{"id":34162,"date":"2019-10-31T21:56:44","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:56:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/izbavlyaemsya-ot-straha-pered-pervym-trudoustrojstvom\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:56:44","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:56:44","slug":"izbavlyaemsya-ot-straha-pered-pervym-trudoustrojstvom","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/izbavlyaemsya-ot-straha-pered-pervym-trudoustrojstvom","title":{"rendered":"Zbavujeme se strachu z prvn\u00edho zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Zbavujeme se strachu z prvn\u00edho zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/e5efdea0680359fa4ef34c47afc27c1c.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Z\u00e1b\u011br z filmu \u201eHarry Potter a v\u011bze\u0148 z Azkabanu\u201c<\/i><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Probl\u00e9m tohoto sv\u011bta spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee vzd\u011blan\u00ed lid\u00e9 jsou pln\u00ed pochybnost\u00ed, zat\u00edmco idioti jsou pln\u00ed jistoty.<\/p>\n<p>Charles Bukowski<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> Ned\u00e1vno jsem vedl dal\u0161\u00ed individu\u00e1ln\u00ed lekci programov\u00e1n\u00ed. Na rozd\u00edl od b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch hodin se t\u00e9matem nestala konstrukce jazyka ani probl\u00e9m p\u0159i \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed \u00fakolu. Student se pod\u011blil o sv\u00e9 obavy ohledn\u011b budouc\u00edho zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed. S\u00e1m \u017e\u00e1k byl docela bystr\u00fd. Jeden z t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00ed na kurzy, projdou cel\u00fdm programem nejrychleji a s origin\u00e1ln\u00edmi \u0159e\u0161en\u00edmi, ale neust\u00e1le se up\u0159\u00edmn\u011b podce\u0148uj\u00ed. Podle m\u00e9ho n\u00e1zoru takov\u00e9 pochybnosti vznikaj\u00ed pouze z nedostatku informac\u00ed. Tento nedostatek jsem se sna\u017eil vyplnit improvizovan\u011b b\u011bhem lekce.<\/p>\n<p>Ot\u00e1zky zn\u011bly p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b takto:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ka\u017ed\u00fd rok z vysok\u00fdch \u0161kol vych\u00e1zej\u00ed tis\u00edce student\u016f a v\u0161ichni se vyd\u00e1vaj\u00ed hledat pr\u00e1ci. To je p\u0159ece hodn\u011b lid\u00ed. Ur\u010dit\u011b vezmou ty nejlep\u0161\u00ed, a pro m\u011b u\u017e m\u00edsto nezbyde.<\/li>\n<li>Co kdy\u017e ud\u011bl\u00e1m chybu a hned m\u011b vyhod\u00ed?<\/li>\n<li>Co kdy\u017e b\u011bhem pr\u00e1ce zjist\u00ed, \u017ee jsem hloup\u00fd, a vyhod\u00ed m\u011b?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nTento student nebyl prvn\u00edm \u010dlov\u011bkem, kter\u00e9mu jsem odpov\u00eddal na podobn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky. Tyto obavy se objevuj\u00ed u mnoha lid\u00ed a obvykle o nich mus\u00edm mluvit bez p\u0159\u00edpravy. Tentokr\u00e1t jsem se rozhodl zaznamenat sv\u016fj monolog do pozn\u00e1mkov\u00e9ho bloku. Myslel jsem, \u017ee nap\u00ed\u0161u p\u00e1r odstavc\u016f, ale nakonec to vy\u0161lo na cel\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nV \u010dl\u00e1nku je pops\u00e1n pohled z m\u00e9ho \u00fahlu a vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z m\u00fdch zku\u0161enost\u00ed. Av\u0161ak n\u00e1\u0161 sv\u011bt je velmi r\u016fznorod\u00fd a ve n\u011bm se d\u011bj\u00ed \u00fa\u017easn\u00e9 v\u011bci. Pokud s n\u011b\u010d\u00edm nesouhlas\u00edte nebo je va\u0161e zku\u0161enost jin\u00e1, pros\u00edm, napi\u0161te koment\u00e1\u0159.<\/p>\n<p>\u010cl\u00e1nek byl ps\u00e1n od v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159e pro v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159e. Ale pokud pl\u00e1nujete se v\u011bnovat testov\u00e1n\u00ed, administraci nebo \u010demukoliv jin\u00e9mu v IT, \u010d\u00e1st rad se v\u00e1m tak\u00e9 hod\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>V\u016fbec nenajmou.<\/h3>\n<p>\nKdy\u017e si p\u0159edstav\u00edte, \u017ee ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b mnoho univerzit vychov\u00e1v\u00e1 stovky student\u016f, c\u00edt\u00edte se nekomfortn\u011b. Jak konkurovat tak obrovsk\u00e9 masu?<\/p>\n<p>Bohu\u017eel, ne v\u0161ichni absolventi maj\u00ed dostate\u010dn\u00e9 technick\u00e9 znalosti. Zkuste se zeptat n\u011bjak\u00e9ho zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho studenta z univerzity: jak se lid\u00e9 v jeho skupin\u011b dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed k zkou\u0161k\u00e1m z p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f jako \"datab\u00e1ze\" nebo \"z\u00e1klady algoritmizace a programov\u00e1n\u00ed\"? Ve skupin\u011b o 30 lidech se v nejlep\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b najdou 3\u20135 \"pokro\u010dil\u00fdch\" student\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed skute\u010dn\u011b v\u0161echno zvl\u00e1dli sami. Ostatn\u00ed prost\u011b opisuj\u00ed od nich, memoruj\u00ed odpov\u011bdi na ot\u00e1zky a skl\u00e1daj\u00ed zkou\u0161ky.<\/p>\n<p>Tak to bylo, kdy\u017e jsem studoval j\u00e1 s\u00e1m. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b moje zku\u0161enost mohla b\u00fdt nereprezentativn\u00ed. Proto jsem tuto ot\u00e1zku polo\u017eil n\u011bkolika r\u016fzn\u00fdm student\u016fm. Odpov\u011b\u010f byla zhruba stejn\u00e1. Odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed byli z r\u016fzn\u00fdch vysok\u00fdch \u0161kol a kolegi\u00ed. \u00davahy o p\u0159\u00ed\u010din\u00e1ch ponech\u00e1m mimo tento \u010dl\u00e1nek. Na plnohodnotn\u00fd v\u00fdzkum mi nezb\u00fdv\u00e1 s\u00edla, proto u\u010din\u00edm z\u00e1v\u011br z dostupn\u00fdch fakt\u016f. <\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Mezi stovkami absolvent\u016f p\u0159edstavuje pouze n\u011bkolik des\u00edtek zaj\u00edmavost pro zam\u011bstnavatele.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> Jen m\u00e1lo absolvent\u016f dok\u00e1\u017ee vytvo\u0159it skute\u010dnou konkurenci pro schopn\u00e9ho studenta s dobr\u00fdm vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00edm. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, pokud jste se i piln\u011b u\u010dili, po prvn\u00edm pohovoru v\u00e1s pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nevyberou. Po druh\u00e9m, asi tak\u00e9 ne. V\u0161echno se m\u016f\u017ee vyvinout dob\u0159e, av\u0161ak je lep\u0161\u00ed se p\u0159ipravit ne na \u00fatok, ale na obl\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed. Ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd pokus o zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed je pouze d\u016fvodem k tomu, abyste se zamysleli nad chybami a zkusili to znovu. O p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b na pohovory nebudu hovo\u0159it. Na toto t\u00e9ma u\u017e bylo na internetu naps\u00e1no spousta. \u0158eknu jen, \u017ee v pr\u016fb\u011bhu pohovor\u016f existuj\u00ed nuance, na kter\u00e9 ve va\u0161em studijn\u00edm programu pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nebyl \u010das. Hledejte tyto informace sami, mohou v\u00e1m zkr\u00e1tit po\u010det pokus\u016f.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u0160\u00edlenstv\u00ed je p\u0159esn\u00e9 opakov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00e9\u017ee akce. Znovu a znovu, v nad\u011bji na zm\u011bnu.<\/p>\n<p>Albert Einstein<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> Aby se absolvov\u00e1n\u00ed pohovor\u016f nestalo \u0161\u00edlenstv\u00edm, je t\u0159eba po ka\u017ed\u00e9m nov\u00e9m pokusu se zlep\u0161it. Pamatujte si nebo si zaznamen\u00e1vejte ot\u00e1zky, kter\u00e9 v\u00e1m byly polo\u017eeny b\u011bhem pohovoru. Po n\u00e1vratu dom\u016f si tento seznam projd\u011bte a ov\u011b\u0159te se pomoc\u00ed internetu. Tak pochop\u00edte, kde jste se m\u00fdlili vy, a kde \u2014 dotazuj\u00edc\u00ed. N\u011bco takov\u00e9ho se tak\u00e9 st\u00e1v\u00e1. Opakujte nebo nastudujte t\u00e9mata, na kter\u00e1 jste \u0161patn\u011b odpov\u011bd\u011bli, a zkuste to znovu.<\/p>\n<p>Krom\u011b toho existuje v\u00fdrazn\u00e1 sez\u00f3nnost na trhu pr\u00e1ce. Chytr\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti pl\u00e1nuj\u00ed n\u00e1bor s ohledem na data absolvov\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161kol. Na ja\u0159e je v\u00edce voln\u00fdch m\u00edst pro nov\u00e1\u010dky ne\u017e v ostatn\u00edch obdob\u00edch. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b tak\u00e9 konkurence je v tomto obdob\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h4>Hloup\u00e9ho \u2014 propust\u00ed.<\/h4>\n<p><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Kdy\u017e zam\u011bstn\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka bez zku\u0161enost\u00ed, existuj\u00ed odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> Od nov\u00e1\u010dka v pr\u00e1ci se o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Znalost obecn\u00e9ho technick\u00e9ho z\u00e1kladu.<\/li>\n<li>Studium specifik p\u0159edm\u011btu spole\u010dnosti.<\/li>\n<li>Osvojen\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f a praktik.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nV n\u011bkter\u00fdch organizac\u00edch se pro nov\u00e1\u010dky organizuj\u00ed \u0161kolen\u00ed o pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch technologi\u00edch, n\u00e1stroj\u00edch a m\u00edstn\u00edch zvyklostech. Nap\u0159\u00edklad pravidla slu\u0161n\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159i pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed firemn\u00edho e-mailu, postup zm\u011bny dokument\u016f na wikipedii, m\u00edstn\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tnosti pr\u00e1ce s VCS a chybn\u00fdm trackovac\u00edm syst\u00e9mem.<\/p>\n<p>Existuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 technick\u00e9 \u00favodn\u00ed kurzy, ale jejich u\u017eite\u010dnost je sporn\u00e1. Pokud do\u0161lo k zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed, znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee zam\u011bstnavatel\u00e9 se p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dili, \u017ee m\u00e1te n\u011bjakou dostate\u010dnou \u00farove\u0148 znalost\u00ed. Nejl\u00e9pe je takov\u00e9 kurzy prost\u011b proj\u00edt sv\u011bdomit\u011b jako malou formalitu. Mo\u017en\u00e1 v nich skute\u010dn\u011b bude n\u011bco u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n<p>Kdy\u017e za\u010dnete pracovat, pamatujte, \u017ee nov\u00e1\u010dkovi ur\u010dit\u011b nep\u0159id\u011bl\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed nal\u00e9hav\u00e9ho, slo\u017eit\u00e9ho a z\u00e1rove\u0148 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9ho \u00fakolu. Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b bude m\u00edt jen jednu z t\u011bchto vlastnost\u00ed. Bu\u010f jednoduch\u00e9, ale nal\u00e9hav\u00e9: opravit rozvr\u017een\u00ed, p\u0159eposlat n\u011bkomu n\u011bjak\u00fd soubor, reprodukovat probl\u00e9m. Nebo slo\u017eit\u00e9, ale bez \u0161ance na dokon\u010den\u00ed \u2014 jen proto, aby nov\u00e1\u010dek nasb\u00edral co nejv\u00edc zku\u0161enost\u00ed. Nebo d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, ale experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad projekt, kter\u00fd v\u0161ichni d\u00e1vno cht\u011bj\u00ed, ale nemohou vy\u010dlenit \u010das na realizaci.<\/p>\n<p>\u00dakoly pro osvojen\u00ed n\u00e1stroj\u016f budou \"slo\u017eit\u00fdmi\" a um\u011bl\u00fdmi. Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b to bude zjednodu\u0161en\u00e1 verze hlavn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu. V podobn\u00fdch \u00faloh\u00e1ch se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 stejn\u00fd technologick\u00fd stack a stejn\u00e9 term\u00edny z oblasti jako v cel\u00e9m projektu. P\u0159itom v\u00fdsledek proveden\u00ed nebude p\u0159ed\u00e1n koncov\u00e9mu u\u017eivateli. To m\u016f\u017ee demotivovat, ale tomuto pocitu je lep\u0161\u00ed odolat. Um\u011bl\u00fd \u00fakol je pot\u0159eba vykon\u00e1vat sv\u011bdomit\u011b, jako by od n\u011bj z\u00e1visela budoucnost projektu.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>V\u00fdsledek vy\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed va\u0161\u00ed prvn\u00ed \u00falohy vytvo\u0159\u00ed prvn\u00ed dojem o v\u00e1s u koleg\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed nebyli na pohovoru.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> Dal\u0161\u00ed variantou \u00falohy pro osvojen\u00ed si n\u00e1stroj\u016f je \"spustit projekt na lok\u00e1ln\u00edm po\u010d\u00edta\u010di\/testovac\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed\". N\u011bkdy je tento proces pops\u00e1n v pokynech. Ale ty jsou obvykle zastaral\u00e9 a m\u00edsty neaktu\u00e1ln\u00ed. M\u016f\u017eete p\u0159in\u00e9st skute\u010dn\u00fd p\u0159\u00ednos projektu, pokud nap\u00ed\u0161ete nov\u00e9 pokyny s up\u0159esn\u011bn\u00edmi k vznikl\u00fdm probl\u00e9m\u016fm. Ur\u010dit\u011b jste na vysok\u00e9 \u0161kole psali RGR pro zpr\u00e1vu o n\u011bjak\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011btech. Tady je to t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 to sam\u00e9. V dokumentu by m\u011bly b\u00fdt uvedeny kroky, kter\u00e9 je t\u0159eba prov\u00e9st pro spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Obvykle jsou kroky pro spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed produktu na testovac\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b takov\u00e9to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>klonovat repozit\u00e1\u0159, p\u0159epnout se na n\u011bjakou v\u011btev nebo tag<\/li>\n<li>vyhotovit n\u011bjak\u00fd konfigura\u010dn\u00ed soubor<\/li>\n<li>p\u0159ipravit strukturu datab\u00e1ze<\/li>\n<li>naplnit ji testovac\u00edmi daty<\/li>\n<li>prov\u00e9st sestaven\u00ed nebo kompilaci projektu,<\/li>\n<li>spustit sadu konzolov\u00fdch skript\u016f v ur\u010dit\u00e9 sekvenci<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>P\u0159i spou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed syst\u00e9mu lok\u00e1ln\u011b nevyhnuteln\u011b vzniknou nep\u0159edv\u00eddan\u00e9 probl\u00e9my.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> Nalezen\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9m\u016f je t\u0159eba doplnit do pokyn\u016f k nasazen\u00ed. Pak p\u0159i dal\u0161\u00edm n\u00e1sledov\u00e1n\u00ed pokyn\u016f tyto probl\u00e9my ji\u017e nebudou vznikat. P\u0159i vypl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed konfigura\u010dn\u00edch soubor\u016f a vol\u00e1n\u00ed skript\u016f je t\u0159eba v\u011bnovat pozornost tomu, jak\u00e1 hodnota se kde pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 a s \u010d\u00edm by m\u011bla korespondovat. Nap\u0159\u00edklad pokud je projekt sestaven pomoc\u00ed CI syst\u00e9mu a n\u00e1sledn\u011b spu\u0161t\u011bn skriptem, je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pochopit, kam napsat n\u00e1zev v\u011btve nebo \u010d\u00edslo commitu. N\u011bkdy skript p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 p\u0159ed\u00e1n\u00ed <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/lir\/ipv4\/\"   title=\"IP adres\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"627\">IP adres<\/a> nebo DNS n\u00e1zvu datab\u00e1ze, jej\u00edho u\u017eivatelsk\u00e9ho jm\u00e9na a hesla. V tom p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je t\u0159eba v\u011bd\u011bt, jakou adresu pou\u017e\u00edt pro testovac\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed, jak\u00e1 tam jsou u\u017eivatelsk\u00e1 jm\u00e9na a jak\u00e1 hesla je t\u0159eba uv\u00e9st.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>N\u011bkter\u00e9 \u00falohy se mohou zd\u00e1t jednoduch\u00e9 pro zku\u0161en\u00e9 v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159e a vyvol\u00e1vat pot\u00ed\u017ee u st\u00e1\u017eist\u016f. To je norm\u00e1ln\u00ed jev.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> V\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159i se ka\u017ed\u00fd den pot\u00fdkaj\u00ed s technick\u00fdmi probl\u00e9my. Zku\u0161en\u00ed zam\u011bstnanci ji\u017e mnoh\u00e9 z t\u011bchto probl\u00e9m\u016f vy\u0159e\u0161ili, zat\u00edmco nov\u00e1\u010dk\u016fm teprve z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1, aby se s nimi vypo\u0159\u00e1dali. Nejlep\u0161\u00ed taktikou bude zaznamen\u00e1vat v\u0161echny pot\u00ed\u017ee do dokumentu \u201e\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9m\u016f s ${n\u00e1zev \u00fakolu}\u201c. Pro ka\u017ed\u00fd probl\u00e9m je pot\u0159eba formulovat hypot\u00e9zu o p\u0159\u00ed\u010din\u011b, vyhledat na internetu mo\u017en\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed a postupn\u011b je vyzkou\u0161et. V\u00fdsledek ka\u017ed\u00e9ho pokusu je tak\u00e9 pot\u0159eba zaznamenat.<\/p>\n<p>Seps\u00e1n\u00ed va\u0161ich pozn\u00e1mek do dokumentu v\u00e1m umo\u017en\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>vyl\u00edt z hlavy drobn\u00e9 detaily. Nap\u0159\u00edklad konfigura\u010dn\u00ed parametry, DNS\/IP adresy, p\u0159\u00edkazov\u00e9 \u0159\u00e1dky a SQL dotazy.<\/li>\n<li>vzpom\u00ednat na to, \u201eco jsem d\u011blal v\u010dera\u201c, kdy\u017e \u00fakol trv\u00e1 n\u011bkolik dn\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>nebloudit dokola. V\u017edy si budete moci p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst, co jste d\u011blali d\u0159\u00edve, a pochopit, \u017ee jste se vr\u00e1tili k p\u016fvodn\u00edmu probl\u00e9mu.<\/li>\n<li>jasn\u011b odpov\u011bd\u011bt na ot\u00e1zku: \u201eco jsi dnes ud\u011blal?\u201c i kdy\u017e hotov\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed zat\u00edm neexistuje.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Mus\u00edte um\u011bt sd\u011blovat stav sv\u00fdch \u00fakol\u016f koleg\u016fm.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nPravideln\u011b se kolegov\u00e9 budou zaj\u00edmat o va\u0161e \u00fasp\u011bchy a sd\u00edlet sv\u00e9. Na to se denn\u011b nebo ka\u017ed\u00fd t\u00fdden vyhrazuje trochu \u010dasu.<\/p>\n<p>Pokud nesledujete narazily a vy\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9 probl\u00e9my, v\u00e1\u0161 popis \u00fasp\u011bch\u016f bude vypadat jako: \u201eSna\u017eil jsem se splnit \u00fakol, ale neda\u0159\u00ed se mi. Zat\u00edm hled\u00e1m \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed.\u201c Z takov\u00e9ho vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed nen\u00ed jasn\u00e9, zda st\u00e1\u017eista n\u011bco d\u011blal, nebo jen sed\u011bl a \u010detl na internetov\u00e9m port\u00e1lu. Pot\u0159ebuje pomoc? Zm\u011bnila se situace od v\u010derej\u0161ka?<\/p>\n<p>Pokud budete m\u00edt dokument s hled\u00e1n\u00edm \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, m\u016f\u017eete \u0159\u00edci: \u201esna\u017e\u00edm se splnit tento \u00fakol. M\u011bl jsem takov\u00e9 chyby. N\u011bkter\u00e9 jsem vy\u0159e\u0161il t\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem. S t\u00edmto jsem se je\u0161t\u011b nevyrovnal. M\u00e1m takov\u00e9 hypot\u00e9zy a mo\u017enosti \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. Te\u010f je ov\u011b\u0159uji.\u201c<\/p>\n<p>Pokud je \u00fakol n\u011bjak m\u011b\u0159iteln\u00fd, m\u011bl by ve stavu zn\u00edt \u010d\u00edsla. Nap\u0159\u00edklad pro \u00fakol \u201enapsat jednotkov\u00e9 testy pro modul\u201c m\u016f\u017eete \u0159\u00edci: \u201epl\u00e1nuji ud\u011blat 20 test\u016f, zat\u00edm jsem napsal 10.\u201c<\/p>\n<p>\u010c\u00edm v\u00edce podrobnost\u00ed sd\u011bl\u00edte, t\u00edm l\u00e9pe va\u0161i kolegov\u00e9 pochop\u00ed, co jste d\u011blali. To u koleg\u016f vytvo\u0159\u00ed pozitivn\u00ed dojem a umo\u017en\u00ed jim pochopit, zda pot\u0159ebujete pomoc nebo ne.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Nebojte se po\u017e\u00e1dat o pomoc.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> V\u00fd\u0161e jsem psal, \u017ee kdy\u017e se objev\u00ed probl\u00e9m, m\u011bli byste formulovat hypot\u00e9zu o jeho p\u0159\u00ed\u010din\u00e1ch a mo\u017en\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. N\u011bkdy se v\u0161ak stane, \u017ee hypot\u00e9zy se nepotvrd\u00ed a samostatn\u011b nalezen\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed nefunguj\u00ed. V takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je lep\u0161\u00ed po\u017e\u00e1dat o pomoc. Abychom nezahlcovali pozornost koleg\u016f, m\u011bli bychom si nad ka\u017ed\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem nejprve posed\u011bt sami. Pokud se b\u011bhem p\u00e1r hodin nepoda\u0159\u00ed naj\u00edt \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, je \u010das hledat radu u zku\u0161en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch koleg\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Nejl\u00e9pe za\u010d\u00edt ot\u00e1zkou: \u201enarazil u\u017e n\u011bkdo na tento probl\u00e9m?\u201c s kr\u00e1tk\u00fdm popisem situace. Je dobr\u00e9 p\u0159ilo\u017eit \u010d\u00e1st zpr\u00e1vy o chyb\u011b nebo screenshot. Toto sd\u011blen\u00ed je nejlep\u0161\u00ed poslat poprv\u00e9 do n\u011bjak\u00e9ho obecn\u00e9ho pracovn\u00edho chatu. Takto neodv\u00e1d\u00edte pozornost t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou opravdu zam\u011bstnan\u00ed. Voln\u00ed kolegov\u00e9 tak uvid\u00ed va\u0161i zpr\u00e1vu a mohou pomoci.<\/p>\n<p>Pokud po zpr\u00e1v\u011b v obecn\u00e9m chatu nikdo nepom\u016f\u017ee, zkuste chytit zku\u0161en\u00e9ho kolegu b\u011bhem p\u0159est\u00e1vky: na ob\u011bd, p\u0159i cest\u011b pro \u010daj\/k\u00e1vu, b\u011bhem tenisov\u00e9 partie nebo p\u0159i cigaret\u011b. Pokud se to nepovede, informujte o sv\u00fdch pot\u00ed\u017e\u00edch na poradu nebo stand-upu.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159i \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f t\u00edm to skon\u010d\u00ed. Pokud je v\u0161ak probl\u00e9m nov\u00fd, za\u010dne vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed, kde bude t\u0159eba jednat dle okolnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>\u201eD\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9\u201c \u00fakoly pro nov\u00e1\u010dky, kter\u00e9 pot\u0159ebuje koncov\u00fd u\u017eivatel, budou nudn\u00e9 a mal\u00e9. Nap\u0159\u00edklad \u201ep\u0159idat dal\u0161\u00ed sloupec do zpr\u00e1vy\u201c nebo \u201eopravit tiskovou chybu\u201c nebo \u201erealizovat metodu modelu pro na\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed atribut\u016f klienta z DBMS\u201c. C\u00edlem t\u011bchto \u00fakol\u016f je, aby se nov\u00e1\u010dek sezn\u00e1mil s oborem a zapojil se do ka\u017edodenn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 nejen technicky vy\u0159e\u0161it \u00fakol, ale tak\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it znalosti v dan\u00e9m oboru.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> V popisu \u00fakolu, v chatech a konverzac\u00edch se budou objevovat term\u00edny. Ty mohou vypadat jako dlouho zn\u00e1m\u00e9 podstatn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b v r\u00e1mci informa\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu maj\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed, p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed smysl. Nejl\u00e9pe je zaznamenat v\u00fdznam nalezen\u00fdch term\u00edn\u016f do speci\u00e1ln\u00edho dokumentu \u2014 slovn\u00edku term\u00edn\u016f. P\u0159i p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed do slovn\u00edku sta\u010d\u00ed napsat sv\u00e9 pochopen\u00ed slova, a pro skute\u010dn\u00e9 objasn\u011bn\u00ed je lep\u0161\u00ed se obr\u00e1tit na analytika. Pokud nen\u00ed k dispozici, tak na pam\u011btn\u00edky projektu. Veden\u00ed slovn\u00edku term\u00edn\u016f je jedn\u00edm z nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00edch zp\u016fsob\u016f, jak se p\u0159ipojit k tematick\u00e9 oblasti projektu.<\/p>\n<p>Jakmile najdete spole\u010dnou \u0159e\u010d s kolegy, za\u010dnou v\u00e1s vn\u00edmat ne jako nov\u00e1\u010dka-st\u00e1\u017eistu, ale jako sob\u011b rovn\u00e9ho specialistu.<\/p>\n<p>Existuj\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed \u00fakoly, nap\u0159\u00edklad \u201enapsat jednotkov\u00e9 testy na modul\u201c. Na nich nen\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee byste se na dlouho zasekli s hled\u00e1n\u00edm \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. P\u0159itom jsou dost v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 a nejsou ur\u010deny pouze pro vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed st\u00e1\u017eisty. Napsan\u00e9 testy zvy\u0161uj\u00ed stabilitu projektu t\u00edm, \u017ee sni\u017euj\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed chyb v aplikaci a zkracuj\u00ed \u010das pot\u0159ebn\u00fd na testov\u00e1n\u00ed lidmi. V ide\u00e1ln\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b se jednotkov\u00e9 testy p\u00ed\u0161\u00ed hned b\u011bhem v\u00fdvoje, ale realita je v\u017edy jin\u00e1. N\u011bkdy v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159 modulu dr\u017e\u00ed v\u0161echno v hlav\u011b a nevid\u00ed pot\u0159ebu je ps\u00e1t. \u201eV\u0161echno je samoz\u0159ejm\u00e9, co tady testovat?\u201c N\u011bkdy se moduly p\u00ed\u0161\u00ed v hektick\u00e9m re\u017eimu a na jednotkov\u00e9 testy nen\u00ed \u010das. Tak\u017ee v re\u00e1ln\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b jednotkov\u00e9 testy nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt. Proto se \u00fakol na naps\u00e1n\u00ed jednotkov\u00fdch test\u016f sv\u011b\u0159uje nov\u00e1\u010dkovi. Tak se st\u00e1\u017eista m\u016f\u017ee rychleji zorientovat v projektu, a projekt m\u016f\u017ee u\u0161et\u0159it \u010das dr\u00e1\u017ee placen\u00fdch specialist\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>N\u011bkdy se st\u00e1\u017eist\u016fm a nov\u00e1\u010dk\u016fm p\u0159id\u011bluje role plnohodnotn\u00fdch tester\u016f. Obvykle je p\u0159edt\u00edm pot\u0159eba rozvinout produkt lok\u00e1ln\u011b a p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst si po\u017eadavky. Od nov\u00e9ho zam\u011bstnance se o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>ot\u00e1zky jako \u201ekdy\u017e to ud\u011bl\u00e1m takto, vyjde to takto. V po\u017eadavc\u00edch to nen\u00ed. Jak to m\u00e1 b\u00fdt?\u201c<\/li>\n<li>\u00fakoly v bug-trackeru \u201ev po\u017eadavc\u00edch je naps\u00e1no takto, ale ve skute\u010dnosti je to jinak.\u201c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nTestov\u00e1n\u00ed je p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 oblast pro tento \u010dl\u00e1nek. Pokud v\u00e1m byla p\u0159id\u011blena podobn\u00e1 \u00faloha, hledejte na internetu, jak ji nejl\u00e9pe vykon\u00e1vat.<\/p>\n<h4>Ud\u011bl\u00e1\u0161 chybu \u2014 vyhod\u00ed t\u011b.<\/h4>\n<p>\nVe norm\u00e1ln\u00ed organizaci, pokud by se n\u00e1hodou stalo, \u017ee nezku\u0161en\u00fd zam\u011bstnanec z\u00edsk\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edstup k n\u011b\u010demu kritick\u00e9mu a n\u011bco pokaz\u00ed, pak bude vina na tom, kdo to umo\u017enil. Proto\u017ee nov\u00e1\u010dek nem\u00e1 v\u00fdchoz\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup k kritick\u00e9 infrastruktu\u0159e. P\u0159i adekv\u00e1tn\u00edm veden\u00ed se nesm\u011bj\u00ed v\u0161ichni hn\u011bvat na nezku\u0161en\u00e9ho st\u00e1\u017eistu.<\/p>\n<p>Pokud by se n\u00e1hodou n\u011bco stalo, nebudou v\u00e1s vyhazovat kv\u016fli jednomu incidentu. Lid\u00e9 se u\u010d\u00ed z chyb. Chybuj\u00edc\u00ed st\u00e1\u017eista obdr\u017eel cennou lekci a t\u00edm se v\u00fdrazn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed od ostatn\u00edch st\u00e1\u017eist\u016f. Pokud byste vyhodili chybuj\u00edc\u00edho, na jeho m\u00edsto p\u0159ijde n\u011bkdo jin\u00fd a pak ud\u011bl\u00e1 stejnou chybu.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Hlavn\u00ed je u\u010dit se z chyb a u\u017e je nezopakovat.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nPokud se v\u0161ak \u010dlov\u011bk nepou\u010d\u00ed ze sv\u00fdch chyb, pokus\u00ed se s n\u00edm rozlou\u010dit. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b sv\u011bt je r\u016fznorod\u00fd. V n\u011bjak\u00e9 gangstersk\u00e9 organizaci by jej mohli hned vyhodit z okna za prvn\u00ed chybu. Ale je lep\u0161\u00ed se takov\u00fdm firm\u00e1m vyhnout, co\u017e lze p\u0159edem zjistit nebo se dozv\u011bd\u011bt v\u00edce b\u011bhem pohovoru.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Incident\u016fm je lep\u0161\u00ed se vyhnout.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> I kdy\u017e v\u00e1s osobn\u011b nevyhod\u00ed za chybu, takov\u00fd incident p\u0159inese ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed probl\u00e9my va\u0161emu t\u00fdmu a projektu jako celku. Bu\u010fte proto obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 opatrn\u00ed p\u0159i operac\u00edch smaz\u00e1n\u00ed nebo vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed tabulek v datab\u00e1zi, soubor\u016f, instanc\u00ed slu\u017eeb a dokument\u016f v projektov\u00e9 znalostn\u00ed b\u00e1zi. Pokud naraz\u00edte na adresu nov\u00e9ho p\u0159ipojen\u00ed, ujist\u011bte se, \u017ee se alespo\u0148 od dvou r\u016fzn\u00fdch lid\u00ed zjist\u00edte, co tam lze d\u011blat. Kontrolujte sv\u00e1 pr\u00e1va v prost\u0159ed\u00edch nikoli metodou pokus\u016f a omyl\u016f, ale pomoc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edkaz\u016f. Nap\u0159\u00edklad pr\u00e1va na maz\u00e1n\u00ed soubor\u016f pomoc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edkazu `ls`, pr\u00e1va na pr\u00e1ci s tabulkami v MySQL pomoc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edkazu `SHOW GRANTS FOR &#8216;user&#8217;@&#8217;host&#8217;;` a podobn\u011b. Prakticky v jak\u00e9mkoli n\u00e1stroji budete m\u00edt podobnou mo\u017enost.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159i \u00faprav\u011b soubor\u016f si pro jistotu v\u017edy uchovejte kopii origin\u00e1lu.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Mezi st\u00e1\u017eistou a koncov\u00fdm u\u017eivatelsk\u00fdm se buduje n\u011bkolik p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eek.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> Kdybyste mohli ihned p\u0159edat sv\u016fj produkt spot\u0159ebiteli, nemuseli byste se zam\u011bstn\u00e1vat, ale mohli byste se pustit do \u201esvobodn\u00e9ho plav\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c. Ale dokud nem\u00e1te tuto mo\u017enost (a z\u00e1rove\u0148 odpov\u011bdnost), mus\u00edte proj\u00edt n\u011bkolika kontroln\u00edmi f\u00e1zemi v projektu.<br \/>\nPrvn\u00edm krokem je hodnocen\u00ed mentorem. Ten posuzuje \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed nov\u00e1\u010dka z technick\u00e9ho hlediska. Pokud nebyl mentor p\u0159id\u011blen, je t\u0159eba ho naj\u00edt. K tomu sta\u010d\u00ed vybrat n\u011bkoho ze star\u0161\u00edch \u010dlen\u016f projektu a b\u011bhem p\u0159est\u00e1vky ho po\u017e\u00e1dat, aby se na \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed pod\u00edval: je \u00fakol spr\u00e1vn\u011b vy\u0159e\u0161en? Pokud za\u010dne koukat a odpov\u00eddat, mentor je nalezen. Pokud ignoruje, je dobr\u00e9 se zeptat je\u0161t\u011b n\u011bkoho jin\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00ed f\u00e1z\u00ed je zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed kvality. V \u010de\u0161tin\u011b \u2013 teste\u0159i. Hovorov\u011b \u2013 normokontrola a OTK. Ti mus\u00ed zajistit, \u017ee v\u00fdsledek pr\u00e1ce st\u00e1\u017eisty odpov\u00edd\u00e1 zad\u00e1n\u00ed. Z\u0159\u00eddka se budou hloub\u011bji zab\u00fdvat k\u00f3dem. Nej\u010dast\u011bji teste\u0159i budou kontrolovat hotov\u00fd projekt, kter\u00fd v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159 ukl\u00e1d\u00e1 do syst\u00e9mu spr\u00e1vy verz\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>T\u0159et\u00ed f\u00e1ze \u2013 release manager. M\u016f\u017ee se st\u00e1t, \u017ee na tuto \u00falohu nebude vy\u010dlen\u011bn\u00e1 zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed osoba, ale p\u0159esto tuto roli n\u011bkdo pln\u00ed. Kontroluje, zda teste\u0159i potvrdili, \u017ee projekt m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt uvoln\u011bn. Pot\u00e9 provede kroky k dod\u00e1n\u00ed produktu koncov\u00fdm u\u017eivatel\u016fm.<br \/>\nV men\u0161\u00edch organizac\u00edch tyto bari\u00e9ry mohou z r\u016fzn\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f chyb\u011bt. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, nov\u00e1\u010dkovi nedaj\u00ed \u00fakol ke zm\u011bn\u011b n\u011b\u010deho d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9ho. Proto\u017ee ten risk nikdo nechce.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Nejd\u0159\u00edve je pot\u0159eba se vrhnout do boje, a pak se uvid\u00ed.<br \/>\nNapoleon Bonaparte<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> Douf\u00e1m, \u017ee v\u00e1m tento \u010dl\u00e1nek pom\u016f\u017ee p\u0159ekonat va\u0161i nejistotu a poslat sv\u016fj prvn\u00ed \u017eivotopis. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, mus\u00edte se p\u0159edem p\u0159ipravit. Ale net\u0159eba to p\u0159eh\u00e1n\u011bt. Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b jste u\u017e n\u011bkolik let studovali na vysok\u00e9 \u0161kole nebo na koleji. Kam d\u00e1l to zdr\u017eovat? Nakonec je lep\u0161\u00ed jednou sly\u0161et \u201ene\u201c od specialisty a opravit chyby, ne\u017e ka\u017ed\u00fd den \u0159\u00edkat \u201ene\u201c s\u00e1m sob\u011b a zastavit se v profesn\u00edm r\u016fstu.<\/p>\n<p>Po nalezen\u00ed zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 soust\u0159edit se na to, abyste se p\u0159em\u011bnili ze st\u00e1\u017eisty na plnohodnotn\u00e9ho \u010dlena t\u00fdmu. Tento r\u016fst obvykle doprov\u00e1z\u00ed zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed va\u0161\u00ed mzdy.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159eji trp\u011blivost a vytrvalost.<\/p>\n<p class=\"for_users_only_msg\">Pouze registrovan\u00ed u\u017eivatel\u00e9 se mohou \u00fa\u010dastnit ankety. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/auth\/login\/\">P\u0159ihlaste se<\/a><\/noindex>, pros\u00edm.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"default-block__polling-title\">Jak\u00e9 byly va\u0161e prvn\u00ed \u00fakoly na va\u0161\u00ed prvn\u00ed pr\u00e1ci v IT?<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"content-list content-list_polling\">\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    Slo\u017eit\u00e9<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    Urgentn\u00ed<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    \u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd z uveden\u00e9ho<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>    Hlasovalo 75 u\u017eivatel\u016f. Zdr\u017eelo se 20 u\u017eivatel\u016f.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"default-block__polling-title\">Co jste asi d\u011blali na za\u010d\u00e1tku sv\u00e9 prvn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce?<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"content-list content-list_polling\">\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    Instalovat produkt lok\u00e1ln\u011b<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    Testovat st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed produkt<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    Prov\u00e1d\u011bt cvi\u010debn\u00ed, nepravdiv\u00fd \u00fakol<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    Zab\u00fdvat se experiment\u00e1ln\u00edm, skute\u010dn\u00fdm projektem pro klienta<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>    Hlasovalo 63 u\u017eivatel\u016f. Zdr\u017eelo se 25 u\u017eivatel\u016f.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"default-block__polling-title\">Kolik student\u016f ve va\u0161\u00ed skupin\u011b p\u0159i v\u00fduce mohlo samostatn\u011b splnit \u00fakoly z technick\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f?<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"content-list content-list_polling\">\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    1 z 10<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    1 z 5<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    Ka\u017ed\u00fd druh\u00fd<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    V\u0161ichni, s v\u00fdjimkou n\u011bkolika<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>    Hlasovalo 70 u\u017eivatel\u016f. Zdr\u017eelo se 19 u\u017eivatel\u016f.<br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/448444\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041a\u0430\u0434\u0440 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\/\u0444 \u00ab\u0413\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0438 \u041f\u043e\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0438 \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0410\u0437\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0430\u00bb \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0430 \u0438\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044b \u0443\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0427\u0430\u0440\u043b\u044c\u0437 \u0411\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u041d\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u0412 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439, \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438. \u0421\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":25778,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34162","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041a\u0430\u0434\u0440 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\/\u0444 \u00ab\u0413\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0438 \u041f\u043e\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0438 \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" 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