{"id":35229,"date":"2019-10-31T22:03:05","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:03:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/aviatsionnye-gazoturbinnye-dvigateli\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:03:05","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:03:05","slug":"aviatsionnye-gazoturbinnye-dvigateli","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/aviatsionnye-gazoturbinnye-dvigateli","title":{"rendered":"Aviatick\u00e9 plynov\u00e9 turb\u00ednov\u00e9 motory","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Ahoj v\u0161em! V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku v\u00e1m chci \u0159\u00edct, jak funguj\u00ed leteck\u00e9 turb\u00ednov\u00e9 motory (GTU). Pokus\u00edm se to vysv\u011btlit co nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00edm a nejp\u0159\u00edstupn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm jazykem. <\/p>\n<p>Leteck\u00e9 GTU lze rozd\u011blit na:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>turbojetov\u00e9 motory (TRD)<\/li>\n<li>dvouokruhov\u00e9 turbojetov\u00e9 motory (TRDD)<\/li>\n<li>Turbovrtulov\u00e9 motory (TVD)<\/li>\n<li>Turbokartov\u00e9 motory (TVaD)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nKrom\u011b toho mohou TRD a TRDD obsahovat zrychlovac\u00ed komoru, v takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se budou ozna\u010dovat jako TRDF a TRDDf. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku se jimi nebudeme zab\u00fdvat. <\/p>\n<p>Za\u010dn\u011bme s turbojetov\u00fdmi motory. <\/p>\n<h2>Turbojetov\u00e9 motory<\/h2>\n<p>\nTento typ motor\u016f byl vytvo\u0159en v prvn\u00ed polovin\u011b 20. stolet\u00ed a za\u010dal se masov\u011b uplat\u0148ovat na konci druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky. Prvn\u00edm na sv\u011bt\u011b s\u00e9riov\u00fdm turbojetov\u00fdm letadlem byl n\u011bmeck\u00fd Me.262. TRD byly popul\u00e1rn\u00ed a\u017e do 60. let, pot\u00e9 je za\u010daly nahrazovat TRDD.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Aviatick\u00e9 plynov\u00e9 turb\u00ednov\u00e9 motory\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/acc5ee1cf2b516e893fdef157a16ea2b.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Modern\u00ed fotografie Me-262, po\u0159\u00edzen\u00e1 v roce 2016<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed turbojetov\u00fd motor se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch prvk\u016f:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Vstupn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed <\/li>\n<li>Kompresor <\/li>\n<li>Spalovac\u00ed komora <\/li>\n<li>Turb\u00edna <\/li>\n<li>Tryska (d\u00e1le jen tryska)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nDalo by se \u0159\u00edct, \u017ee to je minim\u00e1ln\u00ed soubor pro norm\u00e1ln\u00ed funkci motoru. <\/p>\n<p>A te\u010f se pod\u00edvejme, k \u010demu co slou\u017e\u00ed a pro\u010d. <br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nVstupn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed \u2013 to je roz\u0161i\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed se kan\u00e1l, ve kter\u00e9m doch\u00e1z\u00ed k p\u0159\u00edvodu vzduchu k kompresoru a jeho p\u0159edb\u011b\u017en\u00e9mu stla\u010den\u00ed. V n\u011bm se kinetick\u00e1 energie p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edho vzduchu \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b m\u011bn\u00ed na tlak.<\/p>\n<p>*tady a d\u00e1le budeme mluvit o subzvukov\u00fdch rychlostech. P\u0159i nadzvukov\u00e9 rychlosti se fyzika m\u011bn\u00ed a v\u0161echno je tam zcela jinak. <\/p>\n<p>Kompresor \u2013 to je za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, ve kter\u00e9m doch\u00e1z\u00ed k zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed tlaku vzduchu. Kompresor lze charakterizovat takovou veli\u010dinou, jako je stupe\u0148 zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed tlaku. V modern\u00edch motorech u\u017e za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 p\u0159ekra\u010dovat 40 jednotek. Krom\u011b toho se v n\u011bm zvy\u0161uje teplota (m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt a\u017e 400 stup\u0148\u016f Celsia).<\/p>\n<p>Ho\u0159\u00e1k je za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, ve kter\u00e9m je k stla\u010den\u00e9mu vzduchu (po kompresoru) p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u011bno teplo d\u00edky spalov\u00e1n\u00ed paliva. Teplota v ho\u0159\u00e1ku je velmi vysok\u00e1 a m\u016f\u017ee dosahovat a\u017e 2000 stup\u0148\u016f Celsia. M\u016f\u017ee se zd\u00e1t, \u017ee tlak plynu v komo\u0159e tak\u00e9 v\u00fdrazn\u011b stoup\u00e1, ale nen\u00ed to tak. Teoreticky se p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edvod tepla prob\u00edh\u00e1 za konstantn\u00edho tlaku. Ve skute\u010dnosti m\u00edrn\u011b kles\u00e1 kv\u016fli ztr\u00e1t\u00e1m (probl\u00e9m nedokonalosti konstrukce). <\/p>\n<p>Turb\u00edna je za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 p\u0159em\u011b\u0148uje \u010d\u00e1st energie plynu po ho\u0159\u00e1ku na energii pohonu kompresoru. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee turb\u00edny se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed nejen v letectv\u00ed, lze d\u00e1t obecn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed definici: je to za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 p\u0159em\u011b\u0148uje vnit\u0159n\u00ed energii pracovn\u00edho m\u00e9dia (v na\u0161em p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pracovn\u00ed m\u00e9dium \u2014 to je plyn) na mechanickou pr\u00e1ci na h\u0159\u00eddeli. Jak jste mohli pochopit, turb\u00edna a kompresor jsou na jedn\u00e9 h\u0159\u00eddeli a jsou pevn\u011b spojeny. Pokud v kompresoru doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed tlaku plynu, pak v turb\u00edn\u011b naopak k poklesu, tedy plyn se expanduje. <\/p>\n<p>Tryska je z\u00fa\u017een\u00fd kan\u00e1l, ve kter\u00e9m doch\u00e1z\u00ed k p\u0159em\u011bn\u011b potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed energie plynu na kinetickou (zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed z\u00e1soba energie plynu po turb\u00edn\u011b). Stejn\u011b jako v turb\u00edn\u011b doch\u00e1z\u00ed v trysce k expanze plynu. Vznik\u00e1 proud, kter\u00fd, kdy\u017e vych\u00e1z\u00ed z trysky, poh\u00e1n\u00ed letadlo. <\/p>\n<p>Hlavn\u00ed prvky jsme probrali. Ale st\u00e1le nen\u00ed \u00fapln\u011b jasn\u00e9, jak to funguje? Tak poj\u010fme to shrnout je\u0161t\u011b jednou a stru\u010dn\u011b. <\/p>\n<p>Vzduch z atmosf\u00e9ry se dost\u00e1v\u00e1 do vstupn\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kde se m\u00edrn\u011b stla\u010duje a vstupuje do kompresoru. V kompresoru tlak vzduchu je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce roste a zvy\u0161uje se tak\u00e9 teplota. Po kompresoru vzduch proch\u00e1z\u00ed spalovac\u00ed komorou, kde se m\u00eds\u00ed s palivem, co\u017e zp\u016fsobuje vzn\u00edcen\u00ed a vede k v\u00fdrazn\u00e9mu zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed teploty p\u0159i, dalo by se \u0159\u00edci, konstantn\u00edm tlaku. Po spalovac\u00ed komo\u0159e hork\u00fd stla\u010den\u00fd plyn vstupuje do turb\u00edny. \u010c\u00e1st energie plynu se vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k ot\u00e1\u010den\u00ed kompresoru turb\u00ednou (aby mohl vykon\u00e1vat svou v\u00fd\u0161e popsanou funkci), dal\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st energie se vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k pohybu letadla, proto\u017ee plyn, kter\u00fd pro\u0161el turb\u00ednou, se m\u011bn\u00ed na tryskov\u00fd proud ve trysce a un\u00edk\u00e1 z n\u00ed do atmosf\u00e9ry. T\u00edm cyklus kon\u010d\u00ed. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, ve skute\u010dnosti prob\u00edhaj\u00ed v\u0161echny procesy cyklu kontinu\u00e1ln\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Takov\u00fd cyklus se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 Brayton\u016fv cyklus nebo termodynamick\u00fd cyklus s kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edm charakterem pracovn\u00edho procesu a p\u0159\u00edvodem tepla p\u0159i konstantn\u00edm tlaku. Podle tohoto cyklu pracuj\u00ed v\u0161echny GTD.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Aviatick\u00e9 plynov\u00e9 turb\u00ednov\u00e9 motory\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/86f04b95963142395a33b47ac809fd34.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Brayton\u016fv cyklus v P-V sou\u0159adnic\u00edch<\/i><\/p>\n<p>N-V \u2014 proces stla\u010den\u00ed ve vstupn\u00edm za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed <br \/>\nV-K \u2014 proces stla\u010den\u00ed v kompresoru<br \/>\nK-G \u2014 izobarick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edvod tepla<br \/>\nG-T \u2014 proces expanze plynu v turb\u00edn\u011b<br \/>\nG-S \u2014 proces expanze plynu v trysce<br \/>\nS-N \u2014 izobarick\u00fd odvod tepla do atmosf\u00e9ry<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Aviatick\u00e9 plynov\u00e9 turb\u00ednov\u00e9 motory\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/1efa852beab907ca1c0a92f80deee463.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Schematick\u00e1 konstrukce turbojetov\u00e9ho motoru, kde 0-0 je osa motoru<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Turbofan m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt i dv\u011b h\u0159\u00eddele. V takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se kompresor skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z kompresoru n\u00edzk\u00e9ho tlaku (KNT) a kompresoru vysok\u00e9ho tlaku (KVT), a pr\u00e1ci vykon\u00e1vaj\u00ed turb\u00edna n\u00edzk\u00e9ho tlaku (TNT) a turb\u00edna vysok\u00e9ho tlaku (TVT) v tomto po\u0159ad\u00ed. Takov\u00e9 sch\u00e9ma je z pohledu plynodynamiky v\u00fdhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Aviatick\u00e9 plynov\u00e9 turb\u00ednov\u00e9 motory\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/d956b0cd38d35dc4833207a5dc62eea4.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Skute\u010dn\u00fd motor tohoto druhu v \u0159ezu<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Zva\u017eovali jsme princip fungov\u00e1n\u00ed nejsnaz\u0161\u00ed sch\u00e9matu leteck\u00e9ho gasoturb\u00ednov\u00e9ho motoru. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, na modern\u00edch \u201eAirbusech a Boeingech\u201c jsou instalov\u00e1ny TDD, jejich\u017e konstrukce je v\u00fdrazn\u011b slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ale funguj\u00ed na stejn\u00fdch z\u00e1konech. Poj\u010fme se na n\u011b pod\u00edvat.<\/p>\n<h2>Dvouproudov\u00fd turbojetov\u00fd motor<\/h2>\n<p>\nTRDD se p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm li\u0161\u00ed od TRD t\u00edm, \u017ee m\u00e1 dv\u011b ob\u011bhy: vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a vnit\u0159n\u00ed. Vnit\u0159n\u00ed ob\u011bh obsahuje to sam\u00e9 jako TRD: kompresor (rozd\u011blen\u00fd na KND a KVD), spalovac\u00ed komoru, turb\u00ednu (rozd\u011blenou na TVD a TND) a trysku. Vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ob\u011bh p\u0159edstavuje kan\u00e1l s tryskou na konci. Nen\u00ed v n\u011bm ani spalovac\u00ed komora, ani turb\u00edna. P\u0159ed ob\u011bma ob\u011bhy (ihned za vstupn\u00edm za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm motoru) se nach\u00e1z\u00ed kompresorov\u00e1 stupen, pracuj\u00edc\u00ed pro oba ob\u011bhy. <\/p>\n<p>Vypad\u00e1 to, \u017ee m\u00e1me pon\u011bkud nejasn\u00fd obr\u00e1zek, \u017ee? Poj\u010fme si to rozebrat, jak to funguje.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Aviatick\u00e9 plynov\u00e9 turb\u00ednov\u00e9 motory\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/4e61a8bd224cc09abf0f4f209323935c.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Sch\u00e9matick\u00e1 konstrukce dvou h\u0159\u00eddelov\u00e9ho dvouob\u011bhov\u00e9ho turbojet motoru<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Vzduch, kter\u00fd vstupuje do motoru, po pr\u016fchodu prvn\u00ed stupn\u011bm n\u00edzkotlak\u00e9ho kompresoru, se d\u011bl\u00ed na dva proudy. Jedna \u010d\u00e1st vzduchu jde vnit\u0159n\u00edm ob\u011bhem, kde prob\u00edhaj\u00ed ty same procesy, kter\u00e9 jsme popisovali p\u0159i anal\u00fdze TRD. Druh\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st vzduchu jde do vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho ob\u011bhu, kde z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 energii z prvn\u00ed stupn\u011b KND (t\u00e9, kter\u00e1 pracuje na oba ob\u011bhy). Ve vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm ob\u011bhu se energie vzduchu spot\u0159ebov\u00e1v\u00e1 pouze na p\u0159ekon\u00e1n\u00ed hydraulick\u00fdch ztr\u00e1t (v d\u016fsledku t\u0159en\u00ed). Na konci tento vzduch vstupuje do trysky vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho ob\u011bhu, \u010d\u00edm\u017e vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed obrovsk\u00fd tah. Tah vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00fd vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm ob\u011bhem m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159edstavovat 80 % tahu cel\u00e9ho motoru. <\/p>\n<p>Jednou z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch charakteristik TRDD je m\u00edra dvouob\u011bhovosti. M\u00edra dvouob\u011bhovosti je pom\u011br pr\u016ftoku vzduchu ve vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm ob\u011bhu k pr\u016ftoku vzduchu ve vnit\u0159n\u00edm ob\u011bhu. Toto \u010d\u00edslo m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt jak v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed, tak men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e jedna. U modern\u00edch motor\u016f toto \u010d\u00edslo p\u0159esahuje hodnotu 12.<br \/>\nMotory, jejich\u017e m\u00edra dvouob\u011bhovosti p\u0159esahuje dva, se obvykle naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed turboventila\u010dn\u00ed, a prvn\u00ed stupe\u0148 kompresoru (ten, kter\u00fd pracuje na oba ob\u011bhy) je ventil\u00e1tor. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Aviatick\u00e9 plynov\u00e9 turb\u00ednov\u00e9 motory\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/f7b18824efddab58aa7c8b7b947c6f62.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>TRDD letadla Boeing 757-200. V pop\u0159ed\u00ed je vid\u011bt vstupn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a ventil\u00e1tor.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>U n\u011bkter\u00fdch motor\u016f je ventil\u00e1tor poh\u00e1n\u011bn samostatnou turb\u00ednou, kter\u00e1 je um\u00edst\u011bna nejbl\u00ed\u017ee k trysce vnit\u0159n\u00edho ob\u011bhu. Tak motor vych\u00e1z\u00ed jako t\u0159\u00edh\u0159\u00eddelov\u00fd. Nap\u0159\u00edklad podle t\u00e9to sch\u00e9my byly vyrobeny motory Rolls Royce RB211 (instalov\u00e1ny na L1011, B747, B757, B767), D-18T (An-124), D-36 (Jak-42).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Aviatick\u00e9 plynov\u00e9 turb\u00ednov\u00e9 motory\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/5beaac3f80b6f29b8dd0214e2cd90fa0.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>D-18T v \u0159ezu zevnit\u0159.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Hlavn\u00ed v\u00fdhodou turbovrtulov\u00fdch motor\u016f je schopnost vytv\u00e1\u0159et vysok\u00fd tah a dobr\u00e9 palivov\u00e9 \u00faspory v porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s turbojety. <\/p>\n<p>T\u00edmto bych cht\u011bl skon\u010dit s turbovrtulov\u00fdmi motory a p\u0159ej\u00edt k dal\u0161\u00edmu typu motor\u016f \u2014 turbovrtulov\u00fdm.<\/p>\n<h2>Turbovrtulov\u00e9 motory<\/h2>\n<p>\nTurbovrtulov\u00fd motor, podobn\u011b jako turbojet, pat\u0159\u00ed k plynov\u00fdm turb\u00ednov\u00fdm motor\u016fm. Funguje t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 jako turbojet. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed turbovrtulov\u00fd motor se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z u\u017e zn\u00e1m\u00fdch komponent\u016f: kompresoru, spalovac\u00ed komory, turb\u00edny a trysky. K nim se p\u0159id\u00e1vaj\u00ed p\u0159evodovka a vrtule. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Aviatick\u00e9 plynov\u00e9 turb\u00ednov\u00e9 motory\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/3f49eab074ea4dbe840a11bd9c83ec99.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nPrincip fungov\u00e1n\u00ed je stejn\u00fd jako u turbojetu, s t\u00edm rozd\u00edlem, \u017ee prakticky ve\u0161ker\u00e1 energie plynu je vyu\u017eita na pohon turb\u00edny, kompresoru a na ot\u00e1\u010den\u00ed vrtule p\u0159es p\u0159evodovku (vrtule a p\u0159evodovka jsou na spole\u010dn\u00e9 h\u0159\u00eddeli s kompresorem). Vrtule vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inu tahu. Zbytek energie po turb\u00edn\u011b je sm\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n do trysky, co\u017e vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed reak\u010dn\u00ed tah, ale je mal\u00fd a m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159edstavovat jednu desetinu celkov\u00e9ho. P\u0159evodovka je v tomto sch\u00e9matu pot\u0159ebn\u00e1 k redukci ot\u00e1\u010dek a p\u0159enosu to\u010div\u00e9ho momentu, proto\u017ee turb\u00edna m\u016f\u017ee b\u011b\u017eet na velmi vysok\u00fdch ot\u00e1\u010dk\u00e1ch, nap\u0159\u00edklad 10 000 ot\u00e1\u010dek za minutu, zat\u00edmco vrtuli sta\u010d\u00ed jen 1500. A vrtule je dost t\u011b\u017ek\u00e1. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Aviatick\u00e9 plynov\u00e9 turb\u00ednov\u00e9 motory\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/fc999b26d744f4dc5748bfee2d4e23e4.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Sch\u00e9matick\u00e1 konstrukce turbovrtulov\u00e9ho motoru<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Existuje v\u0161ak i jin\u00e1 sch\u00e9ma turbovrtulov\u00fdch motor\u016f: se svobodnou turb\u00ednou. <br \/>\nJej\u00ed podstata spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee za b\u011b\u017enou turb\u00ednou kompresoru je um\u00edst\u011bna samostatn\u00e1 turb\u00edna, kter\u00e1 nen\u00ed mechanicky spojena s turb\u00ednou kompresoru. Takov\u00e1 turb\u00edna se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 svobodn\u00e1. Vztah mezi turb\u00ednou kompresoru a svobodnou turb\u00ednou je pouze plynodynamick\u00fd. Ze svobodn\u00e9 turb\u00edny vych\u00e1z\u00ed samostatn\u00e1 h\u0159\u00eddel, na kterou je p\u0159ipojena p\u0159evodovka s vrtul\u00ed. V\u0161e ostatn\u00ed funguje stejn\u011b jako v prvn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b. V\u011bt\u0161ina modern\u00edch motor\u016f je vyr\u00e1b\u011bna pr\u00e1v\u011b podle t\u00e9to sch\u00e9my. Jednou z v\u00fdhod tohoto sch\u00e9matu je mo\u017enost pou\u017eit\u00ed motoru na zemi jako pomocnou pohonnou jednotku (APU), ani\u017e by se pohybovala vrtule.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Aviatick\u00e9 plynov\u00e9 turb\u00ednov\u00e9 motory\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/cebe421dbc204833e5153dc956dd897c.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Sch\u00e9matick\u00e1 konstrukce turbovrtulov\u00e9ho motoru se svobodnou turb\u00ednou<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Chci zd\u016fraznit, \u017ee byste se nem\u011bli d\u00edvat na turbovrtulov\u00e9 motory jako na neefektivn\u00ed poz\u016fstatek minulosti. N\u011bkolikr\u00e1t jsem sly\u0161el takov\u00e1 vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed, ale jsou nepravdiv\u00e1. <br \/>\nTurbovrtulov\u00fd motor m\u00e1 v n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnost, obvykle na letadlech s ne p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 vysok\u00fdmi rychlostmi (nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159i 500 km\/h), a p\u0159itom letadlo m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt impozantn\u00ed velikost. V takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt turbovrtulov\u00fd motor n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t v\u00fdhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e p\u0159edt\u00edm zva\u017eovan\u00fd turbojetov\u00fd motor.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00edmto kon\u010d\u00edme s turbovrtulov\u00fdmi motory. Pomalu se dost\u00e1v\u00e1me k pojmu turbov\u00e1lcov\u00fd motor.<\/p>\n<h2>Turbov\u00e1lcov\u00fd motor<\/h2>\n<p>\nMo\u017en\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016f zde sly\u0161\u00ed tento n\u00e1zev poprv\u00e9. Tento typ motor\u016f se instaluje na vrtuln\u00edky. <\/p>\n<p>Turbov\u00e1lcov\u00fd motor je velmi podobn\u00fd turbovrtulov\u00e9mu motoru se svobodnou turb\u00ednou. Tak\u00e9 se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z kompresoru, spalovac\u00ed komory, turb\u00edny kompresoru, d\u00e1le n\u00e1sleduje svobodn\u00e1 turb\u00edna, kter\u00e1 je spojena s cel\u00fdm p\u0159edchoz\u00edm pouze pomoc\u00ed plyn\u016f. Tento motor v\u0161ak nevytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed reaktivn\u00ed tah, nem\u00e1 reaktivn\u00ed trysku, pouze v\u00fdfuk. Svobodn\u00e1 turb\u00edna m\u00e1 sv\u016fj vlastn\u00ed h\u0159\u00eddel, kter\u00e1 se spojuje s hlavn\u00edm reduktorem vrtuln\u00edku (nosi\u010de rotoru). Ano, v\u0161echny mi zn\u00e1m\u00e9 vrtuln\u00edky maj\u00ed takov\u00fd reduktor, a obvykle je impozantn\u00edch rozm\u011br\u016f. Skute\u010dnost je takov\u00e1, \u017ee ot\u00e1\u010dky nosi\u010de rotoru vrtuln\u00edku jsou velmi n\u00edzk\u00e9. Pokud u letadla, jak jsem psal v\u00fd\u0161e, mohou dosahovat 1500 ot.\/min, tak u vrtuln\u00edku, nap\u0159\u00edklad u Mi-8, pouh\u00fdch 193 ot.\/min.<br \/>\nA ot\u00e1\u010dky motoru u vrtuln\u00edku b\u00fdvaj\u00ed \u010dasto velmi vysok\u00e9 (kv\u016fli mal\u00fdm rozm\u011br\u016fm), a je pot\u0159eba je sni\u017eovat o stovku a v\u00edce. N\u011bkdy je reduktor um\u00edst\u011bn jak na motoru, tak na samotn\u00e9m vrtuln\u00edku, nap\u0159\u00edklad u Mi-2 a jeho motoru GTD-350. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Aviatick\u00e9 plynov\u00e9 turb\u00ednov\u00e9 motory\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/618ecb3c441c153994ee9334d12ca8ce.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Sch\u00e9matick\u00e1 konstrukce turbov\u00e1lcov\u00e9ho motoru<\/i><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Aviatick\u00e9 plynov\u00e9 turb\u00ednov\u00e9 motory\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/338cfff60d6135efb8d04acf45f8c474.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Motor TV3-117 z vrtuln\u00edku Mi-8. Vpravo jsou vid\u011bt v\u00fdfukov\u00e1 trubka a pohonn\u00e1 h\u0159\u00eddel.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Tak\u017ee jsme probrali \u010dty\u0159i typy plynov\u00fdch turb\u00ednov\u00fdch motor\u016f. Douf\u00e1m, \u017ee m\u016fj text byl srozumiteln\u00fd a u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fd pro v\u00e1s. V\u0161echny ot\u00e1zky a pozn\u00e1mky m\u016f\u017eete ps\u00e1t do koment\u00e1\u0159\u016f. <\/p>\n<p>D\u011bkuji za pozornost.<br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/455774\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442! \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u044f \u0445\u043e\u0447\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0431\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 (\u0413\u0422\u0414). \u042f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0441\u044c \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u043c. \u0410\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0413\u0422\u0414 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430: \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 (\u0422\u0420\u0414) \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 (\u0422\u0420\u0414\u0414) \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 (\u0422\u0412\u0414) \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 (\u0422\u0412\u0430\u0414) \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0422\u0420\u0414 \u0438 \u0422\u0420\u0414\u0414 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u0441\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443, \u0432 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-35229","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442! \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u044f \u0445\u043e\u0447\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0431\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 (\u0413\u0422\u0414). \u042f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0441\u044c \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u043c.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/aviatsionnye-gazoturbinnye-dvigateli\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.3\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\ud83e\udd47\u0410\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0431\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 | ProHoster\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442! \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u044f \u0445\u043e\u0447\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0431\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 (\u0413\u0422\u0414). \u042f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0441\u044c \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u043c.\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/aviatsionnye-gazoturbinnye-dvigateli\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:secure_url\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"350\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"350\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-10-31T19:03:05+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2019-10-31T19:03:05+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster\" \/>\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO -->\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Leteck\u00e9 plynov\u00e9 turb\u00ednov\u00e9 motory | ProHoster","description":"Ahoj v\u0161em! V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku v\u00e1m chci \u0159\u00edct, jak funguj\u00ed leteck\u00e9 turb\u00ednov\u00e9 motory (GTU). Pokus\u00edm se to vysv\u011btlit co nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00edm a nejp\u0159\u00edstupn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm jazykem.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/aviatsionnye-gazoturbinnye-dvigateli","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"cs_CZ","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u0410\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0431\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 | ProHoster","og:description":"\u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442! \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u044f \u0445\u043e\u0447\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0431\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 (\u0413\u0422\u0414). \u042f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0441\u044c \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u043c.","og:url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/aviatsionnye-gazoturbinnye-dvigateli","og:image":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:secure_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:width":350,"og:image:height":350,"article:published_time":"2019-10-31T19:03:05+00:00","article:modified_time":"2019-10-31T19:03:05+00:00","article:publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster","article:author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster"},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"35229","title":null,"description":null,"keywords":null,"keyphrases":null,"primary_term":null,"canonical_url":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_video":null,"og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":null,"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"schema_type":null,"schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":null,"robots_max_videopreview":null,"robots_max_imagepreview":"large","priority":null,"frequency":null,"local_seo":null,"seo_analyzer_scan_date":"2026-01-21 22:25:22","breadcrumb_settings":null,"limit_modified_date":false,"reviewed_by":null,"ai":null,"created":"2021-03-01 02:07:29","updated":"2026-01-21 22:25:22","focus_keyword":null,"additional_keywords":null,"truseo_locale":null},"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"link","format":"url"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35229","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=35229"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35229\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=35229"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=35229"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=35229"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}