{"id":34006,"date":"2019-10-31T21:55:54","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:55:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/printsip-raboty-protokola-vrrp\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:55:54","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:55:54","slug":"printsip-raboty-protokola-vrrp","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/printsip-raboty-protokola-vrrp","title":{"rendered":"Princip pr\u00e1ce protokolu VRRP","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

FHRP (First Hop Redundancy Protocol)<\/b> \u2014 rodina protokol\u016f, kter\u00e9 slou\u017e\u00ed k vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed redundantn\u00edho v\u00fdchoz\u00edho br\u00e1ny. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed my\u0161lenkou t\u011bchto protokol\u016f je slou\u010den\u00ed n\u011bkolika sm\u011brova\u010d\u016f do jednoho virtu\u00e1ln\u00edho sm\u011brova\u010de se spole\u010dnou IP adresou. Tato IP adresa bude p\u0159i\u0159azena hostitel\u016fm jako adresa v\u00fdchoz\u00ed br\u00e1ny. Volnou implementac\u00ed t\u00e9to my\u0161lenky je protokol VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol). V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku se pod\u00edv\u00e1me na z\u00e1klady protokolu VRRP.<\/p>\n

\"Princip<\/a><\/noindex>
\nSm\u011brova\u010de VRRP se slu\u010duj\u00ed do jednoho virtu\u00e1ln\u00edho sm\u011brova\u010de. V\u0161echny sm\u011brova\u010de ve skupin\u011b maj\u00ed spole\u010dnou virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed IP (VIP) adresu a spole\u010dn\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo skupiny nebo VRID (Virtual Router Identifier). Jeden sm\u011brova\u010d m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt \u010dlenem n\u011bkolika skupin, z nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00e1 mus\u00ed m\u00edt sv\u016fj unik\u00e1tn\u00ed p\u00e1r VIP\/VRID.<\/p>\n

Pokud jde o Cisco, virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed sm\u011brova\u010d je nastaven na po\u017eadovan\u00e9m rozhran\u00ed p\u0159\u00edkazem:<\/p>\n

R1(config-if)# vrrp  ip<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nV\u0161echny sm\u011brova\u010de se d\u011bl\u00ed na dva typy: VRRP Master a VRRP Backup. <\/p>\n
VRRP Master<\/b> \u2014 je sm\u011brova\u010d, kter\u00fd se star\u00e1 o p\u0159enos paket\u016f pro danou virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed skupinu. <\/p>\n
VRRP Backup<\/b> \u2014 je sm\u011brova\u010d, kter\u00fd \u010dek\u00e1 na pakety od Master. Pokud pakety od Master p\u0159estanou p\u0159ich\u00e1zet, Backup se pokus\u00ed p\u0159ej\u00edt do stavu Master. <\/p>\n
Sm\u011brova\u010d se st\u00e1v\u00e1 Master, pokud m\u00e1 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed prioritu. Master neust\u00e1le vys\u00edl\u00e1 zpr\u00e1vy na \u0161irokop\u00e1smovou adresu 224.0.0.18, aby informoval z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00ed sm\u011brova\u010de, \u017ee funguje. Master pos\u00edl\u00e1 zpr\u00e1vy podle \u010dasova\u010de Adver Timer, kter\u00fd je ve v\u00fdchoz\u00edm nastaven\u00ed 1 sekunda. <\/p>\n
\"Princip
\nP\u0159itom se jako MAC adresa odes\u00edlatele pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 skupinov\u00e1 adresa 00:00:5E:00:01:xx, kde xx je VRID v hexadecim\u00e1ln\u00edm form\u00e1tu. V tomto p\u0159\u00edkladu se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 prvn\u00ed skupina. <\/p>\n
\"Princip
\nPokud z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00ed sm\u011brova\u010de neobdr\u017e\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy b\u011bhem t\u0159\u00ed Adver Timer (Master Down Timer), nov\u00fdm Masterem se st\u00e1v\u00e1 sm\u011brova\u010d s nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed prioritou, nebo sm\u011brova\u010d s nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed IP. P\u0159itom se z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00ed sm\u011brova\u010d s vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed prioritou ujme role Master s ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed prioritou. Pokud v\u0161ak m\u00e1 Backup vypnut\u00fd re\u017eim preempt, nebude p\u0159evzat roli od Master. <\/p>\n
R1(config-if)# no vrrp  preempt<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nPokud je VRRP sm\u011brova\u010d vlastn\u00edkem VIP adresy, v\u017edy p\u0159evezme roli Master. <\/p>\n
Priorita VRRP je nastavena na hodnoty od 1 do 254. Hodnota 0 je rezervov\u00e1na pro p\u0159\u00edpady, kdy je t\u0159eba, aby Master byl deaktivov\u00e1n<\/i> zodpov\u00edd\u00e1 za sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed. Hodnota 255 se nastavuje sm\u011brova\u010di, kter\u00fd je vlastn\u00edkem VIP. V\u00fdchoz\u00ed priorita je 100, ale m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nastavena administrativn\u011b:<\/p>\n
R1(config-if)#vrrp  priority<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nZde m\u016f\u017eeme vid\u011bt prioritu sm\u011brova\u010de, kdy\u017e je nastavena administrativn\u011b:<\/p>\n
\"Princip
\nA zde je p\u0159\u00edpad, kdy je sm\u011brova\u010d vlastn\u00edkem VIP:<\/p>\n
\"Princip
\nSm\u011brova\u010d VRRP m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt t\u0159i stavy: Initialize, Backup, Master. Tyto stavy sm\u011brova\u010d postupn\u011b m\u011bn\u00ed. <\/p>\n
Ve stavu Initialize sm\u011brova\u010d \u010dek\u00e1 na zah\u00e1jen\u00ed pr\u00e1ce. Pokud je tento sm\u011brova\u010d vlastn\u00edkem VIP adresy (priorita je 255), pak sm\u011brova\u010d odes\u00edl\u00e1 zpr\u00e1vy o tom, \u017ee se st\u00e1v\u00e1 Master. Tak\u00e9 odes\u00edl\u00e1 gratuitn\u00ed ARP dotaz<\/a><\/noindex>, ve kter\u00e9m je MAC adresa zdroje rovna adrese virtu\u00e1ln\u00edho sm\u011brova\u010de. Pot\u00e9 p\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00ed do stavu Master. Pokud sm\u011brova\u010d nen\u00ed vlastn\u00edkem VIP, p\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00ed do stavu Backup. <\/p>\n
\"Princip
\nVe stavu Backup sm\u011brova\u010d \u010dek\u00e1 na pakety od Master. Sm\u011brova\u010d v tomto stavu neodpov\u00edd\u00e1 na ARP dotazy od VIP adresy. Tak\u00e9 nep\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1 pakety, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed jako c\u00edlovou adresu MAC adresu virtu\u00e1ln\u00edho sm\u011brova\u010de. <\/p>\n
Pokud Backup nedost\u00e1v\u00e1 zpr\u00e1vy od Master b\u011bhem Master Down Timer, ode\u0161le zpr\u00e1vu VRRP, \u017ee se chyst\u00e1 st\u00e1t Master. Pot\u00e9 ode\u0161le vys\u00edlac\u00ed zpr\u00e1vu VRRP, ve kter\u00e9 je MAC adresa zdroje rovna adrese tohoto virtu\u00e1ln\u00edho sm\u011brova\u010de. V t\u00e9to zpr\u00e1v\u011b sm\u011brova\u010d ud\u00e1v\u00e1 svou prioritu.<\/p>\n
Ve stavu Master sm\u011brova\u010d zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1 pakety adresovan\u00e9 virtu\u00e1ln\u00edmu sm\u011brova\u010di. Tak\u00e9 odpov\u00edd\u00e1 na ARP dotazy na VIP. Master rozes\u00edl\u00e1 zpr\u00e1vy VRRP ka\u017ed\u00e9 Adver Timer, aby potvrdil, \u017ee funguje. <\/p>\n
*May 13 19:52:18.531: %VRRP-6-STATECHANGE: Et1\/0 Grp 1 state Init -> Backup\n*May 13 19:52:21.751: %VRRP-6-STATECHANGE: Et1\/0 Grp 1 state Backup -> Master<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nVRRP tak\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uje vyrovn\u00e1vat z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e mezi v\u00edce sm\u011brova\u010di. K tomu se na jednom rozhran\u00ed vytvo\u0159\u00ed dv\u011b VRRP skupiny. Jedn\u00e9 skupin\u011b se nastav\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed priorita ne\u017e druh\u00e9. P\u0159itom na druh\u00e9m sm\u011brova\u010di se priorita nastav\u00ed opa\u010dn\u011b. Tzn. pokud na jednom sm\u011brova\u010di je priorita prvn\u00ed skupiny 100, a druh\u00e9 skupiny 200, pak na druh\u00e9m sm\u011brova\u010di bude priorita prvn\u00ed skupiny 200, a druh\u00e9 100. <\/p>\n
Jak bylo zm\u00edn\u011bno d\u0159\u00edve, v ka\u017ed\u00e9 skupin\u011b by m\u011bl b\u00fdt unik\u00e1tn\u00ed VIP. V\u00fdsledkem je z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed dvou IP adres, obsluhovan\u00fdch dv\u011bma routery, z nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee slou\u017eit jako v\u00fdchoz\u00ed br\u00e1na. <\/p>\n
\"Princip
\nPolovin\u011b po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f je p\u0159i\u0159azena jedna adresa v\u00fdchoz\u00ed br\u00e1ny, druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b jin\u00e1. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem polovina provozu bude proudit p\u0159es jeden router, zat\u00edmco druh\u00e1 polovina p\u0159es druh\u00fd. P\u0159i selh\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho z router\u016f p\u0159evezme druh\u00fd pr\u00e1ci obou VIP.<\/p>\n
\"Princip
\nTak VRRP umo\u017e\u0148uje organizovat vysokou dostupnost v\u00fdchoz\u00ed br\u00e1ny, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se zvy\u0161uje spolehlivost s\u00edt\u011b. A v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pou\u017eit\u00ed v\u00edce virtu\u00e1ln\u00edch router\u016f lze tak\u00e9 vyva\u017eovat z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e mezi skute\u010dn\u00fdmi routery. Doba reakce na selh\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt sn\u00ed\u017eena zkr\u00e1cen\u00edm \u010dasova\u010d\u016f.
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
FHRP (First Hop Redundancy Protocol) \u2014 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0437\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u041e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043c IP \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043c. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 IP \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u0421\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol). […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":25663,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34006","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Princip fungov\u00e1n\u00ed protokolu VRRP | ProHoster","description":"FHRP (First Hop Redundancy Protocol) \u2013 rodina protokol\u016f ur\u010den\u00e1 ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed redundantnosti v\u00fdchoz\u00ed 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