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Jdeme na to.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\n1. Rtu\u0165<\/b>\"Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed
\n
\nRtu\u0165 je nejtekut\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kov: jej\u00ed teplota t\u00e1n\u00ed je -39 \u00b0C. O tom, \u017ee je toxick\u00e1 \u2014 a to velmi \u2014 u\u017e jsem psal<\/a><\/noindex>, a proto se nebudu opakovat.<\/p>\n

Od d\u00e1vn\u00fdch dob se na rtu\u0165 snad krom\u011b modlen\u00ed \u2014 v\u017edy\u0165, \u201etekut\u00e9 st\u0159\u00edbro\u201c! Alchymist\u00e9 v\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee pr\u00e1v\u011b v rtuti se n\u011bkde skr\u00fdv\u00e1 slavn\u00fd philosopher's stone, nap\u0159\u00edklad D\u017eabir ibn Hajj\u00e1n pova\u017eoval, \u017ee proto\u017ee rtu\u0165 je tekut\u00fd kov, je \u201eabsolutn\u00ed\u201c: je prost\u00e1 jak\u00fdchkoliv ne\u010distot, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed pevn\u00e9 kovy. S\u00edra \u2014 dal\u0161\u00ed objekt obdivu Hajj\u00e1n, element ohn\u011b, je schopn\u00e1 d\u00e1vat \u010dist\u00fd \u201eabsolutn\u00ed\u201c plamen, a proto v\u0161echny ostatn\u00ed kovy (a proto\u017ee to byl VIII. stolet\u00ed \u2014 moc jich nebylo: sedm) jsou tvo\u0159eny z rtuti a s\u00edry.<\/p>\n

Co v VIII. stolet\u00ed, to dnes \u2014 sm\u00edch\u00e1n\u00edm rtuti a s\u00edry vznikne \u010dern\u00fd sulfid rtuti (a to je mimochodem jeden ze zp\u016fsob\u016f dekontaminace vylit\u00e9 rtuti) \u2014 ale rozhodn\u011b ne kov. Tuto nemilou ne\u00fasp\u011bch Hajj\u00e1n vysv\u011btloval t\u00edm, \u017ee v\u0161em tup\u00fdm chyb\u00ed jak\u00fdsi \u201ezraj\u00edc\u00ed\u201c prvek, kter\u00fd z \u010dern\u00fdch nesmysl\u016f povede k z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed kovu. A samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, v\u0161ichni se vrhli hledat \u201ezraj\u00edc\u00ed prvek\u201c, aby z\u00edskali zlato. Historie hled\u00e1n\u00ed filosofick\u00e9ho kamene byla ofici\u00e1ln\u011b vyhl\u00e1\u0161ena otev\u0159enou. <\/p>\n

%username%, ty se te\u010f sm\u011bje\u0161 alchymist\u016fm \u2014 ale doopravdy dos\u00e1hli sv\u00fdch c\u00edl\u016f! V roce 1947 byli ameri\u010dt\u00ed fyzikov\u00e9 p\u0159i beta rozpadu izotopu Hg-197 schopni z\u00edskat jedin\u00fd stabiln\u00ed izotop zlata Au-197. Z 100 mg rtuti vyt\u011b\u017eili cel\u00fdch 35 \u03bcg zlata \u2014 a to nyn\u00ed zdob\u00ed Chicagsk\u00e9 muzeum v\u011bdy a pr\u016fmyslu. Tak\u017ee alchymist\u00e9 m\u011bli pravdu \u2014 v\u017edy\u0165 to jde! Jen, sakra, drah\u00e9\u2026<\/p>\n

Mimochodem, jedin\u00fdm alchymistou, kter\u00fd nev\u011b\u0159il v mo\u017enost z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed zlata z jin\u00fdch kov\u016f, byl Ab\u00fa Al\u00ed al-Husayn ibn Abdall\u00e1h ibn al-Haasan ibn Al\u00ed ibn S\u00edn\u00e1 \u2014 a pro tmav\u00e9 nev\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed \u2014 jednodu\u0161e Avicena.<\/p>\n

Mimochodem, s rtut\u00ed si velmi dob\u0159e konkuruj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed kov \u2014 galium. Jeho teplota t\u00e1n\u00ed je 29 \u00b0C, ve \u0161kole mi ukazovali efektn\u00ed trik: na ruku se polo\u017e\u00ed kousek n\u011bjak\u00e9ho kovu\u2026
\n.. a co z toho vznikne<\/b>\"Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed
\n
\nMimochodem, galium si te\u010f m\u016f\u017ee\u0161 koupit na al\u00edku, abys takov\u00fd trik mohl uk\u00e1zat. Nev\u00edm, zda v\u0161ak projde celn\u00ed kontrolou.<\/p>\n

2. Titan<\/b>\"Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed
\n
\nTvrd\u00fd titan \u2014 to nen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 rtu\u0165ov\u00e1 sliz! Je to \u2014 nejtvrd\u0161\u00ed kov! V m\u00e9m d\u011btstv\u00ed a ml\u00e1d\u00ed psali titanem na v\u0161ech t\u011bch skle v ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 doprav\u011b, proto\u017ee to \u0161kr\u00e1balo \u2014 a jemn\u00fdm kovov\u00fdm prachem barvilo.<\/p>\n

V\u0161ichni v\u00ed, \u017ee titan d\u00edky sv\u00e9 tvrdosti a lehkosti se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v letectv\u00ed. Pov\u011bd\u011bl bych o n\u011bkolika zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch aplikac\u00edch.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e se zah\u0159eje, titan za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 pohlcovat r\u016fzn\u00e9 plyny \u2014 kysl\u00edk, chl\u00f3r a dokonce i dus\u00edk. To se vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch na \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed inertn\u00edch plyn\u016f (nap\u0159. argonu) \u2014 proh\u00e1n\u011bj\u00ed ho trubkami napln\u011bn\u00fdmi titanovou houbou, zah\u0159\u00e1t\u00fdmi na 500\u2013600 \u00b0C. Mimochodem, p\u0159i t\u00e9to teplot\u011b titanov\u00e1 houba reaguje s vodou \u2014 kysl\u00edk je pohlcov\u00e1n, vod\u00edk je uvol\u0148ov\u00e1n, ale obvykle nikomu nevad\u00ed, \u017ee vod\u00edk je v inertn\u00edch plynech, na rozd\u00edl od vody.<\/p>\n

B\u00edl\u00fd oxid titanu TiO2 se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v barv\u00e1ch (nap\u0159. titanov\u00e9 b\u00edl\u00e9), ale tak\u00e9 p\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b pap\u00edru a plastu. Potravin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edsada E171. Mimochodem, p\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b oxid\u016f titanu se d\u016fkladn\u011b kontroluje jeho chemick\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed \u2014 ale ne proto, aby se sn\u00ed\u017eily ne\u010distoty, ale aby se p\u0159idala 'b\u011blost': je pot\u0159eba, aby barvic\u00ed prvky \u2014 \u017eelezo, chrom, m\u011b\u010f atd. \u2014 byly v men\u0161\u00edm mno\u017estv\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Titanov\u00fd karbid, diborid titanu, karbonitrid titanu \u2014 konkurenti wolframov\u00e9ho karbidu z hlediska tvrdosti. Nev\u00fdhoda je, \u017ee jsou leh\u010d\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Titaniov\u00fd nitrid se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k potahov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1stroj\u016f, kupol\u00ed kostel\u016f a p\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b bi\u017euterie, proto\u017ee m\u00e1 barvu podobnou zlatu. V\u0161echny tyto 'l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 slitin\u011b', p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed zlato \u2014 to je povlak titaniov\u00fdm nitridem.<\/p>\n

Mimochodem, vytrval\u00ed v\u011bdci ned\u00e1vno p\u0159ece jen vyrobili slou\u010deninu, kter\u00e1 je tvrd\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e titan! Jen\u017ee, abychom toho dos\u00e1hli, museli jsme sm\u00edchat palladium, k\u0159em\u00edk, fosfor, germ\u00e1nium a st\u0159\u00edbro. V\u00fdsledek byl docela drah\u00fd, a tak op\u011bt zv\u00edt\u011bzil titan.<\/p>\n

3. Wolfram<\/b>\"Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed
\n
\nWolfram je tak\u00e9 opakem rtuti: je to nejtvrd\u0161\u00ed kov s teplotou t\u00e1n\u00ed 3422 \u00b0C. Zn\u00e1m\u00fd je u\u017e od 16. stolet\u00ed, i kdy\u017e sp\u00ed\u0161e zn\u00e1m\u00fd je miner\u00e1l wolframit, kter\u00fd obsahuje wolfram. Mimochodem, n\u00e1zev Wolf Rahm v jazyce p\u0159\u00edsn\u00fdch N\u011bmc\u016f znamen\u00e1 \u201evl\u010d\u00ed smetana\u201c: N\u011bmci, kte\u0159\u00ed tavili c\u00edn, velmi nesn\u00e1\u0161eli p\u0159\u00edm\u011bsi wolframitu, kter\u00e9 zt\u011b\u017eovaly tavbu a m\u011bnily c\u00edn na p\u011bnu strusky (\u201epo\u017e\u00edraly c\u00edn jako vlk ovci\u201c). Samotn\u00fd kov byl izolov\u00e1n pozd\u011bji, asi o 200 let.<\/p>\n

To, co je na fotografii, nen\u00ed ve skute\u010dnosti wolfram, ale karbid wolframu, tak\u017ee pokud m\u00e1\u0161 na ruce takov\u00fd prsten, %username%, netrap se t\u00edm p\u0159\u00edli\u0161. Karbid wolframu je t\u011b\u017ek\u00e1 a extr\u00e9mn\u011b tvrd\u00e1 slou\u010denina \u2014 a proto se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v r\u016fzn\u00fdch d\u00edlech, kter\u00fdmi se ml\u00e1t\u00ed, ostatn\u011b \u201eporaz\u00ed\u201c \u2014 to je 90 % karbidu wolframu. A je\u0161t\u011b, karbid wolframu dob\u0159\u00ed lid\u00e9 p\u0159id\u00e1vaj\u00ed jako hrot pro pr\u016frazn\u00e9 st\u0159ely a n\u00e1boje. Ale nejen jeho, pozd\u011bji ti pov\u00edm o jin\u00e9m kovu.<\/p>\n

Mimochodem, i kdy\u017e je wolfram t\u011b\u017ek\u00fd \u2014 p\u0159esto, \u017ee m\u00e1 vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hustotu ne\u017e tradi\u010dn\u00ed a levn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed olovo, ochrana z wolframu je p\u0159i stejn\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch vlastnostech m\u00e9n\u011b t\u011b\u017ek\u00e1 nebo v\u00fdkonn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159i stejn\u00e9 hmotnosti. Kv\u016fli vysok\u00e9 teplot\u011b t\u00e1n\u00ed a tvrdosti wolframu, kter\u00e9 zt\u011b\u017euj\u00ed jeho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed, se v t\u011bchto p\u0159\u00edpadech pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed plastick\u00e9 slitiny wolframu s p\u0159\u00eddavkem jin\u00fdch kov\u016f nebo suspenze pr\u00e1\u0161kov\u00e9ho wolframu (nebo jeho slou\u010denin) v polymern\u00ed matrici. V\u00fdsledkem je leh\u010d\u00ed a \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ale pouze dra\u017e\u0161\u00ed. Tak\u017ee v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b jadern\u00e9ho spadu, %username%, vezmi si wolframovou zbroj!<\/p>\n

Mimochodem, na sv\u00e9m \u201ev\u011b\u010dn\u00e9m prstenu\u201c jsem tak n\u011bjak chemicky ud\u011blal skvrnu \u2014 a ani nev\u00edm \u010d\u00edm. Tak\u017ee \u201ev\u011b\u010dn\u00e9\u201c je to jen u oby\u010dejn\u00fdch lid\u00ed )))<\/p>\n

4. Uran<\/b>\"Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed
\n
\nJedin\u00fd p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed kov, kter\u00fd se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jako palivo. No \u2014 jako jadern\u00e9 palivo. <\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e jsem byl je\u0161t\u011b \u0161kol\u00e1k, ale m\u011bl jsem bl\u00edzko k univerzit\u011b (ne\u0159eknu pro\u010d!), v\u017edy m\u011b pobavila reakce zahrani\u010dn\u00edch student\u016f, kdy\u017e jim v mikroskopu ukazovali krystaly uran acet\u00e1tu sodn\u00e9ho. Je to takov\u00e1 kvalitn\u00ed reakce. Kdy\u017e zahrani\u010dn\u00edm student\u016fm bylo \u0159e\u010deno slovo \u201euranil\u201c \u2014 doslova je to sfouklo dol\u016f. V\u0161ichni se sm\u00e1li.<\/p>\n

Je mi smutno a legra\u010dn\u00ed, \u017ee nyn\u00ed i v\u011bt\u0161ina na\u0161ich lid\u00ed pova\u017euje uran za d\u011bsiv\u00fd, nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd a hrozn\u00fd. Pokles vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed je z\u0159ejm\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Ve skute\u010dnosti se u\u017e v d\u00e1vn\u00fdch dob\u00e1ch pou\u017e\u00edval p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed oxid uranu k v\u00fdrob\u011b \u017elut\u00e9ho n\u00e1dob\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad pobl\u00ed\u017e Neapole byl nalezen kousek \u017elut\u00e9ho skla obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed 1 % oxidu uranu, datovan\u00fd do roku 79 n. l. Nesm\u011bj\u00ed ve tm\u011b sv\u00edtit ani nevyza\u0159uj\u00ed. Byl jsem ve \u017dlut\u00fdch Vod\u00e1ch na Ukrajin\u011b, kde t\u011b\u017e\u00ed uranov\u00fd koncentr\u00e1t. Nikdo tam nesv\u00edt\u00ed ani nevyza\u0159uje. A tajemstv\u00ed je jednoduch\u00e9: p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed uran je slab\u011b r\u00e1dioaktivn\u00ed \u2014 ne v\u00edce ne\u017e granity a bazalty, stejn\u011b jako haldy a metro. Ten uran, kter\u00fd je URAN \u2014 je izotop U-235, jeho\u017e v p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b je pouze 0,7204 %. Jeho je tak m\u00e1lo, \u017ee pro jadern\u00e9 v\u011bdce je t\u0159eba tento izotop izolovat a koncentraci (\u201eobohatit\u201c) \u2014 takhle jednodu\u0161e s t\u00edm reaktor nebude fungovat.<\/p>\n

Mimochodem, d\u0159\u00edve bylo v p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b U-235 v\u00edce \u2014 \u010dasem se zkr\u00e1tka rozpadl. A proto\u017ee ho bylo v\u00edce \u2014 bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 ud\u011blat jadern\u00fd reaktor p\u0159\u00edmo na kolen\u011b. V prav\u00e9m smyslu slova. Tak to dopadlo v Gabonu na nalezi\u0161ti Oklo p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b p\u0159ed 2 miliardami let: skrz rudu prot\u00e9kal voda, voda \u2014 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed moder\u00e1tor neutron\u016f, kter\u00e9 vyletuj\u00ed p\u0159i rozpadu uranu-235 \u2014 a energie neutron\u016f byla p\u0159esn\u011b tolik, kolik bylo pot\u0159eba k zachycen\u00ed j\u00e1drem uranu-235 \u2014 a spu\u0161t\u011bla se \u0159et\u011bzov\u00e1 reakce. A uran ho\u0159el n\u011bkolik stolet\u00ed, dokud se nevyho\u0159el\u2026 <\/p>\n

Zjistili jsme to mnohem pozd\u011bji, v roce 1972, kdy\u017e na uranov\u00e9 obohacovac\u00ed tov\u00e1rn\u011b v Pierlatu (Francie) b\u011bhem anal\u00fdzy uranu z Oklo byla nalezena odchylka od normy izotopov\u00e9ho slo\u017een\u00ed uranu. Obsah izotopu U-235 \u010dinil 0,717 % nam\u00edsto obvykl\u00fdch 0,720 %. Uran nen\u00ed sal\u00e1m, zde je nedova\u017een\u00e9 zbo\u017e\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b trest\u00e1no: v\u0161echny jadern\u00e9 objekty podl\u00e9haj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e9 kontrole, aby se zabr\u00e1nilo nez\u00e1konn\u00e9mu pou\u017eit\u00ed \u0161t\u011bpn\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f pro vojensk\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely. A proto se v\u011bdci za\u010dali zkoumat, na\u0161li dal\u0161\u00ed prvky, jako neodym a ruthenium, a pochopili \u2013 U-235 byl prost\u011b u\u017e d\u0159\u00edve ukraden, jako v reaktoru. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee j\u00e1drov\u00fd reaktor p\u0159\u00edroda vynalezla d\u00e1vno p\u0159ed n\u00e1mi. Ostatn\u011b, stejn\u011b jako v\u0161e.<\/p>\n

Obohacen\u00fd uran (to je, kdy\u017e byl 235. prvek odebr\u00e1n a atomov\u00ed lid\u00e9 dostali U-238) \u2013 je t\u011b\u017ek\u00fd a tvrd\u00fd, sv\u00fdmi vlastnostmi p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 wolfram, a proto se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 tam, kde je t\u0159eba \u00fader. O tom existuje p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh z b\u00fdval\u00e9 Jugosl\u00e1vie: tam pou\u017e\u00edvali protitankov\u00e9 st\u0159ely s n\u00e1bojem obsahuj\u00edc\u00edm uran. M\u011bli probl\u00e9my, ale rozhodn\u011b ne kv\u016fli radiaci: jemn\u00fd uranov\u00fd prach se dostal do plic, vst\u0159eb\u00e1val se \u2013 a p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161el plody: uran je toxick\u00fd pro ledviny. A tak to je \u2013 a nen\u00ed t\u0159eba se b\u00e1t uranov\u00e9ho acet\u00e1tu! Pravda, z\u00e1kon\u016fm Rusk\u00e9 federace to nevad\u00ed \u2013 a proto v\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my s p\u0159\u00edjezdem chemick\u00fdch reaktiv\u016f obsahuj\u00edc\u00edch uran \u2013 proto\u017ee pro \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edka je uran jen jeden.<\/p>\n

A je tu tak\u00e9 uranov\u00e9 sklo: mal\u00fd p\u0159\u00eddavek uranu dod\u00e1v\u00e1 kr\u00e1snou \u017eluto-zelenou fluorescenci.
\nA to je, sakra, kr\u00e1sn\u00e9!<\/b>\"Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed
\n\"Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed
\n
\nMimochodem, velmi u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 je nab\u00eddnout host\u016fm jablka nebo sal\u00e1tek a pak zapnout tro\u0161ku ultrafialov\u00e9ho sv\u011btla a uk\u00e1zat, jak\u00e9 to je kr\u00e1sn\u00e9. Kdy\u017e v\u0161ichni skon\u010d\u00ed s obdivem \u2014 tak ledabyle pronesit: \u201eNo jo, co by, to je p\u0159ece uranov\u00e9 sklo\u2026\u201c A zakousnout se do kousku jablka z m\u00edsy\u2026<\/p>\n

5. Osmium<\/b>\"Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed
\n
\nNo, kdy\u017e jsme u\u017e mluvili o t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch uranech-wolframech, je \u010das zm\u00ednit nejt\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00ed kov v\u016fbec \u2013 to je osmium. Jeho hustota \u010din\u00ed 22,62 g\/cm3!<\/p>\n

Nicm\u00e9n\u011b osmium, by\u0165 je to nejhust\u0161\u00ed prvek, nic mu nebr\u00e1n\u00ed b\u00fdt tak\u00e9 t\u011bkav\u00e9: na vzduchu se postupn\u011b oxiduje na OsO4, co\u017e je t\u011bkav\u00e9 \u2014 a mimochodem velmi jedovat\u00e9. Ano \u2014 je to prvek platinov\u00e9 skupiny, ale velmi dob\u0159e se oxiduje. N\u00e1zev \"osmium\" poch\u00e1z\u00ed z \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u1f40\u03c3\u03bc\u03ae \u2014 \"v\u016fn\u011b\" \u2014 pr\u00e1v\u011b d\u00edky tomu: chemick\u00e9 reakce rozpou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed alkalick\u00e9ho slitiny osmiriidia (nerozpustn\u00e9ho zbytku platiny v kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 vod\u011b) ve vod\u011b nebo kyselin\u011b jsou prov\u00e1zeny uvoln\u011bn\u00edm nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e9ho, siln\u00e9ho z\u00e1pachu OsO4, kter\u00fd dr\u00e1\u017ed\u00ed hrdlo, podobn\u00e9ho z\u00e1pachu chl\u00f3ru nebo hnij\u00edc\u00ed \u0159epy. Tento z\u00e1pach poc\u00edtil Smithson Tennant (o n\u011bm pozd\u011bji), kter\u00fd pracoval s osmiriidiem \u2014 a tak pojmenoval tento kov. A v\u00edm, \u017ee osmium mus\u00ed b\u00fdt v pr\u00e1\u0161ku a je t\u0159eba ho zah\u0159\u00e1t, aby proces postupoval intenzivn\u011b \u2014 ale v \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se nevyd\u00e1v\u00e1m dlouho pob\u00fdvat pobl\u00ed\u017e tohoto kovu.<\/p>\n

Mimochodem, existuje je\u0161t\u011b izotop Os-187. V p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b je ho velmi m\u00e1lo, a proto je z osmium extrahov\u00e1n na centrifug\u00e1ch procesem hmotnostn\u00ed separace \u2014 p\u0159esn\u011b jako uran. Odd\u011blen\u00ed trv\u00e1 9 m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f \u2014 ano, ano, u\u017e je to dost, aby se dalo porodit. A proto je Os-187 jedn\u00edm z nejdra\u017e\u0161\u00edch kov\u016f, jeho\u017e obsah ur\u010duje tr\u017en\u00ed cenu p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho osmium. Ale nen\u00ed nejdra\u017e\u0161\u00ed, o tom v\u00e1m pov\u00edm n\u00ed\u017ee.<\/p>\n

6. Iridium<\/b>\"Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed
\n
\nPokud u\u017e jsme zm\u00ednili platinovou skupinu, m\u011bli bychom si tak\u00e9 vzpomenout na iridium. Osmium sebralo iridiu titul nejhust\u0161\u00edho kovu \u2014 ale rozd\u011bleni byly jen o kousek: hustota iridia je 22,53 g\/cm3. Osmium s iridiem byly dokonce objeveny spole\u010dn\u011b v roce 1803 anglick\u00fdm chemikem S. Tennantem \u2014 oba se jako ne\u010distoty nach\u00e1zely v p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed platiny, kter\u00e1 byla p\u0159ivezena z Ji\u017en\u00ed Ameriky. Tennant byl prvn\u00edm mezi n\u011bkolika v\u011bdci, kdo dok\u00e1zal z\u00edskat v dostate\u010dn\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed nerozpustn\u00fd zbytek po p\u016fsoben\u00ed na platinu kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 vody a ur\u010dit v n\u011bm d\u0159\u00edve nezn\u00e1m\u00e9 kovy.<\/p>\n

Ale na rozd\u00edl od osmium je iridium \u2014 nejv\u00edc, sakra, odoln\u00fd kov: ve form\u011b ingotu se nerozpou\u0161t\u00ed v \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdch kyselin\u00e1ch a jejich sm\u011bs\u00edch! Opravdu! Dokonce i hroziv\u00fd fluor ho bere pouze p\u0159i 400-450 \u00b0C. Abychom iridium p\u0159ece jen rozpustili, mus\u00edme ho slou\u010dit s alkalick\u00fdmi roztoky \u2014 a to je\u0161t\u011b nejl\u00e9pe v toku kysl\u00edku. <\/p>\n

Mechanick\u00e1 a chemick\u00e1 pevnost iridia se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v Pal\u00e1ci m\u00edr a v\u00e1hy \u2013 etalon kilogramu je vyroben ze slitin platiny a iridia.<\/p>\n

V sou\u010dasnosti iridium nen\u00ed bankovn\u00ed kov, ale i zde do\u0161lo k posun\u016fm: v roce 2013 bylo iridium poprv\u00e9 na sv\u011bt\u011b pou\u017eito k v\u00fdrob\u011b ofici\u00e1ln\u00edch minc\u00ed N\u00e1rodn\u00ed bankou Rwandy, kter\u00e1 vydala minci z \u010dist\u00e9ho kovu 999. prob. Iridiov\u00e1 mince byla vyd\u00e1na v nomin\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnot\u011b 10 rwandsk\u00fdch frank\u016f. A sakra \u2013 cht\u011bl bych takovou minci!<\/p>\n

Mimochodem, v hlubok\u00e9m ml\u00e1d\u00ed jsem v \u201aMlad\u00e9m technikovi\u2018 kdysi \u010detl n\u011bjakou fantastickou pov\u00eddku, kde kluk k \u00fasp\u011bchu \u0161el tak, \u017ee m\u011bnil p\u00edsek na iridium v kurzu 1:1 s n\u011bjak\u00fdmi mimozem\u0161\u0165any ve sklep\u011b. No, jim byl pr\u00fd pot\u0159ebn\u00fd k\u0159em\u00edk! N\u00e1zev a autora pov\u00eddky u\u017e si ani nevzpomenu. D\u011bkuji. Wesha<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 p\u0159ipomn\u011bl:<\/a><\/noindex> V. Shibaev. Kabel \"odtamtud\".<\/p>\n

7. Zlato<\/b>Nenech to, v\u0161ichni to vid\u011bli
\n\"Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed
\n
\nV \u017eivot\u011b \u010dasto b\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee je skute\u010dn\u00fd a form\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0161ampion. Pokud je iridium skute\u010dn\u00fdm \u0161ampionem chemick\u00e9 odolnosti, pak zlato je form\u00e1ln\u00edm: je to nejelektronegativn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kov, 2,54 podle Paulingovy stupnice. Ale to nezabr\u00e1n\u00ed zlatu rozpou\u0161t\u011bt se v kyselinov\u00fdch sm\u011bs\u00edch, tak\u017ee jako obvykle jsou laury d\u00e1ny tomu, kdo je bohat\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

A skute\u010dn\u011b, v sou\u010dasnosti, d\u00edky tomu, \u017ee \u010c\u00edna a Rusk\u00e1 federace se odkl\u00e1n\u011bj\u00ed od politiky akumulace zlat\u00fdch devizov\u00fdch rezerv v dolarech USA k politice akumulace samotn\u00e9ho zlata, zlato je nejdra\u017e\u0161\u00ed bankovn\u00ed kov: podle ceny d\u00e1vno p\u0159edstihlo platinu \u2013 a v\u016fbec celou skupinu platiny. Tak si ukl\u00e1dejte pen\u00edze do spo\u0159ic\u00ed kasi\u010dky se zlatem, %username%! <\/p>\n

Jeliko\u017e alchymistick\u00fd zp\u016fsob z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed zlata se uk\u00e1zal jako n\u00e1kladn\u00fd, z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 se tento kov v rafin\u00e9rsk\u00fdch z\u00e1vodech. A mince se ji\u017e vyr\u00e1b\u011bj\u00ed na mincovn\u00e1ch. Tak jako \u010dlov\u011bk, kter\u00fd nav\u0161t\u00edvil oboje, mohu \u0159\u00edct: pracovn\u00edci takov\u00fdch podnik\u016f p\u0159i n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bv\u011b z\u00f3ny, kde se nach\u00e1z\u00ed drah\u00fd kov, bu\u010f p\u0159evl\u00e9kaj\u00ed \u2014 a na pracovn\u00edm oble\u010den\u00ed nen\u00ed ani jedin\u00e1 \u0161pendl\u00edkov\u00e1 nebo svorkov\u00e1 spona \u2014 r\u00e1my na vstupu nejsou zdaleka takov\u00e9 jako na leti\u0161t\u00edch, tam je to mnohem p\u0159\u00edsn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Nebo plat\u00ed takzvan\u00fd \u201enah\u00fd re\u017eim\u201c \u2014 ano, spr\u00e1vn\u011b jsi pochopil: vstup pro chlapce a vstup pro d\u00edvky \u2014 obl\u00e9knete se u\u017e uvnit\u0159. Pokud m\u00e1\u0161 implant\u00e1t z kovu \u2014 hromada pap\u00edr\u016f, hromada povolen\u00ed, poka\u017ed\u00e9 individu\u00e1ln\u011b kontroluj\u00ed, \u017ee implant\u00e1t je na m\u00edst\u011b, kde m\u00e1 b\u00fdt.<\/p>\n

Mimochodem, co si mysl\u00ed\u0161 \u2014 jak jsou organizov\u00e1ny vstupy na bankovn\u00edch dvorech? Pap\u00edry p\u0159ece nezvon\u00ed!
\nOdpov\u011b\u010f je zde, ale na chv\u00edli se zamysli s\u00e1m.<\/b>Po pr\u00e1ci nikoho nepou\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b veden\u00ed, dokud nepo\u010d\u00edtaj\u00ed ve\u0161kerou produkci. Ano \u2014 v\u0161echno je p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e9. Zato nikdo nem\u00e1 nic proti, kdy\u017e b\u011bhem t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch \u010das\u016f vypl\u00e1celi mzdy v podob\u011b produkce.<\/p>\n

\n8. Lithium<\/b>\"Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed
\n
\nNa rozd\u00edl od t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch osmijednoduch\u00fdch iridi\u00ed je lithium nejleh\u010d\u00edm kovem, jeho hustota je pouh\u00fdch 0,534 g\/cm3. Je to alkalick\u00fd kov, ale nejm\u00e9n\u011b reaktivn\u00ed ze v\u0161ech skupin: ve vod\u011b neexploduje, ale klidn\u011b reaguje, na vzduchu se tak\u00e9 moc neoxiduje a zap\u00e1lit ho nen\u00ed snadn\u00e9: po 100 \u00b0C se tak dob\u0159e pokryje oxidem, \u017ee se pak u\u017e neoxiduje. Proto lithium je jedin\u00fd alkalick\u00fd kov, kter\u00fd se neskladuje v petroleji \u2014 pro\u010d, kdy\u017e je dost inertn\u00ed? A to je na\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed \u2014 d\u00edky sv\u00e9 n\u00edzk\u00e9 hustot\u011b by lithium plavalo v petroleji.<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed lithium se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze dvou izotop\u016f: Li-6 a Li-7. Jeliko\u017e je samotn\u00fd atom tak mal\u00fd, p\u0159ebyte\u010dn\u00fd neutron v\u00fdznamn\u011b ovliv\u0148uje polom\u011br orbitalu a energii vzru\u0161en\u00ed elektron\u016f, a proto se b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 atomov\u00e9 spektrum t\u011bchto dvou izotop\u016f li\u0161\u00ed \u2014 a t\u00edm p\u00e1dem je mo\u017en\u00e9 je ur\u010dovat i bez jak\u00fdchkoliv hmotnostn\u00edch spektrometr\u016f \u2014 a to je jedin\u00e9 v\u00fdjimka v p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b! Oba izotopy jsou velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 v jadern\u00e9 energetice, mimochodem, deuterid Li-6 se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jako termonukle\u00e1rn\u00ed prach v termonukle\u00e1rn\u00edch zbran\u00edch \u2014 a v\u00edc na to t\u00e9ma ne\u0159eknu!<\/p>\n

Lithium is also used by psychiatrists as a mood stabilizer for the treatment and prevention of mania. When I was a student, I worked part-time at the department, and a lady would come to us with blood plasma where we had to determine lithium levels. At some point, I decided to look into the literature (as there was no internet back then) to understand why it was necessary to determine lithium at all. And I found out... During her next visit, I casually asked her whose blood it was. When she replied that it was hers, I made a greater effort to avoid meeting her in person.<\/p>\n

Well, it's just lithium and lithium, it can even be detected in water sometimes. By the way, in Lviv, there's quite a lot of it in the water.<\/p>\n

9. Francium<\/b>\"Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed
\n
\nFrancium has a whole set of titles. First of all, francium is the rarest metal. All its content is completely radiogenic: it exists as an intermediate product of the decay of uranium-235 and thorium-232. The total content of francium in the Earth\u2019s crust is estimated at 340 grams. So the spot in the picture above is not a photo of a black hole in profile, but about 200,000 francium atoms in a magneto-optical trap. All isotopes of francium are radioactive; the longest-lived isotope, Fr-223, has a half-life of 22.3 minutes. This is why francium is so scarce.<\/p>\n

Nevertheless, francium has the lowest electronegativity of all known elements, at 0.7 on the Pauling scale. Accordingly, francium is also the most chemically active alkali metal and forms the strongest alkali \u2014 francium hydroxide (FrOH). And don\u2019t ask, %username%, how they determined all of this with an element that is hardly there, and whose quantity decreases every 22.3 minutes while the researcher themselves glows brighter. Therefore, while this is all interesting and fascinating, francium is practically not used anywhere.<\/p>\n

10. Californium<\/b>\"Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed\/><\/p>\n

V Kalifornii tento prvek v\u016fbec neexistuje, vyr\u00e1b\u00ed se na dvou m\u00edstech: v Dimitrovgradu v RF a v Oak Ridge National Laboratory v USA. K produkci jednoho gramu kalifornia je plutonium nebo curium dlouhodob\u011b vystaveno neutronov\u00e9mu z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed v jadern\u00e9m reaktoru \u2014 od 8 m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f do 1,5 roku. Cel\u00e1 \u0159ada rozpad\u016f vypad\u00e1 takto: plutonium-americium-curium-berkelium-kalifornia. Kalifornium-252 je kone\u010dn\u00fdm v\u00fdsledkem \u0159et\u011bzce \u2014 tento prvek nelze p\u0159em\u011bnit na t\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00ed izotop, proto\u017ee jeho j\u00e1dro jakoby \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 \"d\u011bkuji, m\u00e1m dost\" a slab\u011b reaguje na vliv neutron\u016f. <\/p>\n

Na cest\u011b k p\u0159em\u011bn\u011b plutonia na kaliforniu z 100 % jader se 99,7 % rozpadne. Pouze 0,3 % jader se udr\u017e\u00ed proti rozpadu a projde cel\u00fdm procesem a\u017e do konce. A nav\u00edc, je t\u0159eba produkt odd\u011blit! Izotop se extrahuje metodou extrakce, extrak\u010dn\u00ed chromatografie nebo iontov\u00e9 v\u00fdm\u011bny. Aby z\u00edskal kovov\u00fd vzhled, prob\u00edh\u00e1 reduk\u010dn\u00ed reakce.<\/p>\n

Na v\u00fdrobu jednoho gramu kalifornia-252 se spot\u0159ebuje 10 kilogram\u016f plutonia-239. <\/p>\n

Ro\u010dn\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed z\u00edsk\u00e1van\u00e9ho kalifornia-252 \u010din\u00ed 40\u201380 mikrogram\u016f, a podle odhad\u016f odborn\u00edk\u016f je celosv\u011btov\u00fd z\u00e1sobn\u00ed stav kalifornia maxim\u00e1ln\u011b 8 gram\u016f. Proto je kalifornium, p\u0159esn\u011bji kalifornium-252, nejdra\u017e\u0161\u00ed pr\u016fmyslov\u00fd kov na sv\u011bt\u011b, jeho\u017e cena za gram se v r\u016fzn\u00fdch letech pohybovala od 6,5 do 27 milion\u016f dolar\u016f.<\/p>\n

Logick\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka: komu to vlastn\u011b pot\u0159ebujeme? \u0158et\u011bz z n\u011bj na krk nevyrob\u00ed\u0161, obl\u00edben\u00e9 jako prstenek nenad\u011bl\u00ed\u0161. Fakt je, \u017ee Cf-252 m\u00e1 vysok\u00fd koeficient mno\u017een\u00ed neutron\u016f (v\u00edce ne\u017e 3). Gram Cf-252 vyza\u0159uje p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 3\u22c510^12 neutron\u016f za sekundu. Ano, teoreticky je mo\u017en\u00e9 vyrobit atomovou bombu, ale z uranu a stejn\u00e9ho plutonia je to levn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, proto se samo kalifornium pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jako zdroj neutron\u016f v r\u016fzn\u00fdch v\u00fdzkumech, v\u010detn\u011b pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch neutronov\u011b aktiva\u010dn\u00edch analyz\u00e1tor\u016f na dopravn\u00edku. Mimochodem, %username%, osobn\u011b jsem vid\u011bl toto kalifornium jako malou ampulku, kterou vyt\u00e1hli z velk\u00e9ho soudku radioprotekce a rychle ji zahnali do pot\u0159ebn\u00e9ho m\u00edsta v analyz\u00e1toru.<\/p>\n

Je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee za takov\u00e9 pen\u00edze mus\u00ed b\u00fdt kalifornium jed, i kdy\u017e ne tak siln\u00fd, jako polonium, kter\u00e9 vyza\u0159uje alfa \u010d\u00e1stice.<\/a><\/noindex>, ale neutrony nejsou k zahozen\u00ed. Ale je to samoz\u0159ejm\u011b drah\u00e9.<\/p>\n

No, vypad\u00e1 to, \u017ee v\u0161echno \u2014 zb\u00fdv\u00e1 sp\u00e1t asi \u010dty\u0159i hodiny p\u0159ed cestou. Douf\u00e1m, \u017ee to bylo zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, a \u017ee jsem to cel\u00e9 psal nadarmo.<\/p>\n

P\u0159eji ti, %username%, abys byl pevn\u00fd jako titan, lehk\u00fd jako lithium, neoblomn\u00fd jako iridium a cenn\u00fd jako kalifornium! No a a\u0165 m\u00e1\u0161 v\u00edc zlata v kapse samoz\u0159ejm\u011b.<\/b>
\n(m\u016f\u017ee\u0161 se t\u00edmto p\u0159\u00edpitkem pochlubit na p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00ed oslav\u011b \u2014 d\u011bkuj mi pozd\u011bji)<\/i>
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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