{"id":35308,"date":"2019-10-31T22:03:32","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:03:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/kakoj-uchenik-nuzhen-charodeyu-i-kakoj-ii-nuzhen-nam\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:03:32","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:03:32","slug":"kakoj-uchenik-nuzhen-charodeyu-i-kakoj-ii-nuzhen-nam","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/kakoj-uchenik-nuzhen-charodeyu-i-kakoj-ii-nuzhen-nam","title":{"rendered":"Jak\u00fd \u017e\u00e1k je pot\u0159eba kouzeln\u00edkovi a jak\u00e1 AI je pot\u0159eba n\u00e1m?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

UPOZORN\u011aN\u00cd<\/b>
\nSoud\u011b podle rekordn\u011b vysok\u00e9ho pom\u011bru po\u010dtu ti\u0161e nespokojen\u00fdch k po\u010dtu koment\u00e1tor\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed co \u0159\u00edct, mnoha \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016fm nen\u00ed jasn\u00e9, \u017ee:
\n1) Jedn\u00e1 se o \u010dist\u011b teoretick\u00fd diskusn\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek. Nebudou zde \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 praktick\u00e9 doporu\u010den\u00ed pro v\u00fdb\u011br n\u00e1stroj\u016f pro t\u011b\u017ebu kryptom\u011bny nebo pro sestaven\u00ed multivibr\u00e1toru, aby blikaly dv\u011b \u017e\u00e1rovky.
\n2) Nen\u00ed to popul\u00e1rn\u011b v\u011bdeck\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek. Nebudeme zde vysv\u011btlovat pro laika princip \u010dinnosti Turingovy ma\u0161iny na p\u0159\u00edkladu krabi\u010dek z\u00e1palek.
\n3) Dob\u0159e si promyslete, ne\u017e budete pokra\u010dovat ve \u010dten\u00ed! P\u0159itahuje v\u00e1s postoj agresivn\u00edho amat\u00e9rismu: v\u0161echno, co nech\u00e1pu, podtrhuji?
\nP\u0159edem d\u011bkuji v\u0161em, kte\u0159\u00ed se rozhodnou tuto zpr\u00e1vu ne\u010d\u00edst!
\n\"Jak\u00fd<\/p>\n

D\u00e9mon je po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fd program v syst\u00e9mech typu UNIX, kter\u00fd je spu\u0161t\u011bn samotn\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem a pracuje na pozad\u00ed bez p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 interakce s u\u017eivatelsk\u00fdm rozhran\u00edm. <\/p>\n

Wikipedia<\/a><\/noindex><\/i>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

U\u017e v p\u0159ed\u0161koln\u00edm v\u011bku jsem sly\u0161el poh\u00e1dku o u\u010dni \u010darod\u011bje. Omlouv\u00e1m se, \u017ee ji p\u0159epracuji:
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Kdysi, n\u011bkde ve st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 Evrop\u011b \u017eil \u010darod\u011bj. M\u011bl velkou knihu zakl\u00ednadel v vazb\u011b z \u010dern\u00e9 teletiny s uz\u00e1v\u011brem a rohy z \u017eeleza. Kdy\u017e \u010darod\u011bj pot\u0159eboval p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst zakl\u00ednadlo, odemykal ji velk\u00fdm \u017eelezn\u00fdm kl\u00ed\u010dem, kter\u00fd v\u017edy nosil na p\u00e1su ve speci\u00e1ln\u00edm m\u011b\u0161ci. \u010carod\u011bj m\u011bl tak\u00e9 u\u010dn\u011b, kter\u00fd mu asistoval, ale bylo mu zak\u00e1z\u00e1no nahl\u00ed\u017eet do knihy zakl\u00ednadel. <\/p>\n

Jednou \u010darod\u011bj ode\u0161el na cel\u00fd den vy\u0159izovat z\u00e1le\u017eitosti. Jakmile vy\u0161el z domu, jeho \u017e\u00e1k se vrhl do podzem\u00ed, kde byla alchymistick\u00e1 laborato\u0159. Na stole tam le\u017eela kniha kouzel, sk\u0159\u00edp\u011bn\u00e1 \u0159et\u011bzy. \u017d\u00e1k vzal n\u00e1dobky, v nich\u017e \u010darod\u011bj tavil olovo, aby je p\u0159etvo\u0159il na zlato, postavil je na ro\u0161t a rozfoukl ohe\u0148. Olovo se rychle rozpustilo, ale nep\u0159em\u011bnilo se na zlato. Tehdy si \u017e\u00e1k vzpomn\u011bl, \u017ee \u010darod\u011bj poka\u017ed\u00e9, kdy\u017e olovo tavil, odemykal knihu kl\u00ed\u010dem a dlouho \u0161eptal kouzlo z n\u00ed. \u017d\u00e1k beznad\u011bjn\u011b pohl\u00e9dl na zam\u010denou knihu a v\u0161iml si, \u017ee vedle n\u00ed le\u017e\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010d, kter\u00fd \u010darod\u011bj zapomn\u011bl. Pak se rozb\u011bhl ke stolu, otev\u0159el knihu, rozev\u0159el ji a hlasit\u011b p\u0159e\u010detl prvn\u00ed kouzlo, sna\u017e\u00edc se slabiku po slabice vyslovit nezn\u00e1m\u00e1 slova, domn\u00edvaje se, \u017ee tak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 kouzlo, jako je p\u0159em\u011bna olova na zlato, bude jist\u011b to prvn\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Ale nic se nestalo: olovo se necht\u011blo m\u011bnit. \u017d\u00e1k cht\u011bl zkusit jin\u00e9 kouzlo, ale vtom d\u016fm zas\u00e1hla r\u00e1na hromu a p\u0159ed \u017e\u00e1kem se objevil obrovsk\u00fd d\u011bsiv\u00fd d\u00e9mon, vyvolan\u00fd kouzlem, kter\u00e9 pr\u00e1v\u011b p\u0159e\u010detl.
\n\u2014 P\u0159ikazuj! \u2014 zahu\u010del d\u00e9mon.
\nZe strachu \u017e\u00e1kovi v\u0161echny my\u0161lenky vylet\u011bly z hlavy, nedok\u00e1zal se ani pohnout.
\n\u2014 P\u0159ikazuj, nebo t\u011b se\u017eeru! \u2014 znovu zhou\u010del d\u00e9mon a nat\u00e1hl k \u017e\u00e1kovi obrovskou ruku, aby ho chytil.
\nV zoufalstv\u00ed \u017e\u00e1k za\u0161eptal prvn\u00ed, co ho napadlo:
\n \u2014 Polij ten kv\u011bt.
\nA uk\u00e1zal na pelarg\u00f3nii, jej\u00ed\u017e kv\u011btin\u00e1\u010d st\u00e1l na podlaze v rohu laborato\u0159e. Ve strop\u011b nad kv\u011btinou bylo jedin\u00e9 mal\u00e9 okno, kter\u00fdm jen st\u011b\u017e\u00ed pronikalo slune\u010dn\u00ed sv\u011btlo. D\u00e9mon zmizel, ale za chv\u00edli se op\u011bt objevil s obrovsk\u00fdm sudem vody, kter\u00fd p\u0159evrhl nad kv\u011btem a vodu vylil. Znovu zmizel a znovu se objevil s pln\u00fdm sudem.
\n\u2014 Dosta\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed, \u2014 zak\u0159i\u010del \u017e\u00e1k, u\u017e po p\u00e1s ve vod\u011b.
\nAle z\u0159ejm\u011b jedno p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed nesta\u010dilo - d\u00e9mon st\u00e1le nosil vodu v sudu, vyl\u00e9val ji do rohu, kde kdysi st\u00e1la pod vodou ukryt\u00e1 kv\u011btina. Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b bylo pot\u0159eba speci\u00e1ln\u00ed zakl\u00ednadlo, aby d\u00e9mona zahnal. Ale st\u016fl s knihou u\u017e zmizel v kaln\u00e9 vod\u011b, ve kter\u00e9 plavaly popel a uhl\u00ed z ohni\u0161t\u011b, pr\u00e1zdn\u00e9 ba\u0148ky, zkumavky, stoli\u010dky, galvanometry, dozimetry, jednor\u00e1zov\u00e9 st\u0159\u00edka\u010dky a dal\u0161\u00ed nepo\u0159\u00e1dek, tak\u017ee i kdyby student v\u011bd\u011bl, jak naj\u00edt spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 zakl\u00ednadlo, nemohl by to ud\u011blat. Voda stoupala a student vylezl na st\u016fl, aby se neudusil. Ale to pomohlo jen na chv\u00edli \u2013 d\u00e9mon systematicky pokra\u010doval v no\u0161en\u00ed vody. Student u\u017e byl po krk ve vod\u011b, kdy\u017e se vr\u00e1til \u010darod\u011bj, kter\u00fd zjistil, \u017ee zapomn\u011bl doma kl\u00ed\u010d od knihy, a d\u00e9mona zahnal. Konec poh\u00e1dky.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Hned k tomu o\u010dividn\u00e9mu. S p\u0159irozenou inteligenc\u00ed (PI) studenta, se zd\u00e1, \u017ee je v\u0161e jasn\u00e9 - hlup\u00e1k, je\u0161t\u011b hloup\u011bj\u0161\u00ed by musel dlouho hledat. Ale co inteligence d\u00e9mona - mimochodem, jakou m\u00e1: PI nebo II? - to je nejednozna\u010dn\u00e9. R\u016fzn\u00e9 verze jsou opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e9 (a k nim se budou objevovat i ot\u00e1zky):<\/p>\n

Verze 1) D\u00e9mon je je\u0161t\u011b hloup\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e student. Dostal p\u0159\u00edkaz a bude ho plnit nekone\u010dn\u011b dlouho, i kdy\u017e ve\u0161ker\u00fd smysl zmiz\u00ed: zmiz\u00ed kv\u011btina - objekt zal\u00e9v\u00e1n\u00ed, zmiz\u00ed roh, ke kter\u00e9mu jsou p\u0159iv\u00e1z\u00e1ny sou\u0159adnice kv\u011btiny, zmiz\u00ed planeta Zem\u011b, a hloup\u00fd d\u00e9mon bude i nad\u00e1le vozit vodu do ur\u010dit\u00e9ho bodu kosmick\u00e9ho prostoru. A pokud v tomto bod\u011b vypukne supernova, d\u00e9monovi je jedno, kam vodu nosit. Nav\u00edc: jak hloup\u00fd mus\u00ed b\u00fdt, aby zal\u00e9val malou kv\u011btinu z obrovsk\u00e9ho sudu. To se u\u017e ned\u00e1 nazvat zal\u00e9v\u00e1n\u00edm kv\u011btiny, ale utopen\u00edm kv\u011btiny. On snad ch\u00e1pe alespo\u0148 smysl p\u0159\u00edkaz\u016f?<\/p>\n

Verze 2) D\u00e9mon v\u0161e ch\u00e1pe, ale je v\u00e1z\u00e1n z\u00e1vazky. Tak\u017ee prov\u00e1d\u00ed n\u011bco jako italskou st\u00e1vku. Dokud ho ofici\u00e1ln\u011b podle v\u0161ech pravidel nevy\u017eenou - nezastav\u00ed se.<\/p>\n

Ot\u00e1zka 1 k verz\u00edm 1, 2) Jak odli\u0161it \u00fapln\u011b hloup\u00e9ho d\u00e9mona podle verze 1 od \u00fapln\u011b nehloup\u00e9ho podle verze 2?
\nOt\u00e1zka 2 k verz\u00edm 1, 2) Splnil by d\u00e9mon spr\u00e1vn\u011b (z pohledu studenta) p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed formulaci? Nap\u0159\u00edklad, kdyby student \u0159ekl: vezmi tu pr\u00e1zdnou litrovou zkumavku, kter\u00e1 stoj\u00ed na polici, napl\u0148 ji vodou a zalij tu kv\u011btinu 1 kr\u00e1t. Nebo nap\u0159\u00edklad, kdyby student \u0159ekl: jdi pry\u010d.<\/p>\n

Verze 3) \u010carod\u011bj na d\u00e9mona nav\u00edc uvalil kouzlo, podle kter\u00e9ho, pokud n\u011bkdo krom\u011b \u010darod\u011bje vyu\u017eije slu\u017eby d\u00e9mona, mus\u00ed demon okam\u017eit\u011b informovat \u010darod\u011bje o tomto faktu. <\/p>\n

Verze 4) Demon nechov\u00e1 z\u00e1\u0161\u0165 k \u010darod\u011bji a jeho \u017e\u00e1kovi, a proto, kdy\u017e vid\u00ed, \u017ee situace vymkla kontrole, objev\u00ed se za \u010darod\u011bjem s barely a zak\u0159i\u010d\u00ed: \"zapomn\u011bl jsi kl\u00ed\u010d od domu, je tam povode\u0148\". A \u010darod\u011bj by si tedy ani nevzpomn\u011bl.<\/p>\n

Pozn\u00e1mka 1 k verzi 4) Je t\u0159eba zd\u016fraznit, \u017ee nositel\u00e9 EI maj\u00ed \u010dasto velmi nedokonalou pam\u011b\u0165.<\/p>\n

D\u00e1le lze verze mno\u017eit jako \"Fibonacciho kr\u00e1l\u00edky\", tj. pom\u011brn\u011b jednoduch\u00fdm algoritmem. Nap\u0159\u00edklad:
\nVerze 5) Demon se mst\u00ed \u017e\u00e1kovi za starosti.
\nVerze 6) Demon nechov\u00e1 z\u00e1\u0161\u0165 k \u017e\u00e1kovi, ale mst\u00ed se \u010darod\u011bji.
\nVerze 6) Demon se mst\u00ed v\u0161em.
\nVerze 7) Demon se nemst\u00ed, ale bav\u00ed se. Skon\u010d\u00ed, a\u017e ho to p\u0159estane bavit.
\nAtd.<\/p>\n

Tak\u017ee u d\u00e9mona je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee nen\u00ed nic jasn\u00e9ho. A u \u010darod\u011bje tomu nen\u00ed l\u00e9pe. Lze vymyslet nejm\u00e9n\u011b n\u011bkolik verz\u00ed: \u017ee se rozhodl potrestat \u017e\u00e1ka, jen\u017e neust\u00e1le strk\u00e1 zv\u011bdav\u00fd nos; \u017ee cht\u011bl utopit \u017e\u00e1ka, ale kdy\u017e demon zak\u0159i\u010del o povodni, lekl se \u2014 co kdy\u017e n\u011bkdo z kolemjdouc\u00edch usly\u0161el, pak by padlo podez\u0159en\u00ed na \u010darod\u011bje; cht\u011bl vzbudit u \u017e\u00e1ka z\u00e1jem o kouzla a tak d\u00e1le.<\/p>\n

Tady vznik\u00e1 d\u011btsk\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka: kter\u00e1 z navrhovan\u00fdch verz\u00ed je spr\u00e1vn\u00e1? Patrn\u011b jak\u00e1koli. V poh\u00e1dce nez\u016fstala \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 nevyu\u017eit\u00e1 informace, aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 n\u011bkterou z verz\u00ed preferovat p\u0159ed ostatn\u00edmi. Zde se setk\u00e1v\u00e1me s pom\u011brn\u011b \u010dast\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edpadem um\u011bleck\u00fdch d\u011bl s mo\u017enost\u00ed mnohozna\u010dn\u00e9 interpretace. Nap\u0159\u00edklad, pokud by n\u011bjak\u00fd re\u017eis\u00e9r cht\u011bl tuto poh\u00e1dku inscenovat v divadle nebo podle n\u00ed nato\u010dit film, m\u016f\u017ee si vybrat nejatraktivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed interpretaci z jeho pohledu. Pro jin\u00e9ho re\u017eis\u00e9ra m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt atraktivn\u00ed jin\u00e1 interpretace. P\u0159itom atraktivita m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt ur\u010dena dal\u0161\u00edmi \u00favahami, jako je atraktivita pro div\u00e1ky, aby zajistila maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed tr\u017eby, nebo atraktivita pro zobrazen\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00e9 nadideje: my\u0161lenka v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed dobra nad zlem, my\u0161lenka povinnosti, rebelsk\u00e1 my\u0161lenka \u2013 nap\u0159\u00edklad podle Dostojevsk\u00e9ho: \u017e\u00e1k, jako Raskolnikov, si klade ot\u00e1zku \"je to t\u0159esouc\u00ed se bytost nebo m\u00e1 pr\u00e1vo\" a tak d\u00e1le.<\/p>\n

Objevuje se je\u0161t\u011b jedna ot\u00e1zka.
\nJe\u0161t\u011b jedna ot\u00e1zka). Jak m\u016f\u017eeme nau\u010dit AI preferovat jednu z uveden\u00fdch verz\u00ed, kdy\u017e my sami, jako\u017eto lid\u00e9, si n\u011bkdy nejsme schopni v\u011bdom\u011b vybrat jednu z nich?<\/p>\n

Pokud se vr\u00e1t\u00edme k \u010darod\u011bji, velmi pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e1 verze je, \u017ee cht\u011bl \u017e\u00e1ka, kter\u00fd by byl stejn\u011b loaj\u00e1ln\u00ed a poslu\u0161n\u00fd jako d\u00e9mon, aby nenaru\u0161oval zak\u00e1zan\u00e9 knihy a m\u00edsta, kam ho nepo\u017e\u00e1dali, aby \u0161el. To stejn\u00e9 nyn\u00ed \u010dasto po\u017eaduj\u00ed od AI. Na prvn\u00ed pohled se to zd\u00e1 jako norm\u00e1ln\u00ed tradi\u010dn\u00ed po\u017eadavek na jak\u00fdkoli stroj: absolutn\u00ed poslu\u0161nost, neposlu\u0161nost je nep\u0159ijateln\u00e1. Ale v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b AI se m\u016f\u017ee objevit ot\u00e1zka verz\u00ed 1,2 (viz v\u00fd\u0161e), tzn. AI degeneruje \u2014 \"kousek kovu\" si m\u016f\u017ee myslet cokoliv o sv\u00fdch tv\u016frc\u00edch a majitel\u00edch, ale neprov\u00e1d\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 \u010diny souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s AI, tzn. m\u00edsto AI dostaneme hloup\u00fd primitivn\u00ed automat. Z toho vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 podez\u0159en\u00ed: mo\u017en\u00e1 \u010darod\u011bj necht\u011bl, aby jeho \u017e\u00e1k byl tak hloup\u00fdm vykonavatelem jako d\u00e9mon? Tzn. objevuje se my\u0161lenka AI s omezen\u00edmi. Tady je to je\u0161t\u011b slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed i v oblasti lidsk\u00e9 inteligence: vzpome\u0148me na v\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 konflikty \u201cotcov\u00e9 a d\u011bti\u201d, \u201cu\u010ditel a \u017e\u00e1k\u201d, \u201c\u0161\u00e9f a pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00fd\u201d.<\/p>\n

D\u0159\u00edve<\/a><\/noindex> p\u0159i v\u00fdb\u011bru definice AI z mo\u017en\u00fdch jsem zm\u00ednil:<\/p>\n

\u00fakol se\u0159adit n\u011bkolik des\u00edtek tis\u00edc slov podle abecedy bude pro \u010dlov\u011bka \u00famorn\u00fd, bude to trvat dlouho a pravd\u011bpodobnost chyb pro pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9ho vykonavatele s pr\u016fm\u011brnou odpov\u011bdnost\u00ed bude zna\u010dn\u00e1. Modern\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010d spln\u00ed tento \u00fakol bez chyb za velmi kr\u00e1tk\u00fd \u010das pro \u010dlov\u011bka (zlomky sekundy).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nZastavil jsem se u n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed definice: k AI se \u0159ad\u00ed \u00fakoly, kter\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edta\u010d \u0159e\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u011b h\u016f\u0159e ne\u017e \u010dlov\u011bk<\/i>.<\/p>\n

Tato definice zohled\u0148uje v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9 \u00favahy a je praktick\u00e1, z\u00e1rove\u0148 nen\u00ed dokonal\u00e1, alespo\u0148 proto, \u017ee seznamy \u00fakol\u016f, \u201ckter\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edta\u010d \u0159e\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u011b h\u016f\u0159e ne\u017e \u010dlov\u011bk\u201d, se v sou\u010dasnosti a p\u0159ed 20 lety li\u0161\u00ed. Ale podle m\u00e9ho n\u00e1zoru zat\u00edm nikdo nevymyslel lep\u0161\u00ed definici. <\/p>\n

Uveden\u00e9 jasn\u011b ilustruje sch\u00e9ma na za\u010d\u00e1tku \u010dl\u00e1nku. Na os\u00e1ch kompetenc\u00ed odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed dovednostem v oblasti nuly (nula a kousek v\u00edce) dovednosti, kde \u010dlov\u011bk p\u0159ekon\u00e1v\u00e1 po\u010d\u00edta\u010d, nap\u0159\u00edklad schopnost p\u0159ij\u00edmat netradi\u010dn\u00ed rozhodnut\u00ed. Dovednostem v oblasti jedni\u010dky (jedni\u010dka a o kousek m\u00e9n\u011b) odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed dovednosti, kde po\u010d\u00edta\u010d p\u0159ekon\u00e1v\u00e1 \u010dlov\u011bka: schopnost v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f, pam\u011b\u0165. P\u0159i maxim\u00e1ln\u00edm p\u0159ekon\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je rovno podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 jedni\u010dce na ose \u201ep\u0159ekon\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c, dostaneme z\u00e1vislost p\u0159ekon\u00e1n\u00ed na dovednostech pro \u010dlov\u011bka a po\u010d\u00edta\u010d ve form\u011b diagon\u00e1l jednotkov\u00e9ho \u010dtverce. Tak se situace v sou\u010dasnosti jev\u00ed. Je v\u0161ak siln\u00e1 AI mo\u017en\u00e1, s maxim\u00e1ln\u00edmi dovednostmi (\u010derven\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1ra)? Nebo dokonce vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed (super-AI \u2013 modr\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1ra)? Mo\u017en\u00e1 by mezif\u00e1zov\u00fdm c\u00edlem pokroku m\u011bl b\u00fdt ne siln\u00fd, ale ani zcela
\nslab\u00fd AI (fialov\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1ra), kter\u00fd v n\u011bkter\u00fdch dovednostech bude zaost\u00e1vat za EI, ale ne tak siln\u011b, jak tomu je nyn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Pokud se vr\u00e1t\u00edme k na\u0161\u00ed liter\u00e1rn\u00ed poh\u00e1dkov\u00e9 modelu, m\u016f\u017eeme \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee v\u0161ichni jej\u00ed hrdinov\u00e9 nedopadli nejl\u00e9pe: nepo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00fd \u010darod\u011bj zapomn\u011bl kl\u00ed\u010d a dostal potopu ve sv\u00e9m podzem\u00ed, jeho \u017e\u00e1k z hlouposti a neopatrnosti za\u017eil spoustu extr\u00e9mn\u00edch z\u00e1\u017eitk\u016f a m\u00e1lem se utopil, d\u00e9mon byl vyhn\u00e1n kopanci bez jak\u00e9koli vd\u011b\u010dnosti. Co se t\u00fd\u010de inteligence d\u00e9mona \u2013 u\u017e bylo zm\u00edn\u011bno, \u017ee je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 jej jednozna\u010dn\u011b za\u0159adit mezi AI nebo EI, ale inteligence (i kdy\u017e nev\u00fdrazn\u00e1) ostatn\u00edch jasn\u011b pat\u0159\u00ed mezi EI. M\u016f\u017eeme \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee m\u00edt nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 chyby v rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed, projevovat nepozornost, zapom\u00ednat pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 v\u011bci a unavit se \u2013 to jsou jejich z\u00e1kladn\u00ed vlastnosti. Bohu\u017eel, tyto vlastnosti jsou p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9 i v\u0161em ostatn\u00edm nositel\u016fm EI v r\u016fzn\u00e9m m\u00ed\u0159e. O nespolehlivosti t\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed slov nebo \u010d\u00edsel EI bylo u\u017e v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bno, ale je\u0161t\u011b jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00fakol \u2013 prost\u011b si zapamatovat \u010d\u00edslo, se ukazuje jako velmi slo\u017eit\u00fd pro lidi. Pro stroj je mo\u017enost zapamatov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010d\u00edslic \u010d\u00edsla p\u00ed omezena pouze velikost\u00ed pam\u011bti, zat\u00edmco v\u011bt\u0161ina lid\u00ed mus\u00ed k tomu pou\u017e\u00edvat mnemoniky<\/a><\/noindex>, typu \u201eCo v\u00edm o kruz\u00edch\u201c. Zd\u00e1lo by se, \u017ee v \u0159et\u011bzci \u201e3,1416\u201c je m\u00e9n\u011b znak\u016f ne\u017e v uveden\u00e9 mnemonice, ale n\u011bjak lid\u00e9 preferuj\u00ed zapamatov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b ekonomick\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem. A je del\u0161\u00ed:<\/p>\n

U\u010d se a v\u00ed\u0161 v po\u010dtu zn\u00e1m\u00e9m za \u010d\u00edslem \u010d\u00edslici, jak \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed podot\u00fdk\u00e1<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

<\/p>\n

Abychom se nespletli,
\nMus\u00edme spr\u00e1vn\u011b p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst
\nT\u0159i, \u010dtrn\u00e1ct, patn\u00e1ct
\nDevades\u00e1t dva a \u0161est<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nPro zapamatov\u00e1n\u00ed barev duhy:<\/p>\n

Ka\u017ed\u00fd design\u00e9r chce v\u011bd\u011bt, kde st\u00e1hnout Photoshop<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

A za\u010d\u00e1tek Mend\u011blejevovy tabulky:<\/p>\n

Vodu rodi\u010dovskou (Vod\u00edk) sm\u00edchali s Helem (Helium), aby Lit\u00ed (Lithium). Ano, Ber a lije (Berylium) v borov\u00e9m lese (B\u00f3r), kde zpod \u00fahlu rodi\u010dovsk\u00e9ho (Uhl\u00edk) vykukuje Aziat (Dus\u00edk), p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e s tak kyselou tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed (Kysl\u00edk), \u017ee Podruh\u00e9 (Fluor) se necht\u011blo d\u00edvat. Ale Ne on (Neon) byl n\u00e1m pot\u0159ebn\u00fd, proto jsme se vzd\u00e1lili Na t\u0159i (Sod\u00edk) metry a dostali se do Magn\u00f3lie (Ho\u0159\u010d\u00edk), kde Alu v mini (Hlin\u00edk) sukni namazali Kr\u00e9mem (K\u0159em\u00edk) s obsahem Fosforu (Fosfor), aby p\u0159estala b\u00fdt \u0160ed\u00e1 (S\u00edra). Po tom Alja vzala Chlorek (Chlor) a umyla lo\u010f Argonaut\u016f (Argon)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Ale pro\u010d je tak z\u0159eteln\u00e9 nedokonalost v tak dokonal\u00e9m EI? Mo\u017en\u00e1, d\u00edky schopnosti zapom\u00ednat ty nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed fakta \u010dlov\u011bk z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 svobodu kombinovat fragmenty sv\u00fdch my\u0161lenek v libovoln\u00e9m divok\u00e9m po\u0159ad\u00ed a nal\u00e9zt netradi\u010dn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed? Pokud ano, pak siln\u00e9 EI nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9. Bu\u010f bude zapom\u00ednat jako \u010dlov\u011bk, nebo nebude schopn\u00e9 netradi\u010dn\u00edch \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. V ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, z uveden\u00fdch p\u0159edpoklad\u016f vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 nutnost rozli\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed c\u00edl\u016f EI: jeden z c\u00edl\u016f modelov\u00e1n\u00ed EI, druh\u00fd vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed siln\u00e9ho EI. Dosa\u017een\u00ed jednoho m\u016f\u017ee vylu\u010dovat dosa\u017een\u00ed druh\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n

Jak vid\u00edme, v oblasti EI vznik\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mnoho ot\u00e1zek s nejasn\u00fdmi odpov\u011b\u010fmi, tak\u017ee je nejasn\u00e9, kter\u00fdm sm\u011brem se ub\u00edrat. Jak b\u00fdv\u00e1 v takov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech, sna\u017e\u00ed se j\u00edt okam\u017eit\u011b v\u0161emi sm\u011bry. P\u0159itom kv\u016fli absenci matematicky p\u0159\u00edsn\u00fdch formulac\u00ed se mus\u00edme obracet k filozofii a um\u011bleck\u00e9mu liter\u00e1rn\u00edmu modelov\u00e1n\u00ed. Jeden z nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f v tomto sm\u011bru \u2014 kniha \u201eV\u00fdb\u011br podle Turinga\u201c (1992) jednoho z koryfej\u016f EI Marvina Lee Minskea a zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho fantastick\u00e9ho spisovatele Harryho Harrisona. Cituji z t\u00e9to knihy, kter\u00e1 mo\u017en\u00e1 vysv\u011btluje v\u00fd\u0161e popsan\u00fd fenom\u00e9n mnemoniky:<\/p>\n

Lidsk\u00e1 pam\u011b\u0165 nen\u00ed magnetofon, kter\u00fd v\u0161echno zapisuje chronologicky. Funguje \u00fapln\u011b jinak \u2013 sp\u00ed\u0161e jako chaoticky veden\u00fd katalog s komplikovan\u00fdm a protich\u016fdn\u00fdm ukazatelem. A ne jen tak komplikovan\u00fdm \u2013 ob\u010das m\u011bn\u00edme z\u00e1sady klasifikace pojm\u016f.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nZaj\u00edmav\u00e1 interpretace magnetofonov\u00e9 metafory se objevuje v jin\u00e9m liter\u00e1rn\u00edm d\u00edle, pov\u00eddce Stanislava Lema \u201eTerminus\u201c (ze s\u00e9rie \u201ePov\u00eddky o pilotu Pirxovi\u201c). Zde se jedn\u00e1 o zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpad \u201einteligentn\u00edho magnetofonu\u201c: star\u00fd robot na star\u00e9 kosmick\u00e9 lodi, kter\u00e1 kdysi havarovala, prov\u00e1d\u00ed aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed opravy, prov\u00e1zen\u00e9 \u0165uk\u00e1n\u00edm. Ale pokud naslouch\u00e1te, nen\u00ed to jenom technologick\u00fd \u0161um, ale z\u00e1znam morseovky \u2013 rozhovor\u016f \u010dlen\u016f pos\u00e1dky um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00ed lodi. Pirx zasahuje do t\u011bchto rozhovor\u016f a n\u00e1hle dost\u00e1v\u00e1 odpov\u011b\u010f od d\u00e1vno zesnul\u00fdch kosmonaut\u016f. Ukazuje se, \u017ee primitivn\u00ed oprav\u00e1rensk\u00fd robot jaksi uchov\u00e1v\u00e1 kopie jejich v\u011bdom\u00ed, nebo jde o kognitivn\u00ed zkreslen\u00ed vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed pilota Pirxe? <\/p>\n

V jin\u00e9 pov\u00eddce \u201eAnanke\u201c (ze stejn\u00e9 s\u00e9rie) kopie EI v \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00edm po\u010d\u00edta\u010di kosmick\u00e9 lodi vede k jej\u00ed paranoidn\u00ed p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00ed testovac\u00edmi \u00falohami, kter\u00e9 kon\u010d\u00ed katastrofou.<\/p>\n

V pov\u00eddce \u201eNe\u0161\u0165astn\u00e1 n\u00e1hoda\u201c p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 antropomorfn\u011b naprogramovan\u00fd robot zahyne b\u011bhem lezen\u00ed na horu, kter\u00e9 se rozhodl podniknout ve sv\u00e9m voln\u00e9m \u010dase. Pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed takov\u00ed vykonavatel\u00e9? Ale up\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed se na zal\u00e9v\u00e1n\u00ed kv\u011btiny d\u00e9moni tak\u00e9 daleko ne v\u017edy pot\u0159ebn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed odborn\u00edci na AI nemaj\u00ed r\u00e1di takov\u00e1 \u201efilozofov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c a \u201eliter\u00e1rn\u00ed z\u00e1le\u017eitosti\u201c, av\u0161ak tyto \u201efilozofov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c a \u201eliter\u00e1rn\u00ed z\u00e1le\u017eitosti\u201c jsou tradi\u010dn\u011b vlastn\u00ed anal\u00fdze EI a nevyhnuteln\u00e9, dokud se AI srovn\u00e1v\u00e1 s EI, zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 kdy\u017e se v AI sna\u017e\u00ed kop\u00edrovat EI.<\/p>\n

Na z\u00e1v\u011br, dotazn\u00edk k n\u011bkolika vznikl\u00fdm ot\u00e1zk\u00e1m.<\/p>\n

Pouze registrovan\u00ed u\u017eivatel\u00e9 se mohou \u00fa\u010dastnit ankety. P\u0159ihlaste se<\/a><\/noindex>, pros\u00edm.<\/p>\n

1. Zapo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1v\u00e1 se do AI \u00fakoly, kter\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edta\u010d \u0159e\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u011b h\u016f\u0159 ne\u017e \u010dlov\u011bk?<\/h2>\n
    \n
  • \n

    Ano<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Ne<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Zn\u00e1m lep\u0161\u00ed definici. Uvedu v koment\u00e1\u0159\u00edch.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    T\u011b\u017eko \u0159\u00edct<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Hlasovalo 34 u\u017eivatel\u016f. Zdr\u017eelo se 7 u\u017eivatel\u016f.<\/p>\n

    2. AI by m\u011bla b\u00fdt pouze vykonavatelem, kter\u00fd ch\u00e1pe v\u0161echny p\u0159\u00edkazy doslovn\u011b? Nap\u0159\u00edklad, pokud se \u0159ekne zal\u00edt kv\u011btinu \u2013 znamen\u00e1 to zal\u00e9vat, dokud nenaraz\u00ed na z\u00e1kaz?<\/h2>\n
      \n
    • \n

      Ano<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    • \n

      Ne<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    • \n

      T\u011b\u017eko \u0159\u00edct<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Hlasovalo 37 u\u017eivatel\u016f. Zdr\u017eelo se 6 u\u017eivatel\u016f.<\/p>\n

      3. Je mo\u017en\u00fd siln\u00fd AI, jeho\u017e v\u0161echny dovednosti budou maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed (\u010derven\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1ra na obr\u00e1zku na za\u010d\u00e1tku \u010dl\u00e1nku)?<\/h2>\n
        \n
      • \n

        Ano<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

      • \n

        Ne<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

      • \n

        T\u011b\u017eko \u0159\u00edct<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Hlasovalo 35 u\u017eivatel\u016f. Zdr\u017eelo se 7 u\u017eivatel\u016f.<\/p>\n

        4. Je mo\u017en\u00fd super AI (modr\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1ra na obr\u00e1zku na za\u010d\u00e1tku \u010dl\u00e1nku)?<\/h2>\n
          \n
        • \n

          Ano<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

        • \n

          Ne<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

        • \n

          T\u011b\u017eko \u0159\u00edct<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Hlasovalo 36 u\u017eivatel\u016f. Zdr\u017eelo se 7 u\u017eivatel\u016f.<\/p>\n

          5. Mezi\u010dl\u00e1nkem by m\u011bl b\u00fdt AI, kter\u00fd nen\u00ed siln\u00fd, ale ani zcela slab\u00fd (fialov\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1ra na obr\u00e1zku na za\u010d\u00e1tku \u010dl\u00e1nku), kter\u00fd v \u0159ad\u011b dovednost\u00ed bude zaost\u00e1vat za EAI, ale ne tak siln\u011b jako nyn\u00ed?<\/h2>\n
            \n
          • \n

            Ano<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

          • \n

            Ne<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

          • \n

            T\u011b\u017eko \u0159\u00edct<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            Hlasovalo 33 u\u017eivatel\u016f. Zdr\u017eelo se 5 u\u017eivatel\u016f.<\/p>\n

            6. D\u011blat nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 chyby v rozhodnut\u00edch, projevovat nepozornost, zapom\u00ednat pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 v\u011bci a unavovat se \u2013 hlavn\u00ed neodmysliteln\u00e9 vlastnosti EAI?<\/h2>\n
              \n
            • \n

              Ano<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

            • \n

              Ne<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

            • \n

              M\u00e1m jin\u00fd n\u00e1zor, kter\u00fd uvedu v koment\u00e1\u0159\u00edch.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

            • \n

              T\u011b\u017eko \u0159\u00edct<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              Hlasovalo 33 u\u017eivatel\u016f. Zdr\u017eelo se 5 u\u017eivatel\u016f.<\/p>\n

              7. D\u00edky schopnosti zapom\u00ednat nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed fakta z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 \u010dlov\u011bk svobodu kombinovat fragmenty sv\u00fdch my\u0161lenek v libovoln\u00e9m divok\u00e9m po\u0159ad\u00ed a nach\u00e1zet netradi\u010dn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed?<\/h2>\n
                \n
              • \n

                Ano<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

              • \n

                Ne<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

              • \n

                M\u00e1m jin\u00fd n\u00e1zor, kter\u00fd uvedu v koment\u00e1\u0159\u00edch.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

              • \n

                T\u011b\u017eko \u0159\u00edct<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                Hlasovalo 31 u\u017eivatel\u016f. Zdr\u017eelo se 4 u\u017eivatel\u00e9.<\/p>\n

                8. Modelov\u00e1n\u00ed EAI a vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed siln\u00e9ho AI \u2013 dv\u011b r\u016fzn\u00e9 \u00falohy, kter\u00e9 mohou b\u00fdt \u0159e\u0161eny r\u016fzn\u00fdmi metodami?<\/h2>\n
                  \n
                • \n

                  Ano<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                • \n

                  Ne<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                • \n

                  M\u00e1m jin\u00fd n\u00e1zor, kter\u00fd uvedu v koment\u00e1\u0159\u00edch.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                • \n

                  T\u011b\u017eko \u0159\u00edct<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  Hlasovalo 32 u\u017eivatel\u016f. Zdr\u017eelo se 4 u\u017eivatel\u016f.
                  \n
                  Zdroj: habr.com<\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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