{"id":35024,"date":"2019-10-31T22:01:53","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:01:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/gomer-ili-pervyj-v-istorii-opensource-ch-1\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:01:53","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:01:53","slug":"gomer-ili-pervyj-v-istorii-opensource-ch-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/gomer-ili-pervyj-v-istorii-opensource-ch-1","title":{"rendered":"Homer nebo prvn\u00ed v historii open source. \u010d\u00e1st 1","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee Homer se sv\u00fdmi epick\u00fdmi b\u00e1sn\u011bmi je n\u011bco vzd\u00e1len\u00e9ho, archaick\u00e9ho, t\u011b\u017eko \u010diteln\u00e9ho a naivn\u00edho. Ale nen\u00ed tomu tak. Jsme v\u0161ichni prostoupeni Homerem, staro\u0159eckou kulturou, ze kter\u00e9 vze\u0161la cel\u00e1 Evropa: n\u00e1\u0161 jazyk se hem\u017e\u00ed slovy a citacemi z antick\u00e9 literatury: vzpome\u0148me alespo\u0148 na takov\u00e1 vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed jako \u201ehomerick\u00fd sm\u00edch\u201c, \u201ebitva boh\u016f\u201c, \u201eAchillova pata\u201c, \u201ejablko sv\u00e1ru\u201c a na\u0161e p\u016fvodn\u00ed: \u201etrojsk\u00fd k\u016f\u0148\u201c. To v\u0161echno je do ur\u010dit\u00e9 m\u00edry z Homera. A u\u017e o vlivu hel\u00e9nsk\u00e9 kultury, jazyka Hel\u00e9n\u016f (\u0158ekov\u00e9 nev\u011bd\u011bli, co znamen\u00e1 slovo \u201e\u0158ecko\u201c a tak se sami nenaz\u00fdvali, tento etnonym k n\u00e1m p\u0159i\u0161el od \u0158\u00edman\u016f) se ani nemus\u00edme bavit. \u0160kola, akademie, gymn\u00e1zium, filozofie, fyzika (metafyzika) a matematika, technika\u2026 sbor, sc\u00e9na, kytara, mediatr \u2014 to v\u0161echno se ned\u00e1 ani vyjmenovat \u2014 v\u0161e toto jsou staro\u0159eck\u00e1 slova. A v\u011bd\u011bli jste to?
\n\"Homer
\n\u2026
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nA tak\u00e9 se tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee \u0158ekov\u00e9 jako prvn\u00ed vynalezli pen\u00edze ve form\u011b ra\u017een\u00fdch minc\u00ed\u2026 Abeceda, jak ji zn\u00e1me my. Prvn\u00ed pen\u00edze byly ra\u017eeny z p\u0159irozen\u00e9 slitiny st\u0159\u00edbra a zlata, kterou naz\u00fdvali elektr (pozdrav elektronick\u00fdm pen\u011bz\u016fm z minulosti). Abeceda se samohl\u00e1skami a t\u00edm p\u00e1dem p\u0159enosem v\u0161ech zvuk\u016f slova p\u0159i psan\u00ed \u2014 bezpochyby \u0159eck\u00fd vyn\u00e1lez, a\u010dkoliv mnoz\u00ed pova\u017euj\u00ed za zakladatele podnikav\u00e9 F\u00e9nikyjce (syromalexandrijsk\u00fd n\u00e1rod, kter\u00fd \u017eil na \u00fazem\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00e9 S\u00fdrie a Izraele), kte\u0159\u00ed nem\u011bli samohl\u00e1sky. Co je zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, latinsk\u00e1 abeceda vy\u0161la p\u0159\u00edmo z \u0159eck\u00e9, stejn\u011b jako slovansk\u00e1. A pozdn\u00ed abecedy z\u00e1padoevropsk\u00fdch zem\u00ed \u2014 to u\u017e jsou odvozeniny od latinsk\u00e9. V tomto smyslu na\u0161e cyrilice stoj\u00ed vedle latinky\u2026 A kolik \u0159e\u010dtiny je ve v\u011bd\u011b, literatu\u0159e? Jamb, chorej, m\u00faza, lyra, ver\u0161e, strofa, Pegas s Parnasem. Samo slovo \u201eb\u00e1sn\u00edk\u201c, \u201epoezie\u201c, kone\u010dn\u011b \u2014 v\u0161echny evidentn\u011b nyn\u00ed odtud. V\u0161echny je nespo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1te! Ale n\u00e1zev m\u00e9ho textu vyd\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u00e1tos (d\u00e1vno\u0159eck\u00e9 slovo) m\u00e9ho \u201eobjevu\u201c. A proto, dr\u017e\u00edm sv\u00e9 kon\u011b a p\u0159ejdu k A toti\u017e, tvrd\u00edm, \u017ee prvn\u00ed opensource (abych to tak \u0159ekl) s gitem vzniklo d\u00e1vno v minulosti: ve starov\u011bk\u00e9m \u0158ecku (p\u0159esn\u011bji v archaick\u00e9m starov\u011bk\u00e9m \u0158ecku) a nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm p\u0159edstavitelem t\u00e9to ud\u00e1losti je v\u0161eobecn\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00fd velk\u00fd Homer. <\/p>\n

Tak, \u00favod je hotov\u00fd, te\u010f se pod\u00edvejme na v\u0161echno postupn\u011b. Ozn\u00e1men\u00ed: p\u016fvodn\u00ed v\u00fdznamy v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch \u0159eck\u00fdch slov v\u00e1m poskytnu na konci textu (n\u011bkter\u00e9 jsou p\u0159ekvapiv\u00e9) \u2014 to pro ty, kte\u0159\u00ed do\u010detli tento text a\u017e do konce. Tak\u017ee, jdeme na to!<\/p>\n

Homer.
\nB\u00e1sn\u011b velk\u00e9ho Homera se obvykle datuj\u00ed do konce 9. a za\u010d\u00e1tku 8. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed n. l., i kdy\u017e tyto texty z\u0159ejm\u011b za\u010daly vznikat hned po ud\u00e1lostech, kter\u00e9 popisuj\u00ed, tedy n\u011bkdy ve 13. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, jsou star\u00e9 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 3 tis\u00edce let. Homerovi jsou p\u0159ipisov\u00e1ny \"Iliada\" a \"Odyssea\", \"Homerovy hymny\" a \u0159ada dal\u0161\u00edch d\u011bl, jako jsou b\u00e1sn\u011b \"Margit\" a \"Batrachomyomachia\" (satirick\u00e1 parodie na \"Iliadu\", kter\u00e1 se doslovn\u011b p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1 jako \"V\u00e1lka my\u0161\u00ed a \u017eab\" (machia \u2014 boj, \u00fader, mys \u2014 my\u0161). Podle v\u011bdc\u016f pouze prvn\u00ed dv\u011b d\u00edla pat\u0159\u00ed Homerovi, ostatn\u00ed, stejn\u011b jako mnoh\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed, jsou mu p\u0159ipisov\u00e1na (pro\u010d to vysv\u011btl\u00edm n\u00ed\u017ee), podle n\u011bkter\u00fdch n\u00e1zor\u016f pat\u0159\u00ed Homerovi jen \"Iliada\"\u2026 obecn\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, diskuze pokra\u010duj\u00ed, ale jedno je jist\u00e9 \u2014 Homer ur\u010dit\u011b existoval a ud\u00e1losti, kter\u00e9 popisuje u zd\u00ed Tr\u00f3je (druh\u00e9 jm\u00e9no m\u011bsta Ili\u00f3n, odtud \"Iliada\") se ur\u010dit\u011b staly.<\/p>\n

Odkud to v\u00edme? Na konci 19. stolet\u00ed Heinrich Schliemann, N\u011bmec, kter\u00fd z\u00edskal obrovsk\u00e9 jm\u011bn\u00ed v Rusku, splnil sv\u016fj d\u00e1vn\u00fd d\u011btsk\u00fd sen: nalezl a vykopal Tr\u00f3ju na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edho Turecka, doslova p\u0159evr\u00e1tiv\u0161e v\u0161echny p\u0159edchoz\u00ed p\u0159edstavy o t\u011bchto dob\u00e1ch a textech na toto t\u00e9ma. D\u0159\u00edve se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dalo, \u017ee trojsk\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti, za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed \u00fat\u011bkem kr\u00e1sn\u00e9 Heleny s trojsk\u00fdm princem Parisem (Alexandrem) do Tr\u00f3je \u2013 to v\u0161e je m\u00fdtus, nebo\u0165 i pro star\u00e9 \u0158eky byly popisovan\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti v b\u00e1sn\u00edch pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za d\u00e1vnou historii. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b nejen zdi Tr\u00f3je byly vykop\u00e1ny a nalezeny nejstar\u0161\u00ed zlat\u00e9 \u0161perky t\u00e9 doby (kter\u00e9 jsou ve\u0159ejn\u011b p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00e9 v Tre\u0165jakovsk\u00e9 galerii), pozd\u011bji byly objeveny hlin\u011bn\u00e9 tabulky nejstar\u0161\u00edho chetitsk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu \u2013 soused\u00edc\u00edho s Tr\u00f3jou, ve kter\u00fdch se objevila zn\u00e1m\u00e1 jm\u00e9na: Agamemn\u00f3n, Menel\u00e1os, Alexandr\u2026 Tak se liter\u00e1rn\u00ed postavy staly historick\u00fdmi, proto\u017ee tyto tabulky odr\u00e1\u017eely diplomatick\u00e9 a da\u0148ov\u00e9 reality kdysi mocn\u00e9ho chetitsk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu. Co je zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, ani v samotn\u00e9 Tr\u00f3ji, ani v Hellad\u011b (\u017eertovn\u011b, ale toto slovo v t\u011bch d\u00e1vn\u00fdch \u010dasech tak\u00e9 neexistovalo) k tomu \u010dasu \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 p\u00edsemnictv\u00ed nebylo. Pr\u00e1v\u011b to dalo podn\u011bt k rozvoji na\u0161eho t\u00e9matu, jak podivn\u00e9 to m\u016f\u017ee zn\u00edt.
\n\"Homer
\n
\nTak\u017ee, Hom\u00e9r. Hom\u00e9r byl a\u00e9d \u2013 tedy putuj\u00edc\u00ed zp\u011bv\u00e1k sv\u00fdch p\u00edsn\u00ed (a\u00e9d \u2013 zp\u011bv\u00e1k). Kde se narodil a jak zem\u0159el, nen\u00ed s jistotou zn\u00e1mo. Mimo jin\u00e9 i proto, \u017ee o pr\u00e1vo naz\u00fdvat se rodn\u00fdm m\u011bstem Hom\u00e9ra, stejn\u011b jako m\u00edstem jeho smrti ji\u017e ve starov\u011bku sout\u011b\u017eilo nejm\u00e9n\u011b sedm m\u011bst na obou stran\u00e1ch Egejsk\u00e9ho mo\u0159e: Smyrna, Chios, Pylos, Samos, Ath\u00e9ny a dal\u0161\u00ed. Hom\u00e9r nen\u00ed ve skute\u010dnosti vlastn\u00ed jm\u00e9no, ale p\u0159ezd\u00edvka. Znamen\u00e1 n\u011bco jako \u201ezajatce\u201c ve starov\u011bk\u00e9m jazyce. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee jm\u00e9no, kter\u00e9 mu bylo d\u00e1no p\u0159i narozen\u00ed, bylo n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed: Mel\u00e9\u0161igen, co\u017e znamen\u00e1 narozen\u00fd Mel\u00e9siem, ale ani to nen\u00ed p\u0159esn\u00e9. V antice ho \u010dasto naz\u00fdvali: B\u00e1sn\u00edk (B\u00e1sn\u00ed\u0159ka). A to s velk\u00fdm p\u00edsmenem, co\u017e bylo ur\u010dov\u00e1no odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edm ur\u010dit\u00fdm \u010dlenem. A v\u0161ichni ch\u00e1pali, o kom je \u0159e\u010d. B\u00e1sn\u00ed\u0159ka \u2013 znamen\u00e1 \u201etv\u016frce\u201c \u2013 je\u0161t\u011b jedno staro\u0159eck\u00e9 slovo do na\u0161\u00ed sb\u00edrky.<\/p>\n

Obvykl\u00e9 se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee Homer (Omar podle starorusk\u00e9ho) byl slep\u00fd a star\u00fd, ale \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 d\u016fkazy tomu nejsou. Samotn\u00fd Homer se v sv\u00fdch p\u00edsn\u00edch nijak nepopisuje, nen\u00ed pops\u00e1n ani tehdej\u0161\u00edmi sou\u010dasn\u00edky (nap\u0159\u00edklad b\u00e1sn\u00edkem H\u00e9siodem). V mnoha ohledech je toto p\u0159edstava zalo\u017eena na popisu a\u00e9d\u016f v jeho \"Odysseji\": sta\u0159\u00ed, slep\u00ed, \u0161ediv\u00ed sta\u0159e\u010dci na sklonku let, a tak\u00e9 na roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9m odchodu slep\u00fdch lid\u00ed v t\u00e9 dob\u011b k potuln\u00fdm zp\u011bv\u00e1k\u016fm, proto\u017ee slep\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk prakticky nemohl pracovat, a d\u016fchod tehdy je\u0161t\u011b nebyl vynalezen.<\/p>\n

Jak ji\u017e bylo zm\u00edn\u011bno, v t\u00e9 dob\u011b \u0159e\u010dt\u00ed lid\u00e9 nem\u011bli p\u00edsmo, a pokud bychom p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dali, \u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina a\u00e9d\u016f byla slep\u00e1 nebo nevidom\u00e1 (br\u00fdle tak\u00e9 je\u0161t\u011b nebyly vynalezeny), pak by pro n\u011b p\u00edsmo nem\u011blo v\u00fdznam, a tud\u00ed\u017e a\u00e9d zp\u00edval sv\u00e9 p\u00edsn\u011b v\u00fdlu\u010dn\u011b z pam\u011bti. <\/p>\n

Vypadalo to p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b takto. Potuln\u00fd sta\u0159ec, s\u00e1m nebo se \u017e\u00e1kem (pr\u016fvodcem), p\u0159ech\u00e1zel z jednoho m\u011bsta do druh\u00e9ho, kde ho pohostinn\u011b p\u0159ij\u00edmali m\u00edstn\u00ed obyvatel\u00e9: \u010dast\u011bji s\u00e1m kr\u00e1l (basil\u00e9us) nebo bohat\u00fd aristokrat ve sv\u00fdch domech. Ve\u010der, p\u0159i b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 ve\u010de\u0159i nebo na zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed akci \u2014 symposium (symposion \u2014 hostina, pit\u00ed, ve\u010d\u00edrek), a\u00e9d za\u010d\u00ednal zp\u00edvat sv\u00e9 p\u00edsn\u011b a pokra\u010doval v tom a\u017e do hlubok\u00e9 noci. Zp\u00edval za doprovodu \u010dty\u0159strunn\u00e9 forminga (prap\u0159edka lyry a pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kithary), zp\u00edval o boz\u00edch a jejich \u017eivotech, o hrdinech a \u010dinech, o starod\u00e1vn\u00fdch kr\u00e1l\u00edch a ud\u00e1lostech, kter\u00e9 se p\u0159\u00edmo t\u00fdkaly poslucha\u010d\u016f, nebo\u0165 se v\u0161ichni nepochybn\u011b pova\u017eovali za p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 potomky t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed byli zmi\u0148ov\u00e1ni v t\u011bchto p\u00edsn\u00edch. A takov\u00fdch p\u00edsn\u00ed bylo mnoho. K n\u00e1m se dochovaly kompletn\u00ed \"Iliada\" a \"Odyssea\", ale je zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee o ud\u00e1lostech v Tr\u00f3ji existoval cel\u00fd epick\u00fd cyklus (cyklus po na\u0161em, \u0158ekov\u00e9 nem\u011bli p\u00edsmeno \u201cc\u201d, k n\u00e1m v\u0161ak p\u0159i\u0161la mnoh\u00e1 \u0159eck\u00e1 slova jako kikklos, kiklops, kynik v latinizovan\u00e9 podob\u011b: cyklus, kyklop, cynik) slo\u017een\u00fd z v\u00edce ne\u017e 12 b\u00e1sn\u00ed. M\u016f\u017ee\u0161 se, \u010dten\u00e1\u0159i, divit, ale v \"Iliad\u011b\" nen\u00ed popis \"tr\u00f3jsk\u00e9ho kon\u011b\", b\u00e1se\u0148 kon\u010d\u00ed pon\u011bkud d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e dojde k p\u00e1du Ilionu. O koni se dozv\u00edd\u00e1me z \"Odysseie\" a dal\u0161\u00edch b\u00e1sn\u00ed kyklick\u00e9ho cyklu, zejm\u00e9na z b\u00e1sn\u011b \"Zk\u00e1za Ilionu\" od Arktina. To v\u0161e je velmi zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, ale od t\u00e9matu to odv\u00e1d\u00ed pozornost, a proto o tom hovo\u0159\u00edm jen letmo.<\/p>\n

Ano, naz\u00fdv\u00e1me \"Iliadu\" epickou b\u00e1sn\u00ed, ale byla to p\u00edse\u0148 (dodnes se jej\u00ed kapitoly naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed p\u00edsn\u011bmi). A\u00e9d ne\u010detl, ale zp\u00edval v dlouh\u00fdch t\u00f3nech na struny z b\u00fd\u010d\u00edch b\u0159ich, pou\u017e\u00edvaje vyle\u0161t\u011bnou kost \u2014 plectrum jako medi\u00e1tor (je\u0161t\u011b dal\u0161\u00ed pozdrav z d\u00e1vnov\u011bku), a okouzlen\u00ed poslucha\u010di, kte\u0159\u00ed dokonale znali osnovu popisovan\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed, vychutn\u00e1vali detaily. <\/p>\n

\"Iliada\" a \"Odyssea\" jsou velmi dlouh\u00e9 epick\u00e9 b\u00e1sn\u011b. V\u00edce ne\u017e 15 tis\u00edc a v\u00edce ne\u017e 12 tis\u00edc ver\u0161\u016f p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u011b. A proto se zp\u00edvaly po mnoho ve\u010der\u016f. Bylo to velmi podobn\u00e9 modern\u00edm seri\u00e1l\u016fm. Ve\u010der se poslucha\u010di op\u011bt shroma\u017e\u010fovali kolem a\u00e9da a s nap\u011bt\u00edm, n\u011bkdy se slzami a sm\u00edchem, poslouchali pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh\u016f, kter\u00e9 zp\u00edvaly v\u010dera. \u010c\u00edm del\u0161\u00ed a zaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed seri\u00e1l, t\u00edm d\u00e9le lid\u00e9 z\u016fst\u00e1vali p\u0159ipout\u00e1ni. Tak a\u00e9dov\u00e9: \u017eili a \u017eivili se sv\u00fdmi poslucha\u010di, dokud ti naslouchali jejich dlouh\u00fdm p\u00edsn\u00edm. <\/p>\n

\u00bb T\u011bmto oblac\u00edm shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00fdm k Zeu Kronidovi, p\u00e1novi nad v\u0161emi, sp\u00e1lili bedra,
\nA pak si posadili za bohat\u00fd st\u016fl... a u\u017e\u00edvali si.
\nB\u00e1sn\u00edk bo\u017esk\u00fd zp\u00edval pod formou, \u2014 ct\u011bn\u00fd v\u0161emi lidmi Demodok. \u201e<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nHomer. \"Odyssea\"<\/p>\n

\"Homer<\/p>\n

A tak nastal \u010das p\u0159ej\u00edt k podstat\u011b. M\u00e1me \u0159emeslo a\u00e9d\u016f, samotn\u00e9 a\u00e9dy, velmi dlouh\u00e9 epick\u00e9 p\u00edsn\u011b a absenci p\u00edsma. Jak se tyto b\u00e1sn\u011b dostaly k n\u00e1m a\u017e z 13. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem?<\/p>\n

Ale ne\u017e p\u0159ejdeme k dal\u0161\u00edmu, je\u0161t\u011b jedna d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 drobnost. Hovo\u0159\u00edme o \"b\u00e1se\u0148\", proto\u017ee jejich text byl poetick\u00fd, ver\u0161ovan\u00fd (ver\u0161 \u2014 dal\u0161\u00ed starov\u011bk\u00e9 slovo, kter\u00e9 znamen\u00e1 \"struktura\")<\/p>\n

Podle n\u00e1zoru historika starov\u011bku, akademika RAN Igora Evgenijevi\u010de Surikova: poezie se mnohem l\u00e9pe pamatuje a p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1 z generace na generaci. \"Zkuste si zapamatovat pr\u00f3zu, zejm\u00e9na velk\u00fd kus, a poezie \u2014 tady j\u00e1 hned mohu reprodukovat \u0159adu ver\u0161\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsem se nau\u010dil je\u0161t\u011b ve \u0161kole,\" \u0159\u00edkal n\u00e1m. A to je pravda. Ka\u017ed\u00fd z n\u00e1s pamatuje alespo\u0148 n\u011bkolik ver\u0161ovan\u00fdch \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f (nebo dokonce b\u00e1sn\u00ed) a m\u00e1lokdo si pamatuje alespo\u0148 cel\u00fd odstavec vzat\u00fd z pr\u00f3zy.<\/p>\n

Sta\u0159\u00ed \u0158ekov\u00e9 nepou\u017e\u00edvali r\u00fdm, i kdy\u017e o n\u011bm v\u011bd\u011bli. Z\u00e1kladem poezie byl rytmus, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m ur\u010dit\u00e9 st\u0159\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed dlouh\u00fdch a kr\u00e1tk\u00fdch slabik vytv\u00e1\u0159elo metrick\u00e9 struktury: jamb, chorius, daktyl, amphibrachium a dal\u0161\u00ed (to je t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u00fapln\u00fd seznam metrick\u00fdch struktur modern\u00ed poezie). \u0158ekov\u00e9 t\u011bchto struktur m\u011bli obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed. Znali r\u00fdm, ale nepou\u017e\u00edvali ho. Rytmick\u00e9 rozmanitosti v\u0161ak p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161elo tak\u00e9 r\u016fznorodost styl\u016f: trochej, spondej, safick\u00fd ver\u0161, alkejevsk\u00e1 strofa a samoz\u0159ejm\u011b slavn\u00fd hexametr. M\u016fj obl\u00edben\u00fd metrick\u00fd typ je jambick\u00fd trimetr. (vtip) Metr \u2014 to znamen\u00e1 m\u00edra. Je\u0161t\u011b jedno slovo do na\u0161\u00ed sb\u00edrky.<\/p>\n

Hexametr byl metrick\u00fdm typem pro hymny (chimnos \u2014 modlitba boh\u016fm) a epick\u00e9 b\u00e1sn\u011b podobn\u00e9 t\u011bm hom\u00e9rsk\u00fdm. O n\u011bm bych mohl hovo\u0159it dlouho, ale \u0159eknu jen to, \u017ee mnoho, mnohem pozd\u011bji, v\u010detn\u011b \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch b\u00e1sn\u00edk\u016f psalo hexametrem, nap\u0159\u00edklad Vergilius ve sv\u00e9 \u201eAeneid\u011b\u201c \u2014 epick\u00e9 napodobenin\u011b \u201eOdysseje\u201c, v n\u00ed\u017e hlavn\u00ed hrdina Eneas ut\u00edk\u00e1 z dobyt\u00e9 Tr\u00f3je do sv\u00e9 nov\u00e9 vlasti \u2014 It\u00e1lie.<\/p>\n

\u201eSou\u017eil ho \u2014 a ho\u0159k\u00e9 mu to, Pelidovi, bylo: mocn\u00e9 srdce
\nV hrudi hrdiny, vlasat\u00e9ho, mezi dv\u011bma p\u0159em\u00edtalo my\u0161lenkami:
\nNebo, nep\u0159\u00edmo vytrhnuv\u0161\u00ed me\u010d z pouzdra ostr\u00fd,
\nRozt\u0159\u00ed\u0161it mu nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 a zab\u00edt p\u00e1na Atreida;
\nNebo vzty\u010dit zlost, zkrotiv\u0161e rozho\u0159\u010denou du\u0161i\u2026 \u201e<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nHomer. \u201cIliada\u201d (p\u0159. Gnedicha)<\/p>\n

Jak jsem se u\u017e zd\u00e1 se zm\u00ednil, p\u011bvci za\u010dali oslavovat ud\u00e1losti trojsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 okam\u017eit\u011b po jej\u00edm skon\u010den\u00ed. Tak v \u201eOdysseji\u201c hlavn\u00ed hrdina, vzd\u00e1len od domova, po deseti letech bloud\u011bn\u00ed sly\u0161\u00ed p\u00edse\u0148 o sob\u011b od p\u011bvce a za\u010dne plakat, skr\u00fdvaj\u00edc slzy p\u0159ed v\u0161emi pod pl\u00e1\u0161t\u011bm.<\/p>\n

Tak\u017ee, p\u00edsn\u011b se objevily ve 13. stolet\u00ed, Hom\u00e9r zp\u00edval svou \"Iliadu\" ve 8. stolet\u00ed. Jej\u00ed kanonick\u00fd text byl zaps\u00e1n je\u0161t\u011b o 200 let pozd\u011bji, ve 6. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. v At\u00e9n\u00e1ch za tyrana P\u00edsistrata. Jak se tyto texty vlastn\u011b objevily a p\u0159etrvaly a\u017e k n\u00e1m? Odpov\u011b\u010f je n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed: Ka\u017ed\u00fd n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed a\u00e9d modifikoval p\u016fvodn\u00ed k\u00f3d p\u0159edchoz\u00edch autor\u016f a \u010dasto \"zpracov\u00e1val\" ciz\u00ed p\u00edsn\u011b a to pova\u017eoval za n\u011bco samoz\u0159ejm\u00e9ho, proto\u017ee to bylo pova\u017eov\u00e1no za normu. Autorsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo tehdy nejen\u017ee neexistovalo, ale \u010dasto, mnohem pozd\u011bji, s p\u0159\u00edchodem p\u00edsemnosti platilo \"autorsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo naopak\": kdy\u017e m\u00e1lo zn\u00e1m\u00fd autor podepisoval sv\u00e1 d\u00edla zvu\u010dn\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem, proto\u017ee s jistotou v\u011b\u0159il, \u017ee t\u00edm zajist\u00ed \u00fasp\u011bch sv\u00e9mu d\u00edlu.<\/p>\n

Git pro \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed zdrojov\u00fdch k\u00f3d\u016f slou\u017eili \u017e\u00e1ci a poslucha\u010di a\u00e9d\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se pozd\u011bji st\u00e1vali zp\u011bv\u00e1ky, a tak\u00e9 sout\u011b\u017ee a\u00e9d\u016f, kter\u00e9 se po\u0159\u00e1daly periodicky a na kter\u00fdch si mohli navz\u00e1jem poslechnout. Tak nap\u0159\u00edklad existoval n\u00e1zor, \u017ee jednou do fin\u00e1le b\u00e1sn\u00edk\u016f postoupili Homer a Hesiod a \u017ee prvn\u00ed m\u00edsto podle n\u00e1zoru mnoha soudc\u016f z\u00edskal, jak podivn\u011b, Hesiod. (pro\u010d to zde opou\u0161t\u00edm)<\/p>\n

Ka\u017ed\u00e9 proveden\u00ed a\u00e9dem jeho p\u00edsn\u011b bylo aktem nejen v\u00fdkonn\u00fdm, ale i tv\u016fr\u010d\u00edm: poka\u017ed\u00e9 skl\u00e1dal svou p\u00edse\u0148 jakoby znovu z cel\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed hotov\u00fdch blok\u016f a fr\u00e1z\u00ed - formul\u00ed, s jistou d\u00e1vkou improvizace a p\u0159evzat\u00fdch prvk\u016f, zu\u0161lech\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed a m\u011bn\u00edc\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti \"k\u00f3du\" \"za b\u011bhu\". P\u0159i\u010dem\u017e, proto\u017ee ud\u00e1losti a osoby byly poslucha\u010d\u016fm dob\u0159e zn\u00e1m\u00e9, \u010dinil to na z\u00e1klad\u011b jak\u00e9hosi \u201ej\u00e1dra\u201c a, co\u017e nen\u00ed nepodstatn\u00e9, na speci\u00e1ln\u00edm poetick\u00e9m dialektu - programovac\u00edm jazyce, jak bychom dnes \u0159ekli. P\u0159edstavte si, jak to p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 modern\u00ed k\u00f3d: vstupn\u00ed prom\u011bnn\u00e9, podm\u00ednkov\u00e9 bloky a cykly, ud\u00e1losti, formule a to v\u0161e ve speci\u00e1ln\u00edm dialektu, odli\u0161n\u00e9m od b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho jazyka! Dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed dialektu bylo velmi p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e9 a po stalet\u00edch byla r\u016fzn\u00e1 poetick\u00e1 d\u00edla ps\u00e1na na sv\u00fdch zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch dialektech (i\u00f3nsk\u00e9m, eolsk\u00e9m, dorick\u00e9m), bez ohledu na to, odkud autor poch\u00e1zel! Jednodu\u0161e dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm po\u017eadavk\u016f \"k\u00f3du\"!<\/p>\n

Tak z p\u016fj\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed jeden od druh\u00e9ho vznikal kanonick\u00fd text. Je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee i Hom\u00e9r si p\u016fj\u010doval, ale na rozd\u00edl od t\u011bch, kdo upadli v zapomn\u011bn\u00ed, to ud\u011blal geni\u00e1ln\u011b, skl\u00e1daje z mnoha p\u00edsn\u00ed jedno, \u010d\u00edm\u017e vytvo\u0159il celistv\u00fd, v\u00fdrazn\u00fd, obrazn\u00fd a nep\u0159ekonateln\u00fd jak po form\u00e1ln\u00ed, tak po obsahov\u00e9 str\u00e1nce. Jinak by jeho jm\u00e9no tak\u00e9 z\u016fstalo nezn\u00e1m\u00e9 a bylo by nahrazeno jin\u00fdmi autory. Pr\u00e1v\u011b genialita jeho \u201etextu\u201c, kter\u00fd si po n\u011bm zapamatov\u00e1vali cel\u00e9 generace p\u011bvc\u016f (bezpochyby byl p\u0159epracov\u00e1v\u00e1n, ale v mnohem men\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e), mu zajistila m\u00edsto v historii. V tomto kontextu se stal Hom\u00e9r tak neuchopitelnou vrcholnou postavou, m\u011b\u0159\u00edtkem, obrazn\u011b \u0159e\u010deno monolitick\u00fdm \u201ej\u00e1drem\u201c cel\u00e9 ekosyst\u00e9mu p\u00edsn\u00ed, \u017ee podle tvrzen\u00ed v\u011bdc\u016f dosp\u011bl k sv\u00e9mu p\u00edsemn\u00e9mu kanonizaci v nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed verzi k origin\u00e1lu. A to se zd\u00e1 b\u00fdt pravdiv\u00e9. \u00da\u017easn\u00e9, jak kr\u00e1sn\u00fd je jeho text! A jak je vn\u00edm\u00e1n p\u0159ipraven\u00fdm \u010dten\u00e1\u0159em. Nen\u00ed divu, \u017ee j\u00edm obdivovali Pu\u0161kin a Tolstoj, co to, Tolstoj, s\u00e1m Alexandr Velik\u00fd se po cel\u00fd \u017eivot na den vzd\u00e1lil od svitku \u201eIliady\u201c - prost\u011b historicky zaznamenan\u00fd akt.<\/p>\n

Zm\u00ednil jsem v\u00fd\u0161e trojsk\u00fd cyklus, kter\u00fd se skl\u00e1dal z \u0159ady d\u011bl odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00edc\u00edch ur\u010ditou epizodu trojsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky. \u010c\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b to byly jak\u00e9si \u201eforky\u201c hom\u00e9rsk\u00e9 \u201eIliady\u201c, psan\u00e9 hexametrem, a dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed epizody, kter\u00e9 v \u201eIliad\u011b\u201c nena\u0161ly sv\u016fj odraz. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161echny bu\u010f v\u016fbec nedo\u0161ly k n\u00e1m, nebo se dochovaly jen v fragmentu. Takov\u00fd je soud historie \u2013 z\u0159ejm\u011b zaost\u00e1valy za Hom\u00e9rem a neprosadily se tak siln\u011b mezi obyvatelstvem.<\/p>\n

Shrnu to. Ur\u010dit\u00fd striktn\u00ed jazyk p\u00edsn\u00ed, formule, ze kter\u00fdch se skl\u00e1daly, svoboda \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed a, hlavn\u011b, otev\u0159enost k neust\u00e1l\u00fdm modifikac\u00edm od jin\u00fdch \u2013 to je to, co nyn\u00ed naz\u00fdv\u00e1me opensource \u2013 vzniklo na po\u010d\u00e1tku na\u0161\u00ed kultury. V oblasti autorsk\u00e9ho, a p\u0159itom kolektivn\u00edho tv\u016frcovstv\u00ed. To je fakt. Oby\u010dejn\u011b mnoho z toho, co pova\u017eujeme za ultramodern\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nalezeno v pr\u016fb\u011bhu v\u011bk\u016f. A to, co pova\u017eujeme za nov\u00e9, mo\u017en\u00e1 existovalo ji\u017e d\u0159\u00edve. V tomto sm\u011bru se p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed slova z Bible, z \u201eKazatele\u201c (p\u0159isuzov\u00e1na kr\u00e1li \u0160alomounovi): <\/p>\n

\u201eN\u011bco se ob\u010das \u0159\u00edk\u00e1: 'pod\u00edvej, tohle je nov\u00e9', ale to u\u017e bylo ve v\u011bc\u00edch, kter\u00e9 byly p\u0159ed n\u00e1mi. Nen\u00ed pam\u011bti na d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed; a ani na to, co bude, nez\u016fstane pam\u011b\u0165 t\u011bm, kte\u0159\u00ed budou po\u2026\" <\/i><\/p>\n

konec \u010c.1<\/p>\n

\u0160kola (schola) \u2014 z\u00e1bava, voln\u00fd \u010das.
\nAkademie \u2014 h\u00e1j nedaleko At\u00e9n, m\u00edsto filozofick\u00e9 \u0161koly Plat\u00f3na.
\nGimn\u00e1zium (gymnos \u2014 nah\u00fd) \u2014 gimn\u00e1zia byla sportovn\u00edmi s\u00e1ly pro t\u011blesn\u00fd tr\u00e9nink. Chlapci se tam cvi\u010dili naz\u00ed. Odtud souvisej\u00edc\u00ed slova: gymnastika, gymnasta.
\nFilozofie (phil \u2014 milovat, sophia \u2014 moudrost) \u2014 kr\u00e1lovna v\u011bd.
\nFyzika (fyzis \u2014 p\u0159\u00edroda) \u2014 u\u010den\u00ed o hmotn\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b, p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b.
\nMetafyzika \u2014 doslovn\u011b \u201eMimo p\u0159\u00edrodu\u201c. Aristoteles nev\u011bd\u011bl, kam za\u0159adit bo\u017esk\u00e9, a nazval pr\u00e1ci takto: \u201eNe p\u0159\u00edroda\u201c.
\nMatematika (mathema \u2014 lekce) \u2014 lekce.
\nTechnika (techne \u2014 \u0159emeslo) ve starov\u011bk\u00e9m \u0158ecku \u2014 um\u011blci a socha\u0159i, stejn\u011b jako v\u00fdrobci hlin\u011bn\u00fdch d\u017eb\u00e1n\u016f, byli techniky, \u0159emesln\u00edky. Odtud \u201e\u0159emeslo um\u011blce\u201c.
\nCh\u00f3r \u2014 p\u016fvodn\u011b tance. (odtud choreografie). Pozd\u011bji, proto\u017ee tance se konaly za zp\u011bvu mnoha, ch\u00f3r \u2014 mnohostrann\u00fd zp\u011bv.
\nSc\u00e9na (skena) \u2014 stan pro p\u0159evl\u00e9k\u00e1n\u00ed um\u011blc\u016f. St\u00e1l v centru amfite\u00e1tru.
\nKytara \u2014 ze staro\u0159eck\u00e9ho \u201ekithara\u201c, strunn\u00fd hudebn\u00ed n\u00e1stroj.
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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