{"id":34632,"date":"2019-10-31T21:59:31","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:59:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/ton-telegram-open-network-chast-1-vstuplenie-setevoj-uroven-adnl-dht-overlejnye-seti\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:59:31","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:59:31","slug":"ton-telegram-open-network-chast-1-vstuplenie-setevoj-uroven-adnl-dht-overlejnye-seti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/ton-telegram-open-network-chast-1-vstuplenie-setevoj-uroven-adnl-dht-overlejnye-seti","title":{"rendered":"TON: Telegram Open Network. \u010c\u00e1st 1: \u00davod, s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e1 \u00farove\u0148, ADNL, DHT, overlayov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"TON: Telegram Open Network. \u010c\u00e1st 1: \u00davod, s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e1 \u00farove\u0148, ADNL, DHT, overlayov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/65710678b9e432476cf1b6e24348a7ac.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>U\u017e dv\u011b t\u00fddny se Rune\u0165an\u00e9 bav\u00ed o Telegramu a situaci s jeho nesmyslnou a bezohlednou blokac\u00ed ze strany Roskomnadzoru. \u0158ada lid\u00ed byla t\u00edm zasa\u017eena, ale to v\u0161echno jsou t\u00e9mata na p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky na Geektimes. M\u011b ale p\u0159ekvapilo n\u011bco jin\u00e9ho \u2013 dosud jsem na Habru nevid\u011bl \u017e\u00e1dnou anal\u00fdzu pl\u00e1novan\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b TON \u2014 Telegram Open Network, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 vyj\u00edt. Cht\u011bl jsem tento nedostatek napravit, proto\u017ee je tam co zkoumat \u2013 i p\u0159esto, \u017ee zat\u00edm nejsou \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>P\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1m \u2013 koluj\u00ed zv\u011bsti, \u017ee Telegram spustil velmi rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 uzav\u0159en\u00e9 ICO, ve kter\u00e9m ji\u017e z\u00edskal neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stky. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee je\u0161t\u011b tento rok bude spu\u0161t\u011bna vlastn\u00ed kryptom\u011bna Gram \u2013 a ka\u017ed\u00fd u\u017eivatel Telegramu automaticky dostane pen\u011b\u017eenku, co\u017e samo o sob\u011b vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed zna\u010dnou v\u00fdhodu oproti ostatn\u00edm kryptom\u011bn\u00e1m.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Bohu\u017eel, proto\u017ee nejsou \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed, mohu se d\u00e1le op\u00edrat pouze o <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/denull.ru\/telegram\/ton-tech.pdf\">dokument nezn\u00e1m\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu<\/a><\/noindex>, o \u010dem\u017e v\u00e1s hned varuji. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, \u017ee to m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt velmi umn\u011b vytvo\u0159en\u00e1 pad\u011blka, ale nen\u00ed vylou\u010deno, \u017ee je to \u2013 re\u00e1ln\u00fd whitepaper budouc\u00edho syst\u00e9mu, napsan\u00fd Nikolajem Durovem (a pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b unikl n\u011bk\u00fdm z investor\u016f). Ale i pokud je to podvrh, nikdo n\u00e1m nebr\u00e1n\u00ed jej studovat a diskutovat o n\u011bm, \u017ee?<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Co tedy tento dokument \u0159\u00edk\u00e1? Pokus\u00edm se jej p\u0159evypr\u00e1v\u011bt sv\u00fdmi slovy, bl\u00edzko textu, ale \u010desky a trochu lidsk\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem (a\u0165 mi Nikolaj odpust\u00ed svou tendenci odch\u00e1zet do form\u00e1ln\u00ed matematiky). M\u011bjte na pam\u011bti, \u017ee i v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b jeho pravosti, je to pracovn\u00ed popis syst\u00e9mu a je velmi pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee se zm\u011bn\u00ed do doby ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Zjist\u00edme, \u017ee krom\u011b kryptom\u011bny se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 je\u0161t\u011b spousta dal\u0161\u00edch v\u011bc\u00ed. Poj\u010fme na to pod\u00edvat postupn\u011b.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>TON Blockchain<\/strong>. To je z\u00e1klad cel\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Pokud v\u016fbec nev\u00edte, co je to <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD\">blockchain<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 doporu\u010duji se dozv\u011bd\u011bt, proto\u017ee zde bude mnoho blockchain\u016f. Vlo\u017een\u00e9 jeden do druh\u00e9ho, virtu\u00e1ln\u011b rozd\u011blen\u00e9 a dokonce \u201evertik\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c blockchainy uvnit\u0159 blok\u016f dal\u0161\u00edch blockchain\u016f. A tak\u00e9 zde bude n\u011bkolik zn\u011bj\u00edc\u00edch term\u00edn\u016f jako <em>Instant Hypercube Routing<\/em> a <em>Infinite Sharding Paradigm<\/em>, ale o tom pozd\u011bji. A samoz\u0159ejm\u011b proof-of-stake a smart contracts.<\/li>\n<li><strong>TON P2P Network<\/strong>. P2P s\u00ed\u0165, na jej\u00edm\u017e z\u00e1klad\u011b bude syst\u00e9m fungovat. O t\u00e9 se bude hovo\u0159it p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v t\u00e9to \u010d\u00e1sti vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>TON Storage<\/strong>. \u00dalo\u017en\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 bude nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 na blockchainu a bude postaveno na v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 P2P s\u00edti. M\u016f\u017eeme to p\u0159irovnat k torrent\u016fm.<\/li>\n<li><strong>TON Proxy<\/strong>. To je slu\u017eba, jej\u00edm\u017e c\u00edlem je zv\u00fd\u0161it anonymitu \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f s\u00edt\u011b. Jak\u00fdkoli paket lze odeslat nep\u0159\u00edmo, ale prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm tunel\u016f-zprost\u0159edkovatel\u016f s dodate\u010dn\u00fdm \u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00edm \u2014 podobn\u011b jako I2P nebo TOR. <\/li>\n<li><strong>TON DHT<\/strong>. Distribuovan\u00e1 hash tabulka pro ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed libovoln\u00fdch hodnot. Ta je tak\u00e9 postavena na <em>TON Network<\/em> (ale pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jej) a pom\u00e1h\u00e1 <strong>TON Storage<\/strong> nalezen\u00ed \u201esd\u00edlej\u00edc\u00edch\u201c uzl\u016f, a <strong>TON Proxy<\/strong> \u2014 mezi\u010dl\u00e1nkov\u00e9 retransmitery. Je v\u0161ak t\u0159eba poznamenat, \u017ee na rozd\u00edl od blockchainu tato hash tabulka nen\u00ed zabezpe\u010den\u00fdm \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011bm \u2014 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 informace v n\u00ed ukl\u00e1dat nelze.<\/li>\n<li><strong>TON Services<\/strong>. Platforma pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 slu\u017eby. V podstat\u011b jde o nov\u00fd internet na z\u00e1klad\u011b v\u0161eho v\u00fd\u0161e popsan\u00e9ho. V\u00fdm\u011bna dat \u2014 p\u0159es <strong>TON Network<\/strong>\/<strong>TON Proxy<\/strong>, a logika \u2014 ve smart kontraktech samotn\u00e9ho <strong>TON Blockchain<\/strong>. A rozhran\u00ed s pom\u011brn\u011b b\u011b\u017en\u00fdmi URL.<\/li>\n<li><strong>TON DNS<\/strong>. Kdy\u017e u\u017e byla \u0159e\u010d o b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch URL, pot\u0159ebujeme tak\u00e9 p\u0159evodn\u00edk z nich na 256-bitov\u00e9 adresy \u2014 \u00fa\u010dt\u016f, kontrakt\u016f, slu\u017eeb a uzl\u016f.<\/li>\n<li><strong>TON Payments<\/strong>. A zde se zas dot\u00fdk\u00e1me ot\u00e1zky pen\u011bz. A to nebude jen <strong>gram<\/strong> \u2014 stejn\u011b jako s ethereal, budou mo\u017en\u00e9 jak\u00e9koli \u201etokeny\u201c; gramy zde budou pouze m\u011bnou \u201epodle v\u00fdchoz\u00edho nastaven\u00ed\u201c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>To je prvn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st, popisuj\u00edc\u00ed \u201ep\u0159\u00edstupnou\u201c \u00farove\u0148 TON \u2014 jeho s\u00ed\u0165ovou \u010d\u00e1st, buduj\u00edc\u00ed se na tradi\u010dn\u00edch protokolech. V dal\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti se bude hovo\u0159it o \u201ej\u00e1dru\u201c \u2014 blockchainu, kter\u00fd bude podporov\u00e1n n\u00ed\u017ee popsan\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem. T\u00edm p\u00e1dem se m\u016fj zp\u016fsob vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed trochu li\u0161\u00ed od pou\u017eit\u00e9ho v v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9m dokumentu (kter\u00fd za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edmo od abstraktn\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"bazovye-ponyatiya\">Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed pojmy<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>TL<\/strong> (Type Language). To je abstraktn\u00ed bin\u00e1rn\u00ed form\u00e1t pro libovoln\u00e9 datov\u00e9 struktury. Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se v protokolu Telegram a bude aktivn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n v TON. Pokud chcete se s n\u00edm podrobn\u011bji sezn\u00e1mit \u2014 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/core.telegram.org\/mtproto\/TL\">zde je jeho popis<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>Hash<\/strong> (<em>hash<\/em>). Funkce, kter\u00e1 prov\u00e1d\u00ed nevratnou transformaci libovoln\u00e9 datov\u00e9 struktury na jedin\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo pevn\u00e9 d\u00e9lky. V r\u00e1mci dokumentace se v\u0161ude hovo\u0159\u00ed o funkci <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SHA-2\">SHA-256<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>Uzly s\u00edt\u011b<\/strong> (<em>node<\/em>). Uzly jsou softwarov\u00e9 komponenty, kter\u00e9 zabezpe\u010duj\u00ed chod syst\u00e9mu. Konkr\u00e9tn\u011b se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e1 klientsk\u00e1 aplikace Telegramu bude zahrnovat uzel TONu. Na n\u00edzk\u00e9 \u00farovni maj\u00ed uzly IPv4\/IPv6 adresy a komunikuj\u00ed pomoc\u00ed protokolu UDP, na vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00farovni disponuj\u00ed <em>abstraktn\u00ed adresy<\/em> a implementuj\u00ed protokol ADNL (o abstraktn\u00edch adres\u00e1ch a ADNL viz n\u00ed\u017ee). Kdy\u017e se hovo\u0159\u00ed o tom, \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti syst\u00e9mu n\u011bco d\u011blaj\u00ed nebo uchov\u00e1vaj\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00e1 data, znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee to d\u011blaj\u00ed uzly s\u00edt\u011b.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>Abstraktn\u00ed adresa<\/strong> (nebo jednodu\u0161e <em>adresa<\/em>, <em>address<\/em>). Adresa uzlu je ur\u010dena jeho ve\u0159ejn\u00fdm kl\u00ed\u010dem. P\u0159esn\u011bji \u0159e\u010deno, je to 256bitov\u00fd hash (SHA256) struktury dat obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d (konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed kryptografick\u00fd algoritmus nen\u00ed specifikov\u00e1n - jako p\u0159\u00edklad jsou uvedeny eliptick\u00e9 k\u0159ivky a RSA-2048). Aby jeden uzel mohl interagovat s jin\u00fdm, mus\u00ed zn\u00e1t nejen adresu, ale tak\u00e9 tuto strukturu dat. Teoreticky m\u016f\u017ee jeden fyzick\u00fd uzel vytvo\u0159it libovoln\u00fd po\u010det adres (odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edch r\u016fzn\u00fdm kl\u00ed\u010d\u016fm).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>D\u00e1le se \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pr\u00e1v\u011b takov\u00e1 kombinace: \u201eprototyp\u201c v podob\u011b TL struktury (obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed prakticky jak\u00e1koliv data) a 256bitov\u00fd hash z n\u00ed, pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd pro adresaci.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>Blockchain<\/strong> (<em>blockchain<\/em>). Blockchain je datov\u00e1 struktura, jej\u00ed\u017e prvky (<em>bloky<\/em>) jsou uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1ny do \u201e\u0159et\u011bzu\u201c a ka\u017ed\u00fd n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed blok \u0159et\u011bzu obsahuje hash p\u0159edchoz\u00edho. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem se dosahuje integrity - zm\u011bny mohou b\u00fdt prov\u00e1d\u011bny pouze p\u0159id\u00e1n\u00edm nov\u00fdch blok\u016f.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>SA-Frontend<\/strong> (<em>service<\/em>). Slu\u017eby v r\u00e1mci TON mohou b\u00fdt r\u016fzn\u00fdch typ\u016f - v z\u00e1vislosti na tom, zda pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed blockchain nebo ne. Nap\u0159\u00edklad jeden (nebo v\u00edce) uzl\u016f s\u00edt\u011b m\u016f\u017ee zpracov\u00e1vat ur\u010dit\u00e1 RPC po\u017eadavky podle n\u00ed\u017ee popsan\u00e9ho protokolu ADNL, ani\u017e by vytv\u00e1\u0159el jak\u00e9koli z\u00e1znamy v blockchainu - podobn\u011b jako tradi\u010dn\u00ed webov\u00e9 servery. Zva\u017euje se tak\u00e9 mo\u017enost implementace HTTP nad ADNL a p\u0159echodu samotn\u00e9ho messengeru na tento protokol. Podobn\u011b jako TOR nebo I2P to u\u010din\u00ed syst\u00e9m odoln\u011bj\u0161\u00edm v\u016f\u010di r\u016fzn\u00fdm blokac\u00edm.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Z\u00e1rove\u0148 \u0159ada slu\u017eeb zahrnuje interakci s blockchainem a zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u017eadavk\u016f mimo n\u011bj. Nap\u0159\u00edklad pro TON Storage \u2014 cloudov\u00e9 \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b \u2014 nen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 rozumn\u00e9 uchov\u00e1vat samotn\u00e9 soubory na blockchainu. Ten bude obsahovat pouze hash soubor\u016f (spolu s n\u011bjak\u00fdmi metainformacemi o nich), a jako \"soubory serveru\" budou vystupovat specializovan\u00e9 uzly s\u00edt\u011b, p\u0159ipraven\u00e9 je poskytovat dal\u0161\u00edm uzl\u016fm prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm ADNL.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>Mlha slu\u017eba<\/strong> (<em>fog service<\/em>). Hovo\u0159\u00edme o n\u011bkter\u00fdch slu\u017eb\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 zahrnuj\u00ed decentralizaci a otev\u0159enou \u00fa\u010dast. Nap\u0159\u00edklad TON Proxy \u2014 to je slu\u017eba, kterou m\u016f\u017ee podporovat kter\u00fdkoli \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk, kter\u00fd chce poskytnout sv\u016fj uzel jako prost\u0159edn\u00edk (proxy), p\u0159epos\u00edlaj\u00edc\u00ed pakety mezi jin\u00fdmi uzly. Pokud chce, m\u016f\u017ee za to \u00fa\u010dtovat stanoven\u00fd poplatek \u2014 vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed syst\u00e9m TON Payments pro micropayments (kter\u00fd je tak\u00e9 mlhavou slu\u017ebou).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"adnl-abstract-datagram-network-layer\">ADNL: Abstract Datagram Network Layer<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Na nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed \u00farovni bude interakce mezi uzly prob\u00edhat pomoc\u00ed protokolu UDP (i kdy\u017e jsou povoleny i jin\u00e9 varianty).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Jak bylo zm\u00edn\u011bno v\u00fd\u0161e, aby jeden uzel mohl poslat paket jin\u00e9mu, mus\u00ed zn\u00e1t jeden z jeho ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch kl\u00ed\u010d\u016f (a tedy i adresu, kterou tento kl\u00ed\u010d ur\u010duje). \u0160ifruje paket t\u00edmto kl\u00ed\u010dem a p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 na za\u010d\u00e1tek paketu 256bitovou adresu p\u0159\u00edjemce \u2014 proto\u017ee jeden uzel m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt n\u011bkolik takov\u00fdch adres, umo\u017en\u00ed mu to ur\u010dit, kter\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d pou\u017e\u00edt pro de\u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"TON: Telegram Open Network. \u010c\u00e1st 1: \u00davod, s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e1 \u00farove\u0148, ADNL, DHT, overlayov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/570ed97bb0745d074e806e84651af567.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Krom\u011b toho m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edsto adresy p\u0159\u00edjemce na za\u010d\u00e1tku datov\u00e9ho paketu b\u00fdt tzv. identifik\u00e1tor <em>kan\u00e1lu<\/em>. V takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed paketu ji\u017e z\u00e1vis\u00ed na konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch dohod\u00e1ch mezi uzly \u2014 nap\u0159\u00edklad data zaslan\u00e1 do ur\u010dit\u00e9ho kan\u00e1lu mohou b\u00fdt ur\u010dena jin\u00e9mu uzlu a m\u011bla by b\u00fdt jemu p\u0159esm\u011brov\u00e1na (to je slu\u017eba <em>TON Proxy<\/em>). Dal\u0161\u00edm zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpadem m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt interakce p\u0159\u00edmo mezi uzly, ale se \u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00edm pomoc\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch p\u00e1r\u016f kl\u00ed\u010d\u016f pro tento kan\u00e1l (p\u0159edem vytvo\u0159en\u00fdmi podle protokolu Diffie-Hellman).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Nakonec existuje speci\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpad \u201enulov\u00e9ho\u201c kan\u00e1lu \u2014 pokud uzel je\u0161t\u011b nezn\u00e1 ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 kl\u00ed\u010de sv\u00fdch \u201esoused\u016f\u201c, m\u016f\u017ee jim pos\u00edlat pakety \u00fapln\u011b ne\u0161ifrovan\u00e9. To je ur\u010deno pouze pro inicializaci \u2014 jakmile uzly po\u0161lou informace o sv\u00fdch kl\u00ed\u010d\u00edch, m\u011bly by se pou\u017e\u00edt pro dal\u0161\u00ed interakci.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>V\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fd protokol (256bitov\u00fd identifik\u00e1tor kan\u00e1lu + obsah paketu) se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 ADNL. Dokumentace zmi\u0148uje mo\u017enost implementace analogie TCP nad n\u00edm nebo vlastn\u00ed nadstavby \u2014 RLDP (Reliable Large Datagram Protocol), ale neprovid\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 podrobnosti o jejich implementaci.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"ton-dht-raspredelyonnaya-hesh-tablica\">TON DHT: Distribuovan\u00e1 hashovac\u00ed tabulka<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Jak je tomu i v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b jin\u00fdch distribuovan\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f, TON p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 implementaci DHT \u2014 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%88-%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0\">distribuovan\u00e9 hashovac\u00ed tabulky<\/a><\/noindex>. Konkr\u00e9tn\u011b \u2014 tabulka je <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kademlia\">podobn\u00e1 Kademlii<\/a><\/noindex>. Pokud nejste obezn\u00e1meni s t\u00edmto typem hashovac\u00edch tabulek \u2014 nebojte se, pozd\u011bji p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b pop\u00ed\u0161u, jak jsou uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1ny.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"TON: Telegram Open Network. \u010c\u00e1st 1: \u00davod, s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e1 \u00farove\u0148, ADNL, DHT, overlayov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/790d623466c72c78ee17fa298ac9d81d.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>V abstraktn\u00edm smyslu DHT p\u0159i\u0159azuje k 256bitov\u00fdm kl\u00ed\u010d\u016fm ur\u010dit\u00e9 bin\u00e1rn\u00ed hodnoty libovoln\u00e9 d\u00e9lky. Kl\u00ed\u010de v tabulce jsou hashovan\u00e9 od ur\u010dit\u00e9 TL-struktury (samy struktury jsou tak\u00e9 ulo\u017eeny spolu s DHT). To velmi p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed adres uzl\u016f \u2014 a ty skute\u010dn\u011b mohou b\u00fdt p\u0159\u00edtomny v DHT (nap\u0159\u00edklad pod takov\u00fdm kl\u00ed\u010dem m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt um\u00edst\u011bna IP adresa uzlu odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed dan\u00e9 <em>abstraktn\u00ed adrese<\/em>, pokud ji neskr\u00fdv\u00e1). Ale v obecn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b jsou \u201eprototypy kl\u00ed\u010d\u016f\u201c (jejich <em>popisy<\/em>, <em>key descriptions<\/em>) metadata, kter\u00e1 ozna\u010duj\u00ed \u201evlastn\u00edka\u201c z\u00e1znamu v hashovac\u00ed tabulce (to jest ve\u0159ejn\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d n\u011bjak\u00e9ho uzlu), typ ukl\u00e1dan\u00e9 hodnoty a pravidla, podle kter\u00fdch m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt tento z\u00e1znam pozd\u011bji m\u011bn\u011bn. Nap\u0159\u00edklad pravidlo m\u016f\u017ee umo\u017enit m\u011bnit hodnotu pouze vlastn\u00edkovi \u2014 nebo zakazovat zm\u011bnu hodnoty sm\u011brem dol\u016f (aby se chr\u00e1nil p\u0159ed replay \u00fatoky).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Krom\u011b 256bitov\u00fdch kl\u00ed\u010d\u016f se zav\u00e1d\u00ed pojem DHT adres. Rozd\u00edl oproti obvykl\u00fdm adres\u00e1m uzl\u016f je v tom, \u017ee DHT adresa je nutn\u011b spojena s IP adresou. Pokud uzel neskr\u00fdv\u00e1 svou IP, m\u016f\u017ee pou\u017e\u00edt obvyklou adresu pro DHT. \u010cast\u011bji v\u0161ak pro pot\u0159eby DHT bude zavedena samostatn\u00e1, \u201epolopermanentn\u00ed\u201c adresa.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"TON: Telegram Open Network. \u010c\u00e1st 1: \u00davod, s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e1 \u00farove\u0148, ADNL, DHT, overlayov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/93064abdf9dbfd5276502cd3aa6cf8f8.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nNad kl\u00ed\u010di a DHT adresami se zav\u00e1d\u00ed pojem vzd\u00e1lenosti \u2014 v tomto je v\u0161e shodn\u00e9 s tabulkami <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kademlia\">Kademlia<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 vzd\u00e1lenost mezi kl\u00ed\u010di je rovna XOR (bitov\u00e9mu exkluzivn\u00edmu NEBO) z nich. Stejn\u011b jako v tabulk\u00e1ch Kademlia mus\u00ed b\u00fdt hodnota odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9mu kl\u00ed\u010di ulo\u017eena na <em>s<\/em> uzlech, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed nejmen\u0161\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenost k tomuto kl\u00ed\u010di (<em>s<\/em> toto je relativn\u011b mal\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Aby uzel DHT mohl komunikovat s jin\u00fdmi takov\u00fdmi uzly, uchov\u00e1v\u00e1 v pam\u011bti <em>tabulku sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed DHT<\/em> \u2014 DHT- a IP-adresy uzl\u016f, se kter\u00fdmi komunikoval d\u0159\u00edve, seskupen\u00e9 podle vzd\u00e1lenosti k nim. Takov\u00fdch skupin je 256 (odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edmu nastaven\u00e9mu bitu ve hodnot\u011b vzd\u00e1lenosti \u2014 to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee uzly na vzd\u00e1lenosti od 0 do 255 budou pat\u0159it do jedn\u00e9 skupiny, od 256 do 65535 do dal\u0161\u00ed atd.). V ka\u017ed\u00e9 skupin\u011b je uchov\u00e1v\u00e1no omezen\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed \u201enejlep\u0161\u00edch\u201c uzl\u016f (z hlediska pingu k nim).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"TON: Telegram Open Network. \u010c\u00e1st 1: \u00davod, s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e1 \u00farove\u0148, ADNL, DHT, overlayov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/9db2fef6986010db046f797f1fe68130.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ka\u017ed\u00fd uzel mus\u00ed podporovat n\u011bkolik operac\u00ed: <em>ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed hodnoty pro kl\u00ed\u010d<\/em>, <em>hled\u00e1n\u00ed uzl\u016f<\/em> a <em>hled\u00e1n\u00ed hodnot<\/em>. Hled\u00e1n\u00ed uzl\u016f zahrnuje vracen\u00ed nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edch uzl\u016f z tabulky sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed pro dan\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d; hled\u00e1n\u00ed hodnot je tot\u00e9\u017e, s t\u00edm rozd\u00edlem, \u017ee pokud m\u00e1 uzel hodnotu pro kl\u00ed\u010d (pak ji jednodu\u0161e vr\u00e1t\u00ed). Pokud tedy uzel chce naj\u00edt hodnotu v DHT podle kl\u00ed\u010de, pos\u00edl\u00e1 dotazy mal\u00e9mu po\u010dtu nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edch uzl\u016f k tomuto kl\u00ed\u010di ze sv\u00e9 tabulky sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed. Pokud v jejich odpov\u011bd\u00edch nen\u00ed po\u017eadovan\u00e1 hodnota, ale jsou zde jin\u00e9 adresy uzl\u016f, dotaz se opakuje k nim.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>TON DHT m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pou\u017eito pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely, nap\u0159\u00edklad \u2014 pro realizaci souborov\u00e9ho \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b podobn\u00e9ho torrentu (viz <em>TON Storage<\/em>); pro ur\u010den\u00ed adres uzl\u016f, kter\u00e9 implementuj\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 slu\u017eby; pro ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed o vlastn\u00edc\u00edch \u00fa\u010dt\u016f v blockchainu. Ale nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed aplikace je detekce uzl\u016f podle jejich abstraktn\u00edch adres. K tomu je adresa pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na jako kl\u00ed\u010d, jeho\u017e hodnotu je t\u0159eba naj\u00edt. V d\u016fsledku dotazu bu\u010f najde ihned uzel (pokud byla hledan\u00e1 adresa jeho polo-trval\u00fdm DHT-adresou), nebo hodnotou bude IP adresa a port pro p\u0159ipojen\u00ed \u2014 nebo jin\u00e1 adresa, kterou je t\u0159eba pou\u017e\u00edt jako tunel-zprost\u0159edkovatele.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"overleynye-seti-v-ton\">Overlayov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b v TON<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Popisovan\u00fd protokol ADNL umo\u017e\u0148uje jak\u00fdmkoli uzl\u016fm vz\u00e1jemn\u011b si vym\u011b\u0148ovat informace \u2014 i kdy\u017e ne nutn\u011b optim\u00e1ln\u00edmi cestami. D\u00e1 se \u0159\u00edct, \u017ee d\u00edky ADNL v\u0161echny uzly tvo\u0159\u00ed glob\u00e1ln\u00ed graf TON (ide\u00e1ln\u011b \u2014 souvisl\u00fd). D\u00e1le je tak\u00e9 p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1na mo\u017enost vytv\u00e1\u0159et overlay s\u00edt\u011b \u2014 podgrafy uvnit\u0159 tohoto grafu.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"TON: Telegram Open Network. \u010c\u00e1st 1: \u00davod, s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e1 \u00farove\u0148, ADNL, DHT, overlayov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/0badd85ba46517c04f63439f7dd1e8d7.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Uvnit\u0159 takov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b prob\u00edh\u00e1 interakce pouze p\u0159\u00edmo \u2014 podle p\u0159edem vytvo\u0159en\u00fdch spojen\u00ed mezi \u00fa\u010dastnick\u00fdmi uzly s\u00edt\u011b (p\u0159es kan\u00e1ly ADNL, jak bylo uvedeno v\u00fd\u0161e). Vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed t\u011bchto spojen\u00ed mezi sousedy, hled\u00e1n\u00ed samotn\u00fdch soused\u016f \u2014 je automatizovan\u00fd proces, kter\u00fd se sna\u017e\u00ed zachovat souvislost overlay s\u00edt\u011b a minimalizovat zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159i v\u00fdm\u011bn\u011b dat v n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Krom\u011b toho je uveden zp\u016fsob, jak rychle \u0161\u00ed\u0159it velk\u00e9 broadcast aktualizace uvnit\u0159 s\u00edt\u011b \u2014 ty se d\u011bl\u00ed na \u010d\u00e1sti, dopl\u0148uj\u00ed se k\u00f3dem pro opravu chyb a v\u0161echny tyto kousky se p\u0159epos\u00edlaj\u00ed od jednoho \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edka k druh\u00e9mu. Takto \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk nemus\u00ed z\u00edskat v\u0161echny \u010d\u00e1sti p\u0159ed t\u00edm, ne\u017e je p\u0159epo\u0161le d\u00e1le v s\u00edti.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Overlay s\u00edt\u011b mohou b\u00fdt ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 a soukrom\u00e9. St\u00e1t se \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkem ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b nen\u00ed obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 \u2014 sta\u010d\u00ed naj\u00edt TL strukturu, kter\u00e1 ji popisuje (m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt ve\u0159ejn\u00e1 \u2014 nebo dostupn\u00e1 podle ur\u010dit\u00e9ho kl\u00ed\u010de v DHT). V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b soukrom\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b by tato struktura m\u011bla b\u00fdt uzlu zn\u00e1m\u00e1 p\u0159edem.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"prodolzhenie-sleduet\">Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011b<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Rozhodl jsem se rozd\u011blit p\u0159ehled TON na n\u011bkolik \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f. Tato \u010d\u00e1st kon\u010d\u00ed, a <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/post\/354568\/\">v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed<\/a><\/noindex> se zam\u011b\u0159\u00edm na strukturu blockchainu (p\u0159esn\u011bji, blockchain\u016f), ze kter\u00fdch bude TON slo\u017een.<\/p>\n<p>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/354366\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0423\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0420\u0443\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0448\u0443\u043c\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e Telegram \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0441 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0437\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c. \u0420\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445, \u043d\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0451 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u2014 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 Geektimes. \u041c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u0436\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0435 \u2014 \u044f \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0435 \u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0435 Telegram \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 TON \u2014 Telegram Open [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":26099,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34632","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/ton-telegram-open-network-chast-1-vstuplenie-setevoj-uroven-adnl-dht-overlejnye-seti\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.3\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ProHoster | 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