{"id":34795,"date":"2019-10-31T22:00:25","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:00:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/shiny-i-protokoly-v-promyshlennoj-avtomatike-kak-vsyo-eto-rabotaet\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:00:25","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:00:25","slug":"shiny-i-protokoly-v-promyshlennoj-avtomatike-kak-vsyo-eto-rabotaet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/shiny-i-protokoly-v-promyshlennoj-avtomatike-kak-vsyo-eto-rabotaet","title":{"rendered":"Sb\u011brnice a protokoly v pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 automatizaci: jak to v\u0161echno funguje","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Sb\u011brnice
\n
\nUr\u010dit\u011b mnoz\u00ed z v\u00e1s znaj\u00ed nebo dokonce vid\u011bli, jak se ovl\u00e1daj\u00ed velk\u00e9 automatizovan\u00e9 objekty, nap\u0159\u00edklad jadern\u00e1 elektr\u00e1rna nebo tov\u00e1rna s mnoha technologick\u00fdmi linkami: hlavn\u00ed \u010dinnost se \u010dasto odehr\u00e1v\u00e1 v prostorn\u00e9 m\u00edstnosti se spoustou obrazovek, sv\u011btel a ovl\u00e1dac\u00edch pult\u016f. Tento komplex \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed se obvykle naz\u00fdv\u00e1 G\u0160U \u2013 hlavn\u00ed \u0159\u00eddic\u00ed panel pro kontrolu v\u00fdrobn\u00edho objektu. <\/p>\n

Ur\u010dit\u011b v\u00e1s zaj\u00edmalo, jak to v\u0161echno funguje z pohledu hardwaru a softwaru, \u010d\u00edm se tyto syst\u00e9my li\u0161\u00ed od b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch osobn\u00edch po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku si vysv\u011btl\u00edme, jak r\u016fzn\u00e9 \u00fadaje p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00ed na G\u0160U, jak se zesiluj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edkazy k vybaven\u00ed a co je vlastn\u011b pot\u0159eba k ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed kompresorov\u00e9 stanice, za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed na v\u00fdrobu propanu, mont\u00e1\u017en\u00ed linky automobil\u016f nebo dokonce \u010derpac\u00ed stanice.
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Spodn\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 nebo poliov\u00e1 sb\u011brnice \u2013 to, odkud v\u0161e za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1. <\/h2>\n

\nTento nejasn\u00fd soubor slov se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1, kdy\u017e je t\u0159eba popsat prost\u0159edky komunikace mikro\u0159adi\u010d\u016f s pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00fdm vybaven\u00edm, nap\u0159\u00edklad moduly pro vstup a v\u00fdstup nebo m\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Tento komunika\u010dn\u00ed kan\u00e1l se obvykle naz\u00fdv\u00e1 \u201epoliov\u00e1 sb\u011brnice\u201c, proto\u017ee se star\u00e1 o p\u0159enos dat k \u0159adi\u010di, kter\u00e1 p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00ed z \u201epole\u201c. <\/p>\n

\u201ePole\u201c je hlubok\u00fd odborn\u00fd term\u00edn, kter\u00fd ozna\u010duje fakt, \u017ee ur\u010dit\u00e9 vybaven\u00ed (nap\u0159\u00edklad senzory nebo v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 mechanizmy), se kter\u00fdmi interaguje \u0159adi\u010d, se nach\u00e1z\u00ed n\u011bkde daleko, na venkov\u011b, pod no\u010dn\u00edm pokryvem. A nez\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na tom, \u017ee senzor m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt um\u00edst\u011bn p\u016fl metru od \u0159adi\u010de a nap\u0159\u00edklad m\u011b\u0159it teplotu v rozvodn\u00e9 sk\u0159\u00edni, st\u00e1le se pova\u017euje, \u017ee je \u201ev poli\u201c. Nej\u010dast\u011bji sign\u00e1ly ze senzor\u016f, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00ed do modul\u016f pro vstup a v\u00fdstup, p\u0159ekon\u00e1vaj\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenosti od des\u00edtek do stovek metr\u016f (a n\u011bkdy i v\u00edce), shroma\u017e\u010fuj\u00ed informace z odlehl\u00fdch m\u00edst nebo vybaven\u00ed. Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto se sb\u011brnice pro p\u0159enos dat, po kter\u00e9 \u0159adi\u010d dost\u00e1v\u00e1 hodnoty od t\u011bchto senzor\u016f, obvykle naz\u00fdv\u00e1 poliov\u00e1 sb\u011brnice nebo m\u00e9n\u011b \u010dasto spodn\u00ed sb\u011brnice nebo pr\u016fmyslov\u00e1 sb\u011brnice.<\/p>\n

\"Sb\u011brnice
\nObecn\u00fd sch\u00e9ma automatizace pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9ho objektu<\/i> <\/p>\n

Elektrick\u00fd sign\u00e1l ze sn\u00edma\u010de putuje ur\u010ditou vzd\u00e1lenost po kabelov\u00fdch veden\u00edch (\u010dast\u011bji po b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9m kabelu s ur\u010dit\u00fdm po\u010dtem \u017eil), ke kter\u00fdm se p\u0159ipojuje n\u011bkolik sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f. Pot\u00e9 sign\u00e1l doraz\u00ed do zpracovatelsk\u00e9ho modulu (modul vstupu a v\u00fdstupu), kde se p\u0159evede na kontroleru srozumiteln\u00fd digit\u00e1ln\u00ed jazyk. N\u00e1sledn\u011b tento sign\u00e1l po poli sb\u011brnice p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo do kontroleru, kde je kone\u010dn\u011b zpracov\u00e1n. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b t\u011bchto sign\u00e1l\u016f se vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed logika fungov\u00e1n\u00ed samotn\u00e9ho mikrokontrol\u00e9ru.<\/p>\n

Horn\u00ed \u00farove\u0148: od girlandy po celou pracovn\u00ed stanici<\/h2>\n

\nHorn\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 je v\u0161e, co m\u016f\u017ee b\u011b\u017en\u00fd smrteln\u00edk-obsluha dot\u00fdkat, kter\u00fd ovl\u00e1d\u00e1 technologick\u00fd proces. V nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b horn\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 p\u0159edstavuje soubor sv\u011btel a tla\u010d\u00edtek. Sv\u011btla signalizuj\u00ed obsluze ur\u010dit\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti v syst\u00e9mu, tla\u010d\u00edtka slou\u017e\u00ed k odes\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edkaz\u016f kontroleru. Takov\u00fd syst\u00e9m se \u010dasto naz\u00fdv\u00e1 \u201egirlandou\u201c nebo \u201estrome\u010dkem\u201c, proto\u017ee vypad\u00e1 velmi podobn\u011b (jak lze vid\u011bt na fotografii na za\u010d\u00e1tku \u010dl\u00e1nku).<\/p>\n

Pokud m\u00e1 obsluha v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed, dostane jako horn\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 ovl\u00e1dac\u00ed panel \u2014 jak\u00fdsi ploch\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d, kter\u00fd t\u00edm \u010di on\u00edm zp\u016fsobem z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 data k zobrazen\u00ed od kontroleru a zobrazuje je na obrazovce. Takov\u00fd panel se obvykle montuje na sk\u0159\u00ed\u0148 automatizace, proto s n\u00edm obvykle interaguj\u00ed ve stoje, co\u017e zp\u016fsobuje nepohodl\u00ed, nav\u00edc kvalita a velikost obr\u00e1zku na mal\u00fdch panelech \u010dasto zanech\u00e1v\u00e1 mnoho p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\"Sb\u011brnice
\n
\nA nakonec atrakce nev\u00eddan\u00e9 \u0161t\u011bdrosti \u2014 pracovn\u00ed stanice (nebo n\u011bkolik duplicitn\u00edch), co\u017e je b\u011b\u017en\u00fd osobn\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010d.<\/p>\n

Za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed horn\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b mus\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem spolupracovat s mikrokontrol\u00e9rem (jinak by k \u010demu v\u016fbec bylo?). K takov\u00e9 spolupr\u00e1ci se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed protokoly horn\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b a n\u011bjak\u00e9 p\u0159enosov\u00e9 m\u00e9dium, nap\u0159\u00edklad Ethernet nebo UART. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b \u201estrome\u010dku\u201c takov\u00e9 vynal\u00e9zavosti samoz\u0159ejm\u011b nen\u00ed pot\u0159eba, sv\u011btla se rozsv\u011bcuj\u00ed pomoc\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch fyzick\u00fdch veden\u00ed, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 slo\u017eit\u00e9 rozhran\u00ed a protokoly tam nejsou.<\/p>\n

Obecn\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, tato vrstva je m\u00e9n\u011b zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 ne\u017e pole s\u00edt\u011b, proto\u017ee tato vrstva nemus\u00ed v\u016fbec existovat (z \u0159ady, pro oper\u00e1tora tu nen\u00ed nic k vid\u011bn\u00ed, \u0159\u00eddic\u00ed jednotka se u\u017e sama rozhodne, co a jak m\u00e1 d\u011blat).<\/p>\n

\"Star\u00e9\" protokoly p\u0159enosu dat: Modbus a HART<\/h2>\n

\nM\u00e1lokdo v\u00ed, ale v den sedm\u00fd, kdy byl sv\u011bt stvo\u0159en, B\u016fh neodpo\u010d\u00edval, ale vytv\u00e1\u0159el Modbus. Spolu s protokolem HART je Modbus pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nejstar\u0161\u00ed pr\u016fmyslov\u00fd protokol p\u0159enosu dat, kter\u00fd se objevil v roce 1979.<\/p>\n

Jako m\u00e9dium pro p\u0159enos byl zpo\u010d\u00e1tku pou\u017eit s\u00e9riov\u00fd interface, pot\u00e9 byl Modbus implementov\u00e1n nad TCP\/IP. Je to synchronn\u00ed protokol na b\u00e1zi \"master-slave\" (hlavn\u00ed-pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00fd), ve kter\u00e9m je pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n princip \"dotaz-odpov\u011b\u010f\". Protokol je pom\u011brn\u011b t\u011b\u017ekop\u00e1dn\u00fd a pomal\u00fd, rychlost v\u00fdm\u011bny z\u00e1vis\u00ed na charakteristik\u00e1ch p\u0159ij\u00edma\u010de a vys\u00edla\u010de, ale obvykle se jedn\u00e1 o stovky milisekund, zejm\u00e9na v implementaci p\u0159es s\u00e9riov\u00fd interface. <\/p>\n

Nav\u00edc, registr p\u0159enosu dat Modbus je 16-bitov\u00fd, co\u017e okam\u017eit\u011b klade omezen\u00ed na p\u0159enos typ\u016f real a double. Ty jsou p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161eny bu\u010f po \u010d\u00e1stech, nebo s \u00fabytkem p\u0159esnosti. I p\u0159es to, \u017ee je Modbus dodnes \u0161iroce pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n tam, kde nen\u00ed pot\u0159eba vysok\u00e1 rychlost v\u00fdm\u011bny a ztr\u00e1ta p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en\u00fdch dat nen\u00ed kritick\u00e1. Mnoho v\u00fdrobc\u016f r\u016fzn\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed r\u00e1do roz\u0161i\u0159uje protokol Modbus sv\u00fdm v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fdm a velmi origin\u00e1ln\u00edm zp\u016fsobem, p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm nestandardn\u00edch funkc\u00ed. Proto tento protokol m\u00e1 mnoho mutac\u00ed a odchylek od normy, ale p\u0159esto st\u00e1le \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b \u017eije v modern\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b.
\nProtokol HART existuje tak\u00e9 od osmdes\u00e1t\u00fdch let, je to pr\u016fmyslov\u00fd protokol v\u00fdm\u011bny nad dvoudr\u00e1tovou smy\u010dkou proudu, do kter\u00e9 jsou p\u0159\u00edmo p\u0159ipojeny senzory 4-20 mA a dal\u0161\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed podporuj\u00edc\u00ed protokol HART. <\/p>\n

Pro p\u0159ep\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed linek HART se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed speci\u00e1ln\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, tzv. HART modemy. Existuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 p\u0159evodn\u00edky, kter\u00e9 na v\u00fdstupu u\u017eivateli poskytuj\u00ed ji\u017e nap\u0159\u00edklad modbus protokol. <\/p>\n

HART je zaj\u00edmav\u00fd p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm t\u00edm, \u017ee krom\u011b analogov\u00fdch sign\u00e1l\u016f ze senzor\u016f 4-20 mA se p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed tak\u00e9 digit\u00e1ln\u00ed sign\u00e1l samotn\u00e9ho protokolu, co\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje spojen\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00ed a analogov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti v jedn\u00e9 kabelov\u00e9 linii. Modern\u00ed HART modemy se mohou p\u0159ipojit do USB portu kontrol\u00e9ru, komunikovat prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm Bluetooth, nebo starom\u00f3dn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem p\u0159es s\u00e9riov\u00fd port. P\u0159ed deseti lety se podle vzoru Wi-Fi objevil tak\u00e9 bezdr\u00e1tov\u00fd standard WirelessHART pracuj\u00edc\u00ed v ISM p\u00e1smu.<\/p>\n

Druh\u00e1 generace protokol\u016f, nebo sp\u00ed\u0161e pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 sb\u011brnice ISA, PCI(e) a VME. <\/h2>\n

\nNa m\u00edsto protokol\u016f Modbus a HART p\u0159i\u0161ly t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 sb\u011brnice jako ISA (MicroPC, PC\/104) nebo PCI\/PCIe (CompactPCI, CompactPCI Serial, StacPC), a tak\u00e9 VME. <\/p>\n

Nastala \u00e9ra v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00edch jednotek, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed k dispozici univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed sb\u011brnici pro p\u0159enos dat, kam lze p\u0159ipojit r\u016fzn\u00e9 desky (moduly) pro zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed jak\u00e9hosi unifikovan\u00e9ho sign\u00e1lu. Obvykle je v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b procesorov\u00fd modul (v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed jednotka) zasazen do takzvan\u00e9ho r\u00e1mu, kter\u00fd zaji\u0161\u0165uje interakci po sb\u011brnici s dal\u0161\u00edmi za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edmi. R\u00e1m, nebo, jak ho r\u00e1di naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed prav\u00ed automatiz\u00e1to\u0159i, \"krabice\", je dopln\u011bn pot\u0159ebn\u00fdmi vstupn\u011b-v\u00fdstupn\u00edmi deskami: analogov\u00fdmi, diskr\u00e9tn\u00edmi, rozhran\u00edmi atd., nebo v\u0161e m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt slepeno ve form\u011b sendvi\u010de bez r\u00e1mu \u2014 jedna deska nad druhou. Po tomto v\u0161echno na sb\u011brnici (ISA, PCI atd.) si vym\u011b\u0148uje data s procesorov\u00fdm modulem, kter\u00fd takto z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 informace ze senzor\u016f a realizuje ur\u010ditou logiku.<\/p>\n

\"Sb\u011brnice
\nKontrol\u00e9r a moduly vstupu a v\u00fdstupu v r\u00e1mci PXI na sb\u011brnici PCI. Zdroj: National Instruments Corporation<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n

Se sb\u011brnicemi ISA, PCI(e) a VME by nebylo nic \u0161patn\u00e9ho, zejm\u00e9na pro tu dobu: nejen\u017ee rychlost p\u0159enosu neodrazuje, ale komponenty syst\u00e9mu jsou um\u00edst\u011bny v jednom r\u00e1mu, kompaktn\u011b a pohodln\u011b, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 hork\u00e1 v\u00fdm\u011bna vstupn\u011b-v\u00fdstupn\u00edch desek nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt, ale zat\u00edm se to v\u016fbec nechce. <\/p>\n

Ale je tu jedna nep\u0159\u00edjemnost, a nen\u00ed to jen jedna. Distribuovan\u00fd syst\u00e9m je v takov\u00e9 konfiguraci pom\u011brn\u011b slo\u017eit\u00e9 vybudovat, lok\u00e1ln\u00ed sb\u011brnice pro v\u00fdm\u011bnu, je pot\u0159eba vymyslet n\u011bco pro v\u00fdm\u011bnu dat s jin\u00fdmi pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00fdmi nebo rovnocenn\u00fdmi uzly, ten sam\u00fd Modbus p\u0159es TCP\/IP nebo n\u011bjak\u00fd jin\u00fd protokol, obecn\u011b se ned\u00e1 nic moc pohodln\u011b ud\u011blat. A druh\u00e1 nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e1 v\u011bc: vstupn\u00ed a v\u00fdstupn\u00ed karty obvykle o\u010dek\u00e1vaj\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00fd unifikovan\u00fd sign\u00e1l na vstupu a nemaj\u00ed galvanick\u00e9 odd\u011blen\u00ed od pole, tak\u017ee je pot\u0159eba vybudovat z r\u016fzn\u00fdch p\u0159evodn\u00edch modul\u016f a mezikruhov\u00e9 techniky, co\u017e zna\u010dn\u011b zkomplikuje z\u00e1kladn\u00ed elementy.<\/p>\n

\"Sb\u011brnice
\nMezilehl\u00e9 sign\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159evodn\u00ed moduly s galvanick\u00fdm odd\u011blen\u00edm. Zdroj: DataForth Corporation<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n

\"A co protokol pro v\u00fdm\u011bnu na pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 sb\u011brnici?\" - zept\u00e1te se. No, nic. V takov\u00e9 implementaci neexistuje. Sign\u00e1l se prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm kabelov\u00fdch linek dost\u00e1v\u00e1 z \u010didel na sign\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159evodn\u00edky, kter\u00e9 v\u00fdstupem generuj\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed pro diskr\u00e9tn\u00ed nebo analogovou vstupn\u00ed\/v\u00fdstupn\u00ed kartu, a data z karty jsou \u010dtena prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm vstupn\u00edch\/v\u00fdstupn\u00edch port\u016f opera\u010dn\u00edm syst\u00e9mem. A \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 specializovan\u00e9 protokoly.<\/p>\n

Jak funguj\u00ed modern\u00ed pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 sb\u011brnice a protokoly<\/h2>\n

\nA co te\u010f? K dne\u0161n\u00edmu dni se klasick\u00e1 ideologie stavby automatizovan\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f pon\u011bkud zm\u011bnila. Mnoho faktor\u016f sehr\u00e1lo roli, po\u010d\u00ednaje t\u00edm, \u017ee automatizovat by m\u011blo b\u00fdt tak\u00e9 pohodln\u00e9, a kon\u010de tendenc\u00ed k distribuovan\u00fdm automatizovan\u00fdm syst\u00e9m\u016fm se vzd\u00e1len\u00fdmi uzly.<\/p>\n

Snad lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee dnes existuj\u00ed dv\u011b z\u00e1kladn\u00ed koncepce v\u00fdstavby automatiza\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f: lokalizovan\u00e9 a distribuovan\u00e9 automatizovan\u00e9 syst\u00e9my.<\/p>\n

V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b lokalizovan\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f, kde je shroma\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed dat a \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed centralizov\u00e1no na jednom konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm m\u00edst\u011b, se uplat\u0148uje koncept jak\u00e9hosi souboru modul\u016f vstupu-v\u00fdstupu, propojen\u00fdch mezi sebou spole\u010dnou rychlou sb\u011brnic\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b \u0159adi\u010de se sv\u00fdm komunika\u010dn\u00edm protokolem. Obvykle moduly vstupu-v\u00fdstupu zahrnuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 p\u0159evodn\u00edk sign\u00e1lu a galvanickou izolaci (i kdy\u017e to samoz\u0159ejm\u011b nen\u00ed v\u017edy nutn\u00e9). To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee kone\u010dn\u00fd u\u017eivatel mus\u00ed pouze pochopit, jak\u00e9 typy senzor\u016f a mechanism\u016f budou v automatizovan\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu, spo\u010d\u00edtat po\u017eadovan\u00fd po\u010det modul\u016f vstupu-v\u00fdstupu pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 typy sign\u00e1l\u016f a spojit je do jedn\u00e9 spole\u010dn\u00e9 linie s \u0159adi\u010dem. V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b obvykle ka\u017ed\u00fd v\u00fdrobce pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 sv\u016fj obl\u00edben\u00fd protokol komunikace mezi moduly vstupu-v\u00fdstupu a \u0159adi\u010dem, a mo\u017enost\u00ed je zde spousta.<\/p>\n

V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b distribuovan\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f plat\u00ed v\u0161e, co bylo uvedeno v souvislosti s lokalizovan\u00fdmi syst\u00e9my, krom\u011b toho je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, aby jednotliv\u00e9 komponenty, nap\u0159\u00edklad soubor modul\u016f vstupu-v\u00fdstupu plus za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro sb\u011br a p\u0159enos informac\u00ed \u2014 pom\u011brn\u011b jednoduch\u00fd mikrokontrol\u00e9r, kter\u00fd se nach\u00e1z\u00ed kdesi v budce na poli, vedle ventilu, kter\u00fd uzav\u00edr\u00e1 olej \u2014 mohly efektivn\u011b komunikovat s podobn\u00fdmi uzly a s hlavn\u00edm \u0159adi\u010dem na velk\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti. <\/p>\n

Jak si v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159i vyb\u00edraj\u00ed protokol pro sv\u016fj projekt? V\u0161echny modern\u00ed komunika\u010dn\u00ed protokoly poskytuj\u00ed pom\u011brn\u011b vysokou rychlost, proto je \u010dasto v\u00fdb\u011br ur\u010dit\u00e9ho v\u00fdrobce d\u00e1n nejen rychlost\u00ed v\u00fdm\u011bny na t\u00e9to pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 sb\u011brnici. O to m\u00e9n\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 je i implementace samotn\u00e9ho protokolu, proto\u017ee z pohledu v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159e syst\u00e9mu to bude stejn\u011b \u010dern\u00e1 sk\u0159\u00ed\u0148ka, kter\u00e1 zaji\u0161\u0165uje ur\u010ditou vnit\u0159n\u00ed strukturu v\u00fdm\u011bny a nen\u00ed ur\u010dena k vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu z\u00e1sahu. Nej\u010dast\u011bji se zam\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed na praktick\u00e9 charakteristiky: v\u00fdkon v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, vhodnost aplikace konceptu v\u00fdrobce na dan\u00fd \u00fakol, p\u0159\u00edtomnost pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch typ\u016f modul\u016f vstupu-v\u00fdstupu, mo\u017enost hork\u00e9 v\u00fdm\u011bny modul\u016f bez p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00ed sb\u011brnice atd.<\/p>\n

Popul\u00e1rn\u00ed dodavatel\u00e9 vybaven\u00ed nab\u00edzej\u00ed vlastn\u00ed implementace pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch protokol\u016f: nap\u0159\u00edklad zn\u00e1m\u00e1 spole\u010dnost Siemens vyv\u00edj\u00ed svou \u0159adu protokol\u016f Profinet a Profibus, spole\u010dnost B&R - protokol Powerlink, Rockwell Automation - protokol EtherNet\/IP. Dom\u00e1c\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed v tomto seznamu p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f: verze protokolu FBUS od rusk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti Fastwel. <\/p>\n

Existuj\u00ed i univerz\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 nejsou v\u00e1z\u00e1na na konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho v\u00fdrobce, jako je EtherCAT a CAN. Tyto protokoly podrobn\u011b prozkoum\u00e1me v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dl\u00e1nku a zjist\u00edme, kter\u00e9 z nich jsou nejl\u00e9pe vhodn\u00e9 pro konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed aplikace: automobilov\u00fd a leteck\u00fd pr\u016fmysl, v\u00fdrobu elektroniky, pozi\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9my a robotiku. Z\u016fsta\u0148te s n\u00e1mi!
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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