{"id":34631,"date":"2019-10-31T21:59:31","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:59:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/ton-telegram-open-network-chast-2-blokchejny-shardirovanie\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:59:31","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:59:31","slug":"ton-telegram-open-network-chast-2-blokchejny-shardirovanie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/ton-telegram-open-network-chast-2-blokchejny-shardirovanie","title":{"rendered":"TON: Telegram Open Network. \u010c\u00e1st 2: Blockchainy, shardov\u00e1n\u00ed","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"TON: Telegram Open Network. \u010c\u00e1st 2: Blockchainy, shardov\u00e1n\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/e2a24aa1dda6a435e60da257af662853.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Tento text je pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00edm s\u00e9rie \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f, ve kter\u00fdch zkoum\u00e1m strukturu (p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u011b) chystan\u00e9 distribuovan\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b Telegram Open Network (TON), kter\u00e1 by m\u011bla b\u00fdt uvedena na trh letos. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/post\/354366\/\">p\u0159edchoz\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti<\/a><\/noindex> Ona nejz\u00e1kladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u00farove\u0148, na kterou jsem se zam\u011b\u0159il, je zp\u016fsob interakce uzl\u016f mezi sebou.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Pro jistotu p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1m, \u017ee se na v\u00fdvoji t\u00e9to s\u00edt\u011b nijak nepod\u00edl\u00edm a ve\u0161ker\u00fd materi\u00e1l je \u010derp\u00e1n z otev\u0159en\u00e9ho (i kdy\u017e neov\u011b\u0159en\u00e9ho) zdroje \u2014 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/denull.ru\/telegram\/ton-tech.pdf\">dokumentu<\/a><\/noindex> (k n\u011bmu je tak\u00e9 p\u0159ilo\u017een\u00e1 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/denull.ru\/telegram\/ton.pdf\">bro\u017eura<\/a><\/noindex>, kter\u00e1 stru\u010dn\u011b shrnuje hlavn\u00ed body), kter\u00e1 se objevila na konci lo\u0148sk\u00e9ho roku. Rozsah informac\u00ed v tomto dokumentu dle m\u00e9ho n\u00e1zoru nazna\u010duje jeho pravost, a\u010dkoliv neexistuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed potvrzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Dnes se pod\u00edv\u00e1me na hlavn\u00ed komponent TON \u2014 blockchain.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"bazovye-ponyatiya\">Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed pojmy<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00da\u010det<\/strong> (<em>account<\/em>). Sada dat, identifikovan\u00e1 256bitov\u00fdm \u010d\u00edslem, <em>account_id<\/em> (v\u011bt\u0161inou se jedn\u00e1 o ve\u0159ejn\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d majitele \u00fa\u010dtu). V z\u00e1kladn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b (viz n\u00ed\u017ee <em>nulov\u00fd blockchain<\/em>) se t\u011bmito daty rozum\u00ed z\u016fstatek u\u017eivatele. \u201eVz\u00edt\u201c konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed z\u016fstatek m\u016f\u017ee kdokoliv, ale m\u011bnit jeho hodnotu lze jen podle ur\u010dit\u00fdch pravidel. <em>account_id<\/em> smart-contract<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>Chytr\u00fd kontrakt<\/strong> (<em>). V podstat\u011b se jedn\u00e1 o speci\u00e1ln\u00ed typ \u00fa\u010dtu, kter\u00fd je dopln\u011bn k\u00f3dem smart kontraktu a \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011bm jeho prom\u011bnn\u00fdch. Zat\u00edmco u \u201epen\u011b\u017eenky\u201c m\u016f\u017eete relativn\u011b jednodu\u0161e p\u0159id\u00e1vat a ub\u00edrat pen\u00edze podle p\u0159edem stanoven\u00fdch pravidel, u smart kontraktu jsou tato pravidla zaps\u00e1na v jeho k\u00f3du (v n\u011bjak\u00e9m Turingovsky \u00fapln\u00e9m programovac\u00edm jazyce).<\/em>Stav blockchainu<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>state of blockchain<\/strong> (<em>). Souhrn stav\u016f v\u0161ech \u00fa\u010dt\u016f\/smart kontrakt\u016f (v abstraktn\u00edm smyslu \u2014 hashovac\u00ed tabulka, kde kl\u00ed\u010di jsou identifik\u00e1tory \u00fa\u010dt\u016f a hodnotami jsou ulo\u017een\u00e1 data v \u00fa\u010dtech).<\/em>). U\u017e jsem pou\u017eil v\u00fdrazy \u201ep\u0159idat a ubrat pen\u00edze\u201c \u2014 to je specifick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad zpr\u00e1vy (\u201ep\u0159ev\u00e9st<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>Zpr\u00e1va<\/strong> (<em>zpr\u00e1va<\/em>N gram\u016f <em>z \u00fa\u010dtu<\/em> account_1 <em>na \u00fa\u010det<\/em> account_2 <em>\u201c). Je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee takovou zpr\u00e1vu m\u016f\u017ee poslat pouze uzel, kter\u00fd vlastn\u00ed soukrom\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d \u00fa\u010dtu<\/em>\u2014 a je schopen to potvrdit podpisem. V\u00fdsledkem doru\u010den\u00ed takov\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v oby\u010dejn\u00e9mu \u00fa\u010dtu je zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed jeho z\u016fstatku, zat\u00edmco smart kontraktu \u2014 vykon\u00e1n\u00ed jeho k\u00f3du (kter\u00fd zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159ijet\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy). Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b jsou mo\u017en\u00e9 i dal\u0161\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy (p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161ej\u00edc\u00ed nikoliv pen\u011b\u017en\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stky, ale libovoln\u00e9 \u00fadaje mezi smart kontrakty). <em>na \u00fa\u010det<\/em> transaction<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>Transakce<\/strong> (<em>transakce<\/em>). Fakt doru\u010den\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 transakc\u00ed. Transakce m\u011bn\u00ed stav blockchainu. Pr\u00e1v\u011b z transakc\u00ed (z\u00e1pis\u016f o doru\u010den\u00ed zpr\u00e1v) se skl\u00e1daj\u00ed bloky v blockchainu. V tomto ohledu si lze p\u0159edstavit stav blockchainu jako inkrement\u00e1ln\u00ed datab\u00e1zi \u2014 v\u0161echny bloky jsou \u201edif\u00edky\u201c, kter\u00e9 je t\u0159eba aplikovat postupn\u011b, abychom z\u00edskali aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed stav DB. O konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed podob\u011b t\u011bchto \u201edif\u00edk\u016f\u201c (a o obnoven\u00ed pln\u00e9ho stavu na jejich z\u00e1klad\u011b) bude \u0159e\u010d v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nku.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"blokcheyn-v-ton-chto-eto-i-zachem\">Blockchain v TON: co to je a k \u010demu to slou\u017e\u00ed?<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Jak bylo zm\u00edn\u011bno v p\u0159edchoz\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nku, <em>blockchain je struktura dat, jej\u00ed\u017e prvky (bloky) jsou uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1ny do \u201e\u0159et\u011bzce\u201c, a ka\u017ed\u00fd n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed blok \u0159et\u011bzce obsahuje hash p\u0159edchoz\u00edho<\/em>. V koment\u00e1\u0159\u00edch byla polo\u017eena ot\u00e1zka: pro\u010d vlastn\u011b takov\u00e1 datov\u00e1 struktura, kdy\u017e u\u017e m\u00e1me DHT \u2014 distribuovanou hash tabulku? Je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 \u00fadaje lze ukl\u00e1dat i v DHT, ale to je vhodn\u00e9 jen pro m\u00e9n\u011b \u201ecitliv\u00e9\u201c informace. Z\u016fstatky kryptom\u011bn nelze ukl\u00e1dat do DHT \u2014 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm kv\u016fli nedostatku kontrol na <em>integritu<\/em>. Vlastn\u011b ve\u0161ker\u00e1 slo\u017eitost struktury blockchainu vznik\u00e1 za \u00fa\u010delem prevence z\u00e1sah\u016f do ulo\u017een\u00fdch dat.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Blockchain v TON v\u0161ak vypad\u00e1 je\u0161t\u011b slo\u017eit\u011bji ne\u017e v v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b jin\u00fdch distribuovan\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f \u2014 a to z dvou d\u016fvod\u016f. Prvn\u00ed je snaha minimalizovat pot\u0159ebu v <em>fork\u00e1ch<\/em>. V tradi\u010dn\u00edch kryptom\u011bn\u00e1ch jsou v\u0161echny parametry nastaveny na po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edm st\u00e1diu a jak\u00fdkoli pokus o jejich zm\u011bnu vede ve skute\u010dnosti k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed \u201ealternativn\u00edho vesm\u00edru kryptom\u011bn\u201c. Druh\u00fdm d\u016fvodem je podpora d\u011blen\u00ed (<em>shardingu<\/em>, <em>\u0161ardov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/em>) blockchainu. Blockchain je struktura, kter\u00e1 se s \u010dasem nem\u016f\u017ee zmen\u0161ovat; a obvykle ka\u017ed\u00fd uzel odpov\u011bdn\u00fd za funk\u010dnost s\u00edt\u011b mus\u00ed uchov\u00e1vat jeho kompletn\u00ed kopii. V tradi\u010dn\u00edch (centralizovan\u00fdch) syst\u00e9mech se k \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed takov\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 sharding: \u010d\u00e1st z\u00e1znam\u016f v DB je na jednom serveru, \u010d\u00e1st na jin\u00e9m atd. U kryptom\u011bn je takov\u00e1 funk\u010dnost zat\u00edm pom\u011brn\u011b vz\u00e1cn\u00e1 \u2014 zejm\u00e9na kv\u016fli obt\u00ed\u017e\u00edm dod\u00e1n\u00ed sharding do syst\u00e9mu, kde nebylo p\u016fvodn\u011b napl\u00e1nov\u00e1no.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem tedy TON pl\u00e1nuje vy\u0159e\u0161it oba v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9 probl\u00e9my?<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"soderzhimoe-blokcheyna-vorkcheyny\">Obsah blockchainu. Vorkchainy.<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"TON: Telegram Open Network. \u010c\u00e1st 2: Blockchainy, shardov\u00e1n\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/c4f0f6e6702322ad4312cb262b3a0fab.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Nejprve si pov\u011bzme, co se pl\u00e1nuje uchov\u00e1vat v blockchainu. Bude tam uchov\u00e1v\u00e1no stavy \u00fa\u010dt\u016f (v z\u00e1kladn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b \u201epen\u011b\u017eenek\u201c) a chytr\u00e9 smlouvy (pro zjednodu\u0161en\u00ed budeme pova\u017eovat, \u017ee je to tot\u00e9\u017e jako \u00fa\u010dty). V podstat\u011b to bude oby\u010dejn\u00e1 hash tabulka - kl\u00ed\u010di v n\u00ed budou identifik\u00e1tory <strong>account_id<\/strong>, a hodnotami budou datov\u00e9 struktury obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed takov\u00e9 v\u011bci, jako jsou:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>z\u016fstatek;<\/li>\n<li>k\u00f3d chytr\u00e9 smlouvy (pouze pro chytr\u00e9 smlouvy);<\/li>\n<li>\u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b dat chytr\u00e9 smlouvy (pouze pro chytr\u00e9 smlouvy);<\/li>\n<li>statistika;<\/li>\n<li>(<em>voliteln\u011b<\/em>) ve\u0159ejn\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d pro p\u0159evody z \u00fa\u010dtu, ve v\u00fdchoz\u00edm nastaven\u00ed account_id;<\/li>\n<li>fronta odchoz\u00edch zpr\u00e1v (sem se zapisuj\u00ed pro zas\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edjemci);<\/li>\n<li>seznam posledn\u00edch doru\u010den\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v tomuto \u00fa\u010dtu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Jak bylo uvedeno v\u00fd\u0161e, p\u0159\u00edmo bloky se skl\u00e1daj\u00ed z transakc\u00ed - zpr\u00e1v, kter\u00e9 byly doru\u010deny r\u016fzn\u00fdm \u00fa\u010dt\u016fm account_id. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b krom\u011b account_id zpr\u00e1vy tak\u00e9 obsahuj\u00ed 32-bitov\u00e9 pole <em>workchain_id<\/em> \u2014 identifik\u00e1tor tzv. <strong>vorkchainu<\/strong> (<em>workchain<\/em>, <em>working blockchain<\/em>). To umo\u017e\u0148uje m\u00edt n\u011bkolik nez\u00e1visl\u00fdch blockchain\u016f s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi konfiguracemi. P\u0159itom workchain_id = 0 je pova\u017eov\u00e1no za zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpad, <strong>nulov\u00fd vorkchain<\/strong> \u2014 pr\u00e1v\u011b v n\u011bm se budou z\u016fstatky shodovat s kryptom\u011bnou TON (Grams). Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b na za\u010d\u00e1tku nebudou \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 jin\u00e9 vorkchainy v\u016fbec existovat.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"shardcheyny-infinite-sharding-paradigm\">Shardchainy. Nekone\u010dn\u00e1 shardovac\u00ed paradigma.<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ale na tom r\u016fst po\u010dtu blockchain\u016f nekon\u010d\u00ed. Poj\u010fme se pod\u00edvat na shardov\u00e1n\u00ed. P\u0159edstavme si, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e9mu \u00fa\u010dtu (account_id) je p\u0159i\u0159azen jeho vlastn\u00ed blockchain - v n\u011bm le\u017e\u00ed v\u0161echny p\u0159\u00edchoz\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy - a stavy v\u0161ech t\u011bchto blockchain\u016f jsou uchov\u00e1v\u00e1ny na samostatn\u00fdch uzlech.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, to je velmi pl\u00fdtvav\u00e9: pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b do ka\u017ed\u00e9ho z t\u011bchto <strong>shardchain\u016f<\/strong> (<em>shardchain<\/em>, <em>shard blockchain<\/em>) budou transakce p\u0159ich\u00e1zet velmi z\u0159\u00eddka, a mocn\u00fdch uzl\u016f bude pot\u0159eba hodn\u011b (p\u0159edem podot\u00fdk\u00e1m, \u017ee se nejedn\u00e1 pouze o klienty na mobiln\u00edch telefonech - ale o d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 servery).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Proto shardchainy sdru\u017euj\u00ed \u00fa\u010dty podle bin\u00e1rn\u00edch prefix\u016f jejich identifik\u00e1tor\u016f: pokud m\u00e1 shardchain prefix 0110, budou do n\u011bj pat\u0159it transakce v\u0161ech account_id, kter\u00e9 za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed t\u011bmito \u010d\u00edslicemi. Tento <em>shard_prefix<\/em> m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt d\u00e9lku od 0 do 60 bit\u016f - a hlavn\u00ed je, \u017ee se m\u016f\u017ee dynamicky m\u011bnit.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"TON: Telegram Open Network. \u010c\u00e1st 2: Blockchainy, shardov\u00e1n\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/568aec7ad3d8cc3e268f0e60d453b502.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Jakmile za\u010dne do jednoho z shardchain\u016f proudit nadm\u011brn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed transakc\u00ed, uzly pracuj\u00edc\u00ed na n\u011bm podle p\u0159edem definovan\u00fdch pravidel \"rozd\u011bl\u00ed\" ho na dva pod\u0159et\u011bzce \u2013 jejich prefixy budou o jeden bit del\u0161\u00ed (a pro jeden z nich bude tento bit roven 0, zat\u00edmco pro druh\u00fd 1). Nap\u0159\u00edklad, <em>shard_prefix<\/em> = <u>0110<\/u>b se rozd\u011bl\u00ed na <u>0110<\/u>0b a <u>0110<\/u>1b. Na druhou stranu, pokud se dva \"sousedn\u00ed\" shardchainy za\u010dnou c\u00edtit dostate\u010dn\u011b uvoln\u011bn\u011b (po ur\u010ditou dobu), op\u011bt se slou\u010d\u00ed do jednoho.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Takto se shardov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bje \"shora dol\u016f\" \u2013 p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1me, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd \u00fa\u010det m\u00e1 sv\u016fj shard, ale jsou \u2013 po ur\u010ditou dobu \u2013 \"slepeny\" podle prefix\u016f. To zahrnuje <strong>Infinite Sharding Paradigm<\/strong> (<em>paradigmatu nekone\u010dn\u00e9ho shardov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Je t\u0159eba zd\u016fraznit, \u017ee workchainy existuj\u00ed pouze virtu\u00e1ln\u011b \u2013 ve skute\u010dnosti, <em>workchain_id<\/em> to je \u010d\u00e1st identifik\u00e1toru konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho shardchainu. \u0158e\u010deno form\u00e1ln\u011b, ka\u017ed\u00fd shardchain je definov\u00e1n dvojic\u00ed \u010d\u00edsel (<em>workchain_id<\/em>, <em>shard_prefix<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"ispravlenie-oshibok-vertikalnye-blokcheyny\">Oprava chyb. Vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed blockchainy.<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Tradi\u010dn\u011b se m\u00e1 za to, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e1 transakce v blockchainu je \"vytesan\u00e1 do kamene\". Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b TON je zaji\u0161t\u011bna mo\u017enost \"p\u0159epsat historii\" \u2013 pokud n\u011bkdo (tzv. <em>uzel-\"ryb\u00e1\u0159\"<\/em>) prok\u00e1\u017ee, \u017ee jeden z blok\u016f byl podeps\u00e1n nespr\u00e1vn\u011b. V takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je do odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edho shardchainu p\u0159id\u00e1n speci\u00e1ln\u00ed opravn\u00fd blok, kter\u00fd obsahuje hash opravovan\u00e9ho bloku (a ne posledn\u00edho bloku ve shardchainu). P\u0159edstav\u00edme-li shardchain jako horizont\u00e1ln\u011b uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00fd \u0159et\u011bzec blok\u016f, m\u016f\u017eeme \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee opravn\u00fd blok se p\u0159ipojuje k chybov\u00e9mu bloku ne doprava, ale shora \u2013 proto se pova\u017euje, \u017ee se st\u00e1v\u00e1 sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed mal\u00e9ho \"vertik\u00e1ln\u00edho blockchainu\". Takto lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee shardchainy jsou <em>dvourozm\u011brn\u00e9 blockchainy<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"TON: Telegram Open Network. \u010c\u00e1st 2: Blockchainy, shardov\u00e1n\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/eda526705f5febd37995901b5542264c.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee po chybov\u00e9m bloku odk\u00e1zaly na proveden\u00e9 zm\u011bny n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed bloky (tzn. byly provedeny nov\u00e9 transakce na z\u00e1klad\u011b nevalidn\u00edch), k t\u011bmto blok\u016fm se tak\u00e9 \u201eshora\u201c p\u0159id\u00e1vaj\u00ed opravn\u00e9. Pokud se bloky nedot\u00fdkaly \u201eposti\u017een\u00fdch\u201c informac\u00ed, na n\u011b se tyto \u201eopravn\u00e9 vlny\u201c ne\u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v uveden\u00e9 ilustraci byla za neplatnou uzn\u00e1na transakce prvn\u00edho bloku, kter\u00e1 zvy\u0161uje z\u016fstatek \u00fa\u010dtu C \u2014 proto mus\u00ed b\u00fdt tak\u00e9 zru\u0161ena transakce, kter\u00e1 sni\u017euje z\u016fstatek tohoto \u00fa\u010dtu ve t\u0159et\u00edm bloku, a nad samotn\u00fdm blokem je zaps\u00e1n opravn\u00fd blok.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Je t\u0159eba poznamenat \u2014 a\u010dkoli se opravn\u00e9 bloky zobrazeny jako um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 \u201enad\u201c origin\u00e1ln\u00edmi, v praxi budou p\u0159id\u00e1ny na konec p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9ho blockchainu (tam, kde by m\u011bly b\u00fdt chronologicky). Dvoubodov\u00e9 um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed pouze ukazuje, k jak\u00e9mu bodu v blockchainu budou \u201ep\u0159ipojeny\u201c (prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9ho hashe origin\u00e1ln\u00edho bloku).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Je mo\u017en\u00e9 samostatn\u011b filozofovat o tom, jak dobr\u00e9 je rozhodnut\u00ed \u201em\u011bnit minulost\u201c. Zd\u00e1lo by se, \u017ee pokud p\u0159ipou\u0161t\u00edme mo\u017enost vzniku neplatn\u00e9ho bloku v shardchainu, pak nelze p\u0159ipustit ani mo\u017enost vzniku chybn\u00e9ho opravn\u00e9ho bloku. Zde, jak m\u016f\u017eu posoudit, je rozd\u00edl v po\u010dtu uzl\u016f, kter\u00e9 mus\u00ed dos\u00e1hnout konsensu o nov\u00fdch bloc\u00edch \u2014 nad ka\u017ed\u00fdm shardchainem bude pracovat relativn\u011b mal\u00e1 \u201e<em>pracovn\u00ed skupina<\/em>\u201e uzl\u016f (pom\u011brn\u011b \u010dasto m\u011bn\u00edc\u00ed svou sestavu), a p\u0159id\u00e1n\u00ed opravn\u00fdch blok\u016f vy\u017eaduje souhlas v\u0161ech <em>uzl\u016f-valid\u00e1tor\u016f<\/em>. V\u00edce o valid\u00e1torech, pracovn\u00edch skupin\u00e1ch a dal\u0161\u00edch rol\u00edch uzl\u016f pov\u00edm v dal\u0161\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nku.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"odin-blokcheyn-chtob-pravit-vsemi\">Jeden blockchain, aby vl\u00e1dl v\u0161em<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>V\u00fd\u0161e bylo uvedeno mnoho informac\u00ed o r\u016fzn\u00fdch typech blockchain\u016f, kter\u00e9 by m\u011bly b\u00fdt tak\u00e9 n\u011bkde ulo\u017eeny. Zejm\u00e9na jde o n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed informace:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>o po\u010dtu a konfigurac\u00edch pracovn\u00edk\u016f;<\/li>\n<li>o po\u010dtu shardchain\u016f a jejich prefiksech;<\/li>\n<li>o tom, kter\u00e9 uzly jsou aktu\u00e1ln\u011b odpov\u011bdn\u00e9 za kter\u00e9 shardchainy;<\/li>\n<li>ha\u0161e posledn\u00edch p\u0159idan\u00fdch blok\u016f do v\u0161ech shardchain\u016f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Jak jste ji\u017e mohli uh\u00e1dnout, v\u0161echny tyto v\u011bci jsou zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1ny do dal\u0161\u00edho \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b-blockchainu \u2014 <strong>masterchain<\/strong> (<em>masterchain<\/em>, <em>master blockchain<\/em>). D\u00edky p\u0159\u00edtomnosti hash\u016f v\u0161ech shardov\u00fdch blok\u016f ve sv\u00fdch bloc\u00edch siln\u011b propojila syst\u00e9m. To tak\u00e9 znamen\u00e1, \u017ee generace nov\u00e9ho bloku v masterchainu bude prob\u00edhat p\u0159\u00edmo po generaci blok\u016f ve shardov\u00fdch blockchanech \u2013 o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 se, \u017ee bloky ve shardov\u00fdch blockchanech se objev\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 sou\u010dasn\u011b p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b ka\u017ed\u00fdch 5 sekund, a n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed blok v masterchainu \u2013 o sekundu pozd\u011bji.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ale kdo bude odpov\u011bdn\u00fd za realizaci t\u00e9to tit\u00e1nsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce \u2013 za zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1n\u00ed zpr\u00e1v, prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed chytr\u00fdch smluv, formulaci blok\u016f ve shardov\u00fdch blockchanech a masterchainu, a je\u0161t\u011b za kontrolu blok\u016f na chyby? Opravdu to budou v tichosti d\u011blat telefony milion\u016f u\u017eivatel\u016f s nainstalovan\u00fdm klientem Telegramu? Nebo snad t\u00fdm Durova se vzd\u00e1 my\u0161lenek decentralizace a v\u0161e budou d\u011blat jejich servery po star\u00e9m zp\u016fsobu?<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ve skute\u010dnosti ani jedna z t\u011bchto odpov\u011bd\u00ed nen\u00ed spr\u00e1vn\u00e1. Ale prostor tohoto \u010dl\u00e1nku se rychle bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed ke konci, proto o r\u016fzn\u00fdch rol\u00edch uzl\u016f (mohli jste si u\u017e v\u0161imnout n\u011bkter\u00fdch zm\u00ednek o nich), a tak\u00e9 o mechanismech jejich fungov\u00e1n\u00ed se budeme bavit ji\u017e v p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti.<\/p>\n<p>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/354568\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u2014 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 (\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e) \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 Telegram Open Network (TON). \u0412 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u044f \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b \u0435\u0451 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u2014 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439. \u041d\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u044f \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":26098,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34631","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link 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