{"id":34887,"date":"2019-10-31T22:01:05","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:01:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/voprosy-prioriteta-najkvist-shennon-ili-kotelnikov\/"},"modified":"2026-05-20T17:51:22","modified_gmt":"2026-05-20T15:51:22","slug":"voprosy-prioriteta-najkvist-shennon-ili-kotelnikov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/voprosy-prioriteta-najkvist-shennon-ili-kotelnikov","title":{"rendered":"Ot\u00e1zky priorit: Nyquist, Shannon nebo Kotelnikov?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

O priorit\u011b prac\u00ed v oblasti p\u0159enosu informac\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Pr\u016fkopn\u00edkem t\u00e9to modern\u00ed problematiky je V.A. Kotelnikov. B\u011bhem sv\u00e9 postgradu\u00e1ln\u00ed doby na MEI byly v roce 1932 publikov\u00e1ny pr\u00e1ce, z nich\u017e jedna m\u011bla n\u00e1zev \u201eO propustnosti \u201e\u00e9teru\u201c a dr\u00e1tu v elektroslu\u017eb\u00e1ch\u201c a byla p\u0159ihl\u00e1\u0161ena k prezentaci na I. V\u0161esvazov\u00e9m sjezdu k technick\u00e9 rekonstrukci oboru spojen\u00ed a rozvoji slaboproud\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu. Sjezd se nekonal. Byla publikov\u00e1na v roce 1933 jako materi\u00e1l k reportu (p\u0159ijato k tisku v
\nlistopadu 1932). <\/a><\/noindex>Co\u017e je ofici\u00e1ln\u00edm potvrzen\u00edm priority. Na konci studia doktorandsk\u00e9ho programu Vladimir prezentoval sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce na v\u011bdeck\u00e9 rad\u011b. Zpr\u00e1vu schv\u00e1lili, ale pr\u00e1ci \u201aO propustnosti\u2026\u2018 nepochopili \u2013 \u201a\u2026 vypad\u00e1 to spr\u00e1vn\u011b, ale je to v\u011bdeck\u00e1 fantastika.\u2018 <\/p>\n

Za prv\u00e9, tato pr\u00e1ce ukazovala perspektivn\u00ed sm\u011bry rozvoje spojen\u00ed a eliminovala bezv\u00fdchodn\u00e9 sm\u011bry. Za druh\u00e9, v informa\u010dn\u00edm aspektu probl\u00e9m\u016f spojen\u00ed byla matematicky zd\u016fvodn\u011bna digit\u00e1ln\u00ed transmisie informac\u00ed, sv\u011btozn\u00e1m\u00e1 teorema
\nKotelnikova. Ve skute\u010dnosti tato pr\u00e1ce obsahovala 7 teorem.<\/p>\n

Ta, kterou Shannon a jemu podobn\u00ed naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed \u201eteorema vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c, kterou on publikoval o 15 let pozd\u011bji v roce 1948. Pot\u00e9, v 70. letech se s rozvojem elektroniky p\u0159irozen\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161il z\u00e1jem o digit\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159enos informac\u00ed. V roce 1977 vznikla ot\u00e1zka p\u0159i p\u0159i\u0159azov\u00e1n\u00ed priorit a bylo navr\u017eeno ozna\u010den\u00ed WKS-teorema, Whittaker-Kotelnikov-Shannon.<\/p>\n

V roce 1999 Nadace Eduarda Reyna p\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed vynikaj\u00edc\u00edch v\u011bdeck\u00fdch \u00fasp\u011bch\u016f 20. stolet\u00ed ud\u011blila cenu sov\u011btsk\u00e9mu v\u011bdci Kotelnikovovi Vladimiru Alexandrovichovi v kategorii \u201eza fundament\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdzkum\u201c za \u201epoprv\u00e9 matematicky p\u0159esn\u011b formulovanou a publikovanou teoremu vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed.\u201c<\/p>\n

Je\u0161t\u011b jedna zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 pozn\u00e1mka. <\/p>\n

Objevuje se jm\u00e9no H. Nyquista, (angl. Harry Nyquist), kter\u00fd pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b jako jeden z prvn\u00edch pochopil a vyj\u00e1d\u0159il my\u0161lenku, \u017ee vzorky sign\u00e1lu by m\u011bly b\u00fdt rozli\u0161ov\u00e1ny \u010dasov\u00fdmi intervaly, kter\u00e9 jsou rovny
\np\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b k opa\u010dn\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159ce jeho spektr\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0161\u00ed\u0159ky. To \u010dasto d\u00e1v\u00e1 z\u00e1klad, zejm\u00e9na z\u00e1padn\u00edm v\u011bdc\u016fm, pou\u017e\u00edvat term\u00edn \u201eNykvistovo pravidlo vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c. Ale jeho \u00favahy se t\u00fdkaly probl\u00e9mu nezkreslen\u00e9ho p\u0159enosu telegrafick\u00e9ho sign\u00e1lu, p\u0159esto\u017ee byly bl\u00edzk\u00e9 probl\u00e9mu p\u0159enosu nezkreslen\u00e9ho analogov\u00e9ho sign\u00e1lu. Profesor Luke D. ve sv\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku o vzniku teorie vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed poukazuje na to: \u201aprvn\u00edm v\u011bdcem, kter\u00fd p\u0159esn\u011b formuloval teorii vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed a aplikoval ji na probl\u00e9my teorie a techniky komunikace, je pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b V.A. Kotelnikov.\u2018<\/p>\n

Mal\u00e9 odbo\u010den\u00ed a tak\u00e9 o priorit\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

V roce 1939 vytvo\u0159il Vladimir Alexandrovi\u010d za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro komunikaci na jednom bo\u010dn\u00edm p\u00e1smu a sestavil ho sv\u00fdmi silami, samoz\u0159ejm\u011b ne s\u00e1m, proto\u017ee pr\u016fmysl odm\u00edtl: \u201eNikdo nikdy takov\u00e9 neum\u011bl ud\u011blat.\u201c Bylo nainstalov\u00e1no, ale nebylo schv\u00e1leno na lince Moskva \u2013 Chabarovsk. Nebylo schv\u00e1leno: \u201eSnadno se to odposlouch\u00e1v\u00e1.\u201c Po p\u0159e\u010dten\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nku H. Dudleyho Kotelnikov vytvo\u0159il za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro \u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed \u0159e\u010di a
\np\u0159edstavil jeho my\u0161lenku v zpr\u00e1v\u011b \u201eZ\u00e1kladn\u00ed principy automatick\u00e9ho \u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c 19. \u010dervna 1941. V tomto dokumentu byly poprv\u00e9 formulov\u00e1ny po\u017eadavky na matematicky nedekryptovateln\u00e9
\nsyst\u00e9my s d\u016fkazem nemo\u017enosti de\u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed. V otev\u0159en\u00e9m publikaci nebyly (a mo\u017en\u00e1 u\u017e jsou).
\nK. Shannon 1. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1945 p\u0159edstavil p\u0159\u00edstupy ke konstrukci odoln\u00fdch \u0161ifrovac\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f, otev\u0159en\u00fd tisk zpr\u00e1vu spat\u0159il v roce 1949.<\/p>\n

Kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 \u00faprava \u201e\u00dasp\u011bchy fyzick\u00fdch v\u011bd\u201c, konference a sympozia, \u010dervenec 2006, svazek 176, \u010d. 7<\/p>\n

Podrobn\u00fd materi\u00e1l s matematick\u00fdmi v\u00fdpo\u010dty lze st\u00e1hnout na odkazu<\/p>\n

Na z\u00e1v\u011br mohu \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee velmi \u010dasto v v\u011bdecko-praktick\u00e9 literatu\u0159e zahrani\u010dn\u00ed auto\u0159i zaml\u010duj\u00ed, p\u0159isuzuj\u00ed si to, nebo v krajn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b zmen\u0161uj\u00ed rusk\u00e9-sov\u011btsk\u00e9- rusk\u00e9 \u00fasp\u011bchy a priority.<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed publikac\u00ed bude vystaven\u00ed materi\u00e1l\u016f k ot\u00e1zce \u201eKdo je vyn\u00e1lezcem r\u00e1dia, Popov nebo Marconi?\u201c pokud se mi objev\u00ed stejn\u00fd po\u017e\u00e1r v n\u00e1kladov\u00e9m prostoru jako dnes. <\/p>\n

O priorit\u011b prac\u00ed v oblasti p\u0159enosu informac\u00ed. Pr\u016fkopn\u00edkem v t\u00e9to modern\u00ed ot\u00e1zce je V.A. Kotelnikov. B\u011bhem studi\u00ed na MEI byly publikov\u00e1ny v roce 1932.
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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