{"id":35374,"date":"2019-10-31T22:03:56","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:03:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/free-as-in-freedom-na-russkom-glava-2-2001-hakerskaya-odisseya\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:03:56","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:03:56","slug":"free-as-in-freedom-na-russkom-glava-2-2001-hakerskaya-odisseya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/free-as-in-freedom-na-russkom-glava-2-2001-hakerskaya-odisseya","title":{"rendered":"Free as in Freedom v ru\u0161tin\u011b: Kapitola 2. 2001: Hackerova odysea","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

2001: Hackersk\u00e1 odysea<\/h1>\n

Dv\u011b bloky v\u00fdchodn\u011b od parku Washington Square stoj\u00ed budova Warrena Weavera \u2013 brut\u00e1ln\u00ed a impozantn\u00ed, jako pevnost. Zde s\u00eddl\u00ed katedra informatiky Newyorsk\u00e9 univerzity. V\u011btrac\u00ed syst\u00e9m, proveden\u00fd v pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9m stylu, vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed kolem budovy nep\u0159etr\u017eitou clonu hork\u00e9ho vzduchu, stejn\u011b jako odrazuje proch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed podnikatele a bezc\u00edln\u00e9 potuluj\u00edc\u00ed se jedince. Pokud se n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edkovi p\u0159ece jen poda\u0159\u00ed p\u0159ekonat tuto obrannou linii, \u010dek\u00e1 ho dal\u0161\u00ed hroziv\u00e1 p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eka \u2013 recepce p\u0159\u00edmo u jedin\u00e9ho vchodu.<\/p>\n

Po registra\u010dn\u00edm pultu se \u00farove\u0148 p\u0159\u00edsnosti atmosf\u00e9ry pon\u011bkud zm\u00edr\u0148uje. Ale i zde se n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edk ob\u010das setk\u00e1v\u00e1 se zna\u010dkami varuj\u00edc\u00edmi p\u0159ed nezam\u010den\u00fdmi dve\u0159mi a zablokovan\u00fdmi \u00fanikov\u00fdmi v\u00fdchody. Tyto zna\u010dky jako by p\u0159ipom\u00ednaly, \u017ee bezpe\u010dnosti a opatrnosti nen\u00ed nikdy dost, i v t\u00e9 klidn\u00e9 epo\u0161e, kter\u00e1 skon\u010dila 11. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2001.<\/p>\n

A tyto zna\u010dky se z\u00e1bavn\u011b kontrastuj\u00ed s publikem, kter\u00e9 zapl\u0148uje vnit\u0159n\u00ed s\u00e1l. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed z t\u011bchto lid\u00ed opravdu vypadaj\u00ed jako studenti presti\u017en\u00ed Newyorsk\u00e9 univerzity. Ale v\u011bt\u0161ina mnohem v\u00edce p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 rozcuchan\u00e9 st\u00e1l\u00e9 n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edky koncert\u016f a klubov\u00fdch vystoupen\u00ed, jako by vy\u0161li na sv\u011btlo v pauze mezi p\u0159edstaven\u00edmi. Toto pestr\u00e9 publikum tak rychle zaplnilo budovu dnes r\u00e1no, \u017ee m\u00edstn\u00ed ochranka jen m\u00e1vla rukou a posadila se k televizi, aby se d\u00edvala na show Riky Lake, poka\u017ed\u00e9 pokr\u010duj\u00edc rameny, kdy\u017e se na ni neo\u010dek\u00e1van\u00ed n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edci obraceli s dotazy t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edmi se jak\u00e9si \u201e\u0159e\u010di\u201c.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Po vstupu do u\u010debny n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edk spat\u0159\u00ed toho mu\u017ee, kter\u00fd ne\u00famysln\u011b poslal mocn\u00fd bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed syst\u00e9m budovy do kolen. Je to Richard Matthew Stallman, zakladatel projektu GNU, zakladatel Nadace pro svobodn\u00fd software, dr\u017eitel stipendia MacArthur z roku 1990, laure\u00e1t ceny Grace Murray Hopper za tent\u00fd\u017e rok, spoludr\u017eitel ceny Takeda za zlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed ekonomick\u00e9ho a soci\u00e1ln\u00edho \u017eivota, a prost\u011b hacker Laborato\u0159e AI. Jak uv\u00e1d\u011bla ozn\u00e1men\u00ed rozeslan\u00e1 na mnoha hackersk\u00fdch webech, v\u010detn\u011b ofici\u00e1ln\u00edho port\u00e1lu projektu GNU<\/a>, Stallman p\u0159ijel na Manhattan, do sv\u00e9 rodn\u00e9 zem\u011b, aby pronesl dlouho o\u010dek\u00e1vanou \u0159e\u010d jako protiklad kampani, kterou proti licenci GNU GPL rozpoutal Microsoft.<\/p>\n

<\/noindex><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Projev Stallmana byl v\u011bnov\u00e1n minulosti a budoucnosti hnut\u00ed pro svobodn\u00fd software. M\u00edsto bylo zvoleno z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b. P\u0159ed m\u011bs\u00edcem se v bl\u00edzkosti t\u00e9to \u0161koly, na obchodn\u00ed \u0161kole stejn\u00e9 univerzity, objevil senior viceprezident spole\u010dnosti Microsoft Craig Mundie s projevem, kter\u00fd obsahoval \u00fatoky a obvin\u011bn\u00ed proti licenci GNU GPL. Tuto licenci vytvo\u0159il Richard Stallman po ud\u00e1losti s laserovou tisk\u00e1rnou Xerox p\u0159ed 16 lety jako prost\u0159edek boje proti licenc\u00edm a smlouv\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 obklopily po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fd pr\u016fmysl neproniknuteln\u00fdmi z\u00e1voji tajemstv\u00ed a vlastnictv\u00ed. Podstata GNU GPL spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed ve\u0159ejnou formu vlastnictv\u00ed \u2013 to, co se nyn\u00ed naz\u00fdv\u00e1 \u201edigit\u00e1ln\u00edm ve\u0159ejn\u00fdm statkem\u201c \u2013 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed s\u00edlu autorsk\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va, tedy p\u0159esn\u011b toho, proti \u010demu je zam\u011b\u0159ena. GPL u\u010dinila tuto formu vlastnictv\u00ed nevratnou a neodcizitelnou \u2013 jakmile je k\u00f3d p\u0159ed\u00e1n ve\u0159ejnosti, nelze ho vz\u00edt zp\u011bt a p\u0159ivlastnit. Odvozen\u00e1 d\u00edla, kter\u00e1 vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed GPL-k\u00f3d, mus\u00ed zd\u011bdit tuto licenci. Kv\u016fli t\u00e9to vlastnosti kritici GNU GPL naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed \u201evir\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c, jako by se \u0161\u00ed\u0159ila na ka\u017edou program, kter\u00e9 se dotkne.<\/p>\n

\u201eSrovn\u00e1n\u00ed s virem je p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 tvrd\u00e9,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Stallman, \u201edaleko lep\u0161\u00ed je srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s kv\u011btinami: \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed se, pokud je aktivn\u011b rozsad\u00edte.\u201c<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Pokud se chcete dozv\u011bd\u011bt v\u00edce o licenci GPL, nav\u0161tivte webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky projektu GNU<\/a>.<\/p>\n

<\/noindex><\/p>\n

Pro vysoce technologickou ekonomiku, kter\u00e1 je st\u00e1le v\u00edce z\u00e1visl\u00e1 na softwaru a st\u00e1le siln\u011bji se p\u0159ipout\u00e1v\u00e1 k softwarov\u00fdm standard\u016fm, se GPL stala skute\u010dn\u00fdm \u201evelk\u00fdm klackem\u201c. Dokonce i ty spole\u010dnosti, kter\u00e9 se zpo\u010d\u00e1tku posm\u00edvaly a naz\u00fdvaly ji \u201esocialismem pro programy\u201c, za\u010daly uzn\u00e1vat v\u00fdhody t\u00e9to licence. J\u00e1dro Linuxu, kter\u00e9 vyvinul finsk\u00fd student Linus Torvalds v roce 1991, je licencov\u00e1no pod GPL, stejn\u011b jako v\u011bt\u0161ina komponent syst\u00e9mu: GNU Emacs, GNU Debugger, GNU GCC a tak d\u00e1le. Tyto komponenty spole\u010dn\u011b tvo\u0159\u00ed svobodn\u00fd opera\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m GNU\/Linux, kter\u00fd je vyv\u00edjen a pat\u0159\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 komunit\u011b. Vysoce technologi\u010dt\u00ed giganti jako IBM, Hewlett-Packard a Oracle m\u00edsto toho, aby v neust\u00e1le rostouc\u00edm svobodn\u00e9m softwaru vid\u011bli hrozbu, pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jej jako z\u00e1klad pro sv\u00e9 komer\u010dn\u00ed aplikace a slu\u017eby.<\/p>\n

Voln\u00fd software se stal strategick\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem v dlouh\u00e9 v\u00e1lce proti spole\u010dnosti Microsoft, kter\u00e1 dominuje na trhu po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fdch program\u016f od konce 80. let. S nejpopul\u00e1rn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm desktopov\u00fdm opera\u010dn\u00edm syst\u00e9mem \u2013 Windows \u2013 m\u016f\u017ee Microsoft utrp\u011bt nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ztr\u00e1ty v d\u016fsledku roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed GPL v pr\u016fmyslu. Ka\u017ed\u00fd program v r\u00e1mci Windows je chr\u00e1n\u011bn autorsk\u00fdmi pr\u00e1vy a licen\u010dn\u00edmi smlouvami typu EULA, co\u017e zp\u016fsobuje, \u017ee spustiteln\u00e9 soubory a zdrojov\u00e9 k\u00f3dy se st\u00e1vaj\u00ed vlastnick\u00fdmi a zbavuj\u00ed u\u017eivatele mo\u017enosti \u010d\u00edst a m\u011bnit k\u00f3d. Pokud by Microsoft cht\u011bl pou\u017e\u00edt GPL-k\u00f3d ve sv\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu, musel by p\u0159e licenci v\u0161echny sv\u00e9 syst\u00e9my pod GPL. A to poskytne konkurent\u016fm Microsoftu mo\u017enost kop\u00edrovat jej\u00ed produkty, vylep\u0161ovat je a prod\u00e1vat, \u010d\u00edm\u017e podkop\u00e1 samotn\u00fd z\u00e1klad podnik\u00e1n\u00ed spole\u010dnosti \u2013 z\u00e1vislost u\u017eivatel\u016f na jej\u00edch produktech.<\/p>\n

Odtud pramen\u00ed obavy Microsoftu z \u0161irok\u00e9ho p\u0159ijet\u00ed GPL v pr\u016fmyslu. To je d\u016fvod, pro\u010d se ned\u00e1vno Mundy ve sv\u00e9 \u0159e\u010di tvrd\u011b obul do GPL a otev\u0159en\u00e9ho k\u00f3du. (Microsoft ani neuzn\u00e1v\u00e1 term\u00edn \u201evoln\u00fd software\u201c, rad\u011bji ve sv\u00fdch \u00fatoc\u00edch pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00fdraz \u201eotev\u0159en\u00fd k\u00f3d\u201c, o kter\u00e9m se mluv\u00ed v . To se d\u011bl\u00e1 proto, aby se ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 pov\u011bdom\u00ed odklonilo od hnut\u00ed za voln\u00fd software sm\u011brem k v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed apolitickosti). Proto se Richard Stallman dnes rozhodl ve\u0159ejn\u011b vzn\u00e9st proti t\u00e9to \u0159e\u010di na tomto kampusu.<\/p>\n

Dvacet let je v pr\u016fmyslu software dlouh\u00e1 doba. Jen si to p\u0159edstavte: v roce 1980, kdy Richard Stallman prokl\u00ednal laserovou tisk\u00e1rnu Xerox v laborato\u0159i AI, nebyl Microsoft sv\u011btov\u00fdm gigantem po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu, byl to mal\u00fd soukrom\u00fd startup. IBM ani nep\u0159edstavila sv\u016fj prvn\u00ed PC a nevyvolala revoluci na trhu levn\u00fdch po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f. Neexistovaly ani mnoh\u00e9 technologie, kter\u00e9 dnes pova\u017eujeme za samoz\u0159ejmost \u2013 internet, satelitn\u00ed televize, 32bitov\u00e9 hern\u00ed konzole. Tot\u00e9\u017e plat\u00ed pro mnoh\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, kter\u00e9 dnes \u201ehraj\u00ed v nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed firemn\u00ed lize\u201c, jako Apple, Amazon, Dell \u2013 bu\u010f v\u016fbec neexistovaly, nebo pro\u017e\u00edvaly t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 \u010dasy. P\u0159\u00edklady lze uv\u00e1d\u011bt dlouho.<\/p>\n

Mezi t\u011bmi, kdo si v\u00edce cen\u00ed rozvoje ne\u017e svobody, je bou\u0159liv\u00fd pokrok za tak kr\u00e1tkou dobu uv\u00e1d\u011bn jako argument pro i proti GNU GPL. Zast\u00e1nci GPL upozor\u0148uj\u00ed na kr\u00e1tkou relevantnost po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9ho vybaven\u00ed. Aby se vyhnuli riziku, \u017ee zakoup\u00ed zastaral\u00fd produkt, spot\u0159ebitel\u00e9 se sna\u017e\u00ed vyb\u00edrat nejperspektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed spole\u010dnosti. V\u00fdsledkem je, \u017ee trh se st\u00e1v\u00e1 ar\u00e9nou, kde v\u00edt\u011bz bere v\u0161e. Podle jejich tvrzen\u00ed vlastnick\u00e9 softwarov\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed vede k diktatu\u0159e monopol\u016f a stagnaci trhu. Bohat\u00e9 a mocn\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti dus\u00ed mal\u00e9 konkurenty a inovativn\u00ed startupy.<\/p>\n

Jejich protivn\u00edci tvrd\u00ed opak. Podle nich je prodej softwaru stejn\u011b riskantn\u00ed \u010dinnost\u00ed jako jeho v\u00fdroba, pokud ne dokonce v\u00edce. Bez pr\u00e1vn\u00edch z\u00e1ruk, kter\u00e9 poskytuj\u00ed vlastnick\u00e9 licence, nebudou m\u00edt spole\u010dnosti motivaci se vyv\u00edjet. To plat\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 pro \"smrt\u00edc\u00ed programy\", kter\u00e9 vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed \u00fapln\u011b nov\u00e9 trhy. A znovu nast\u00e1v\u00e1 na trhu stagnace, inovace ustupuj\u00ed. Jak s\u00e1m Mundi poznamenal ve sv\u00e9m projevu, \"virusov\u00fd\" charakter GPL \"p\u0159edstavuje hrozbu\" pro ka\u017edou spole\u010dnost, kter\u00e1 vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jedine\u010dnost sv\u00e9ho softwarov\u00e9ho produktu jako konkuren\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdhodu.<\/p>\n

\n

To rovn\u011b\u017e podkop\u00e1v\u00e1 samotn\u00fd z\u00e1klad nez\u00e1visl\u00e9ho sektoru komer\u010dn\u00edho softwaru,
\nproto\u017ee fakticky \u010din\u00ed nemo\u017en\u00fdm distribuci softwaru na z\u00e1klad\u011b
\nn\u00e1kupu produktu, a ne pouze zaplacen\u00ed kop\u00edrov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\u00dasp\u011bch jak GNU\/Linuxu, tak Windows za posledn\u00edch 10 let n\u00e1m \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee ob\u011b strany maj\u00ed \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b pravdu. Ale Stallman a dal\u0161\u00ed zast\u00e1nci svobodn\u00e9ho softwaru se domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee to je sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed ot\u00e1zka. \u0158\u00edkaj\u00ed, \u017ee mnohem d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e \u00fasp\u011bch svobodn\u00fdch nebo vlastnick\u00fdch program\u016f je jejich eti\u010dnost.<\/p>\n

Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, pro \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edky softwarov\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu je krajn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 chytit vlnu. I tak mocn\u00ed v\u00fdrobci, jako je Microsoft, v\u011bnuj\u00ed hodn\u011b pozornosti podpo\u0159e t\u0159et\u00edch stran, jejich\u017e aplikace, profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed bal\u00ed\u010dky a hry \u010din\u00ed platformu Windows atraktivn\u00ed pro spot\u0159ebitele. Odkazuj\u00edc na bou\u0159liv\u00fd rozvoj trhu s vysok\u00fdmi technologiemi za posledn\u00edch 20 let, nemluv\u011b o p\u016fsobiv\u00fdch \u00fasp\u011b\u0161\u00edch jeho spole\u010dnosti za stejn\u00e9 obdob\u00ed, Mundi doporu\u010dil poslucha\u010d\u016fm, aby se p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nenechali ovlivnit novou m\u00f3dou svobodn\u00e9ho softwaru:<\/p>\n

\n

Dvacetilet\u00e1 zku\u0161enost uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee ekonomick\u00fd model, kter\u00fd
\nchr\u00e1n\u00ed intelektu\u00e1ln\u00ed vlastnictv\u00ed, a obchodn\u00ed model, kter\u00fd
\nkompenzuje n\u00e1klady na v\u00fdzkum a v\u00fdvoj, mohou vytv\u00e1\u0159et
\np\u016fsobiv\u00e9 ekonomick\u00e9 v\u00fdhody a \u0161iroce je roz\u0161i\u0159ovat.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Na pozad\u00ed v\u0161ech t\u011bchto slov, pronesen\u00fdch p\u0159ed m\u011bs\u00edcem, se Stallman p\u0159ipravuje na vlastn\u00ed projev, stoj\u00edc na p\u00f3diu v auditoriu.<\/p>\n

Posledn\u00edch 20 let z\u00e1sadn\u011b zm\u011bnilo sv\u011bt vysok\u00fdch technologi\u00ed k lep\u0161\u00edmu. Richard Stallman se v tomto \u010dase zm\u011bnil ne m\u00e9n\u011b, ale k lep\u0161\u00edmu? U\u017e neexistuje ten huben\u00fd, zcela oholen\u00fd hacker, kter\u00fd tr\u00e1vil ve\u0161ker\u00fd sv\u016fj \u010das p\u0159ed sv\u00fdm obl\u00edben\u00fdm PDP-10. Nyn\u00ed m\u00edsto n\u011bj je tu robustn\u00ed mu\u017e st\u0159edn\u00edho v\u011bku s dlouh\u00fdmi vlasy a rab\u00ednsk\u00fdm vousem, mu\u017e, kter\u00fd tr\u00e1v\u00ed ve\u0161ker\u00fd sv\u016fj \u010das e-mailov\u00fdmi zpr\u00e1vami, mentorov\u00e1n\u00edm sv\u00fdch n\u00e1sledovn\u00edk\u016f a vystoupen\u00edmi, podobn\u00fdmi dne\u0161n\u00edmu. Oble\u010den\u00fd v tri\u010dku mo\u0159sk\u00e9 barvy a polyesterov\u00fdch kalhot\u00e1ch vypad\u00e1 Richard jako poustevn\u00edk, kter\u00fd pr\u00e1v\u011b opustil arm\u00e1dn\u00ed t\u00e1bor.<\/p>\n

V davu je mnoho p\u0159\u00edznivc\u016f Stallmanov\u00fdch my\u0161lenek a vkusu. Mnoz\u00ed p\u0159i\u0161li s notebooky a mobiln\u00edmi modemy, aby co nejl\u00e9pe zaznamenali a p\u0159edali Stallmanova slova \u010dekaj\u00edc\u00ed internetov\u00e9 ve\u0159ejnosti. Pohlav\u00ed n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edk\u016f je velmi nevyv\u00e1\u017een\u00e9, na ka\u017edou \u017eenu p\u0159ipad\u00e1 15 mu\u017e\u016f, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e \u017eeny dr\u017e\u00ed v rukou m\u011bkk\u00e9 hra\u010dky \u2013 tu\u010d\u0148\u00e1ky, ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed maskoty Linuxu, a ply\u0161ov\u00e9 medv\u011bdy.<\/p>\n

Rozru\u0161en\u00fd Richard sch\u00e1z\u00ed z p\u00f3dia, used\u00e1 na \u017eidli v prvn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b a za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 ps\u00e1t p\u0159\u00edkazy na notebooku. Tak uplynulo 10 minut a Stallman si ani nev\u0161iml rostouc\u00edho davu student\u016f, profesor\u016f a fanou\u0161k\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se pohybuj\u00ed p\u0159ed n\u00edm mezi auditoriem a p\u00f3diem.<\/p>\n

Nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 jen tak za\u010d\u00edt mluvit, ani\u017e by se p\u0159edt\u00edm prov\u00e1d\u011bly dekorativn\u00ed ritu\u00e1ly akademick\u00fdch formalit, jako je d\u016fkladn\u00e9 p\u0159edstaven\u00ed \u0159e\u010dn\u00edka publiku. Ale Stallman vypad\u00e1 tak, \u017ee si zaslou\u017e\u00ed nejen jedno, ale v\u0161echny dv\u011b p\u0159edstaven\u00ed. Mike Juretsky, spolukontrolor Centra pokro\u010dil\u00fdch technologi\u00ed \u0160koly podnik\u00e1n\u00ed, si vzal na starost prvn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u201eJedn\u00edm z \u00fakol\u016f univerzity je organizovat debaty a v\u0161emi zp\u016fsoby podporovat vznik zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch diskus\u00ed,\u201c za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 Juretski, \u201ea na\u0161e dne\u0161n\u00ed semin\u00e1\u0159e pln\u011b odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed t\u00e9to misi. Podle m\u011b je diskuse o otev\u0159en\u00e9m k\u00f3du zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 zaj\u00edmav\u00e1.\u201c<\/p>\n

D\u0159\u00edve ne\u017e Juretsky stihne \u0159\u00edct je\u0161t\u011b jedno slovo, Stallman vst\u00e1v\u00e1 a m\u00e1v\u00e1, jako by byl \u0159idi\u010dem, kter\u00fd stoj\u00ed na kraji silnice kv\u016fli poru\u0161e.<\/p>\n

\u201eZab\u00fdv\u00e1m se svobodn\u00fdmi programy,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Richard za rostouc\u00edho sm\u00edchu publika, \u201eotev\u0159en\u00fd k\u00f3d je jin\u00e1 oblast.\u201c<\/p>\n

Potlesk p\u0159ehlu\u0161uje sm\u00edch. Publikum je pln\u00e9 stallmanovsk\u00fdch partiz\u00e1n\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed znaj\u00ed jeho pov\u011bst bojovn\u00edka za p\u0159esn\u011b formulovan\u00e9 definice, stejn\u011b jako zn\u00e1m\u00fd spor Richarda s zast\u00e1nci otev\u0159en\u00e9ho k\u00f3du v roce 1998. Mnoz\u00ed z nich o\u010dek\u00e1vali n\u011bco podobn\u00e9ho, stejn\u011b jako fanou\u0161ci excentrick\u00fdch hv\u011bzd o\u010dek\u00e1vaj\u00ed od sv\u00fdch idol\u016f jejich za\u017eit\u00e1 vystoupen\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Juretsky nal\u00e9hav\u011b ukon\u010duje svou prezentaci a ustupuje m\u00edstu Edmondu Sch\u00f6nbergovi, profesorovi na Fakult\u011b informatiky Newyorsk\u00e9 univerzity. Sch\u00f6nberg \u2013 program\u00e1tor a \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk projektu GNU, skv\u011ble se orientuje v map\u011b terminologick\u00fdch min. Zru\u010dn\u011b shrnuje cestu Stallmana z pohledu modern\u00edho program\u00e1tora.<\/p>\n

\u201eRichard je skv\u011bl\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem \u010dlov\u011bka, kter\u00fd p\u0159i pr\u00e1ci na men\u0161\u00edch probl\u00e9mech za\u010dal p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161let o probl\u00e9mu glob\u00e1ln\u00edm \u2013 probl\u00e9mu nedostupnosti zdrojov\u00e9ho k\u00f3du,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Sch\u00f6nberg, \u201evyvinul d\u016fslednou filozofii, d\u00edky kter\u00e9 jsme p\u0159ehodnotili na\u0161e p\u0159edstavy o v\u00fdrob\u011b softwaru, o du\u0161evn\u00edm vlastnictv\u00ed, o komunit\u011b v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159\u016f softwaru.\u201c<\/p>\n

Sch\u00f6nberg v\u00edt\u00e1 Stallmana s potleskem. Ten rychle vyp\u00edn\u00e1 notebook, vystupuje na p\u00f3dium a p\u0159edstavuje se publiku.<\/p>\n

Na za\u010d\u00e1tku Richardova prezentace v\u00edc p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 stand-up \u010d\u00edslo ne\u017e politickou \u0159e\u010d. \u201eChci pod\u011bkovat Microsoftu za skv\u011bl\u00fd d\u016fvod vystoupit zde,\u201c vtipkuje, \u201eposledn\u00ed t\u00fddny se c\u00edt\u00edm jako autor knihy, kter\u00e1 byla kdesi zak\u00e1z\u00e1na v d\u016fsledku sv\u00e9vole.\u201c<\/p>\n

Aby uvedl nezasv\u011bcen\u00e9 do situace, Stallman prov\u00e1d\u00ed kr\u00e1tk\u00fd v\u00fdklad zalo\u017een\u00fd na analogi\u00edch. Srovn\u00e1v\u00e1 po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fd program s kulin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdm receptem. Oboj\u00ed p\u0159edstavuje u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 krok za krokem instrukce, jak dos\u00e1hnout po\u017eadovan\u00e9ho c\u00edle. Oboj\u00ed lze snadno upravit podle okolnost\u00ed nebo vlastn\u00edch p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed. \u201eNemus\u00edte se dr\u017eet receptu, \u2013 vysv\u011btluje Stallman, \u2013 m\u016f\u017eete vynechat n\u011bjak\u00e9 ingredience nebo p\u0159idat houby, prost\u011b proto, \u017ee houby m\u00e1te r\u00e1di. D\u00e1t m\u00e9n\u011b soli, proto\u017ee v\u00e1m to doporu\u010dil doktor \u2013 klidn\u011b cokoliv.\u201c<\/p>\n

Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, podle Stallmana, je, \u017ee programy a recepty lze velmi snadno sd\u00edlet. K tomu, abyste se s hostem pod\u011blili o recept na ve\u010de\u0159i, sta\u010d\u00ed kousek pap\u00edru a p\u00e1r minut \u010dasu. Kop\u00edrov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fdch program\u016f vy\u017eaduje je\u0161t\u011b m\u00e9n\u011b \u2013 jen p\u00e1r kliknut\u00ed my\u0161\u00ed a tro\u0161ku elektrick\u00e9 energie. V obou p\u0159\u00edpadech m\u00e1 d\u00e1rce dvoj\u00ed prosp\u011bch: upev\u0148uje p\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed a zvy\u0161uje \u0161ance, \u017ee se tak\u00e9 pod\u011bl\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u201eP\u0159edstavte si, \u017ee v\u0161echny recepty jsou \u010dern\u00e1 sk\u0159\u00ed\u0148ka,\u201c pokra\u010duje Richard, \u201enev\u00edte, jak\u00e9 ingredience se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed, nem\u016f\u017eete zm\u011bnit recept ani ho sd\u00edlet s p\u0159\u00edtelem. Pokud to ud\u011bl\u00e1te, budete nazv\u00e1ni pir\u00e1tem a posl\u00e1ni do v\u011bzen\u00ed na dlouh\u00e9 roky. Takov\u00fd sv\u011bt by vyvolal obrovsk\u00fd odpor a odm\u00edtnut\u00ed u lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed r\u00e1di va\u0159en\u00ed a zvykli si sd\u00edlet recepty. Ale takov\u00fd je sv\u011bt propriet\u00e1rn\u00edho softwaru. Sv\u011bt, kde je ve\u0159ejn\u00e1 dobrota zak\u00e1z\u00e1na a potla\u010dov\u00e1na.\u201c<\/p>\n

Po t\u00e9to \u00favodn\u00ed analogii Stallman vypr\u00e1v\u00ed p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o laserov\u00e9 tisk\u00e1rn\u011b Xerox. Stejn\u011b jako kulin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 analogie, p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o tisk\u00e1rn\u011b je \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1 r\u00e9torick\u00e1 technika. Podobn\u011b jako bajka, p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o osudov\u00e9 tisk\u00e1rn\u011b ukazuje, jak rychle se m\u016f\u017ee v\u0161echno zm\u011bnit ve sv\u011bt\u011b softwaru. Vracen\u00ed poslucha\u010d\u016f do doby, kdy je\u0161t\u011b neexistovaly n\u00e1kupy jedn\u00edm klikem na Amazonu, syst\u00e9m\u016f Microsoft a datab\u00e1z\u00ed Oracle, Richard se sna\u017e\u00ed publiku p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eit, jak\u00e9 to bylo m\u00edt co do \u010din\u011bn\u00ed se softwarem, kter\u00fd je\u0161t\u011b nebyl zcela uzam\u010den pod korpor\u00e1tn\u00edmi logy.<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edb\u011bh Stallmana je pe\u010dliv\u011b promy\u0161len\u00fd a vyle\u0161t\u011bn\u00fd, jako z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e1 \u0159e\u010d okresn\u00edho prokur\u00e1tora v soudn\u00ed s\u00edni. Kdy\u017e se dostane k incidentu na Carnegie-Mellon, kdy v\u011bdeck\u00fd pracovn\u00edk odm\u00edtl sd\u00edlet zdrojov\u00e9 k\u00f3dy ovlada\u010de tisk\u00e1rny, Richard na chv\u00edli zmlkne.<\/p>\n

\u201eZradil n\u00e1s,\u201c prohla\u0161uje Stallman, \u201eale nejen n\u00e1s. Mo\u017en\u00e1 zradil i tebe.\u201c<\/p>\n

Na slovo \u201etebe\u201c Stallman ukazuje prstem na nic netu\u0161\u00edc\u00edho poslucha\u010de v publiku. Ten zvedne obo\u010d\u00ed, polekan\u011b se zat\u0159ese, ale Richard u\u017e hled\u00e1 jinou ob\u011b\u0165 mezi nerv\u00f3zn\u011b se chichotaj\u00edc\u00edm davem, hled\u00e1 pomalu a uv\u00e1\u017eliv\u011b. \u201eA mysl\u00edm, \u017ee to pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b ud\u011blal i s tebou,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, kdy\u017e ukazuje na \u010dlov\u011bka ve t\u0159et\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b.<\/p>\n

Publikum se ji\u017e nesm\u011bje, ale nahlas se sm\u011bje. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, \u017ee tento Richard\u016fv gest je trochu divadeln\u00ed. P\u0159esto Stallman kon\u010d\u00ed p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o laserov\u00e9 tisk\u00e1rn\u011b Xerox s v\u00e1\u0161n\u00ed skute\u010dn\u00e9ho showmana. \u201eVe skute\u010dnosti zradil mnohem v\u00edce lid\u00ed, ne\u017e je tady v s\u00e1le, nehled\u011b na ty, kte\u0159\u00ed se narodili po roce 1980,\u201c shrnuje Richard, \u010d\u00edm\u017e vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce sm\u00edchu, \u201ezkr\u00e1tka proto, \u017ee zradil cel\u00e9 lidstvo.\u201c<\/p>\n

Pot\u00e9 sni\u017euje \u00farove\u0148 dramatismu a oznamuje: \u201eUd\u011blal to t\u00edm, \u017ee podepsal dohodu o ml\u010denlivosti.\u201c<\/p>\n

Evoluce Richarda Matthew Stallmana od zklaman\u00e9ho v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho pracovn\u00edka k politick\u00e9mu l\u00eddrovi toho hodn\u011b \u0159\u00edk\u00e1. O jeho vytrval\u00e9 povaze a p\u016fsobiv\u00e9 v\u016fli. O jeho jasn\u00e9m sv\u011btov\u00e9m n\u00e1zoru a vyhran\u011bn\u00fdch hodnot\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 mu pomohly zalo\u017eit hnut\u00ed za svobodn\u00fd software. O jeho vysok\u00e9 odbornosti v programov\u00e1n\u00ed \u2013 ta mu umo\u017enila vytvo\u0159it \u0159adu z\u00e1sadn\u00edch aplikac\u00ed a st\u00e1t se kultovn\u00ed postavou pro mnoh\u00e9 program\u00e1tory. D\u00edky t\u00e9to evoluci neust\u00e1le roste popularita a vliv GPL, a tento pr\u00e1vn\u00ed novum mnoho lid\u00ed pova\u017euje za nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u00fasp\u011bch Stallmana.<\/p>\n

To v\u0161e nazna\u010duje, \u017ee se m\u011bn\u00ed charakter politick\u00e9ho vlivu \u2013 st\u00e1le v\u00edce se spojuje s informa\u010dn\u00edmi technologiemi a programy, kter\u00e9 je zhmot\u0148uj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Mo\u017en\u00e1 proto hv\u011bzda Stallmana jen jasn\u011b z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed, zat\u00edmco hv\u011bzdy mnoha technologick\u00fdch gigant\u016f zhasly a zmizely. Od spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed projektu GNU v roce 1984 byl Stallman a jeho hnut\u00ed za svobodn\u00fd software nejprve ignorov\u00e1ni, pozd\u011bji zesm\u011b\u0161\u0148ov\u00e1ni, pak pon\u00ed\u017eeni a \u010delili lavin\u011b kritiky. Ale projekt GNU se v\u0161\u00edm t\u00edm dok\u00e1zal p\u0159ekonat, i kdy\u017e ne bez probl\u00e9m\u016f a pravideln\u00fdch stagnac\u00ed, a st\u00e1le nab\u00edz\u00ed aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed programy na trhu softwaru, kter\u00fd se mimochodem b\u011bhem t\u011bchto desetilet\u00ed n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t zkomplikoval. \u00dasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b se rozv\u00edj\u00ed i filozofie, kterou Stallman ulo\u017eil do z\u00e1klad\u016f GNU. V jin\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti sv\u00e9 \u0159e\u010di v New Yorku ze 29. kv\u011btna 2001 kr\u00e1tce popsal p\u016fvod akronymu:<\/p>\n

\n

My, hacke\u0159i, \u010dasto vol\u00edme vtipn\u00e1 a dokonce i potm\u011b\u0161il\u00e1 jm\u00e9na pro
\nsv\u00fdch program\u016f, proto\u017ee pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed program\u016f \u2013 to je jedna z sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed
\nradosti z jejich psan\u00ed. Tak\u00e9 m\u00e1me rozvinutou tradici
\npou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed rekurzivn\u00edch zkratek, kter\u00e9 ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee v\u00e1\u0161
\nprogram je v n\u011b\u010dem podobn\u00fd ji\u017e existuj\u00edc\u00edm aplikac\u00edm\u2026 J\u00e1
\nhledal rekurzivn\u00ed zkratku ve tvaru \u201eN\u011bjak\u00e1-po\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e1-\u0161ifra je Ne
\nUnix\u201c. Pro\u0161el jsem v\u0161echny p\u00edsmena abecedy a \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 z nich nevytvo\u0159ilo
\nvhodn\u00e9 slovo. Rozhodl jsem se zkr\u00e1tit fr\u00e1zi na t\u0159i slova, \u010d\u00edm\u017e jsem z\u00edskal
\nzp\u016fsobem t\u0159\u00edp\u00edsmennou zkratku ve tvaru \u201eN\u011bjak\u00e1-po\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e1-\u0161ifra \u2013 Ne Unix\u201c.
\nZa\u010dal jsem proch\u00e1zet p\u00edsmena a narazil jsem na slovo \u201eGNU\u201c. A to je cel\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh.<\/p>\n

I kdy\u017e Richard \u2013 milovn\u00edk h\u0159\u00ed\u010dek, doporu\u010duje vyslovovat akronym
\nanglicky s jasn\u00fdm \u201eg\u201c na za\u010d\u00e1tku, aby se p\u0159ede\u0161lo nejen
\nanglick\u00fdm p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem \u201enew\u201c, tedy \u201enov\u00fd\u201c. \u201eNa projektu u\u017e d\u011bl\u00e1me p\u00e1r desetilet\u00ed, tak\u017ee ur\u010dit\u011b nen\u00ed nov\u00fd,\u201c vtipkuje
\nanglick\u00e9mu p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00e9mu jm\u00e9nu \u201enew\u201c, tj. \u201enov\u00fd\u201c. \u201eNa projektu pracujeme u\u017e p\u00e1r desetilet\u00ed, tak\u017ee rozhodn\u011b nen\u00ed nov\u00fd\u201c, \u2013 \u017eertuje
\npozn\u00e1mky autor\u016f k p\u0159episu Newtonsy Speech Stallmana \u201eSvobodn\u00fd software: svoboda a spolupr\u00e1ce\u201c z 29. kv\u011btna 2001
\nPorozum\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010din\u00e1m t\u00e9to popt\u00e1vky a \u00fasp\u011b\u0161nosti velmi pom\u00e1h\u00e1 studium projev\u016f a v\u00fdrok\u016f jak samotn\u00e9ho Richarda, tak jeho okol\u00ed, kter\u00e9 mu pom\u00e1haj\u00ed nebo mu kladou klacky pod nohy. Obraz osobnosti Stallmana nen\u00ed t\u0159eba p\u0159evisovat. Pokud existuje \u017eiv\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad star\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edslov\u00ed \u201erealita vypad\u00e1 p\u0159esn\u011b tak, jak vypad\u00e1\u201c, pak je to Stallman.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

<\/p>\n

Zdroj: Porozum\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010din\u00e1m t\u00e9to popt\u00e1vky a \u00fasp\u011b\u0161nosti velmi pom\u00e1h\u00e1 zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed projev\u016f a vystoupen\u00ed jak samotn\u00e9ho Richarda, tak jeho okol\u00ed, kter\u00e9 mu pom\u00e1haj\u00ed nebo mu h\u00e1z\u00ed klacky pod nohy. Obraz Stallmanovy osobnosti nen\u00ed nutn\u00e9 komplikovat. Pokud je n\u011bjak\u00fd \u017eiv\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad star\u00e9ho r\u010den\u00ed \u201erealita je takov\u00e1, jak\u00e1 vypad\u00e1\u201c, je to Stallman.<\/a>.<\/p>\n

<\/noindex><\/p>\n

Pochopen\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010din t\u00e9to popt\u00e1vky a \u00fasp\u011b\u0161nosti velmi usnad\u0148uje studium projev\u016f a v\u00fdrok\u016f jak samotn\u00e9ho Richarda, tak jeho okol\u00ed, kter\u00e9 mu bu\u010f pom\u00e1h\u00e1, nebo mu h\u00e1z\u00ed klacky pod nohy. Obraz osobnosti Stallmana nen\u00ed t\u0159eba komplikovat. Pokud je v\u016fbec n\u011bjak\u00fd \u017eiv\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad star\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edslov\u00ed \u201erealita je p\u0159esn\u011b takov\u00e1, jak se zd\u00e1\u201c, pak je to Stallman.<\/p>\n

«Mysl\u00edm, \u017ee pokud chcete pochopit Richarda Stallmana jako \u010dlov\u011bka, mus\u00edte ho neanalyzovat po \u010d\u00e1stech, ale pod\u00edvat se na n\u011bj jako na celek, – uv\u00e1d\u00ed Eben Moglen, pr\u00e1vn\u00ed poradce nadace pro svobodn\u00fd software a profesor pr\u00e1va na Kolumbijsk\u00e9 univerzit\u011b, – v\u0161echny ty excentrick\u00e9 momenty, kter\u00e9 mnoz\u00ed lid\u00e9 pova\u017euj\u00ed za um\u011bl\u00e9 a hran\u00e9, jsou ve skute\u010dnosti up\u0159\u00edmn\u00fdm vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00edm Richardovy osobnosti. Opravu se mnohokr\u00e1t velmi zklamal, opravdu je extr\u00e9mn\u011b principieln\u00ed v etick\u00fdch ot\u00e1zk\u00e1ch a odm\u00edt\u00e1 jak\u00e9koliv kompromisy v hlavn\u00edch, z\u00e1kladn\u00edch probl\u00e9mech. A pr\u00e1v\u011b proto Richard ud\u011blal v\u0161e, co ud\u011blal».<\/p>\n

Nen\u00ed snadn\u00e9 vysv\u011btlit, jak se st\u0159et s laserovou tisk\u00e1rnou vyvinul v souboj s nejbohat\u0161\u00edmi korporacemi sv\u011bta. K tomu je t\u0159eba d\u016fkladn\u011b prozkoumat d\u016fvody, pro\u010d se ot\u00e1zky vlastnictv\u00ed software najednou staly tak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdmi. Je pot\u0159eba se bl\u00ed\u017ee sezn\u00e1mit s \u010dlov\u011bkem, kter\u00fd podobn\u011b jako mnoz\u00ed politi\u010dt\u00ed v\u016fdci minul\u00fdch dob, ch\u00e1pe, jak prom\u011bnliv\u00e1 a poddajn\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pam\u011b\u0165 lid\u00ed. Je t\u0159eba ch\u00e1pat smysl m\u00fdt\u016f a ideologick\u00fdch vzorc\u016f, kter\u00fdmi se v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu obklopila figura Stallmana. Nakonec je nutn\u00e9 si uv\u011bdomit \u00farove\u0148 geniality Richarda jako program\u00e1tora a pro\u010d tato genialita n\u011bkdy selh\u00e1v\u00e1 v jin\u00fdch oblastech.<\/p>\n

Pokud byste po\u017e\u00e1dali samotn\u00e9ho Stallmana, aby vyjmenoval d\u016fvody jeho evoluce od hackera k l\u00eddrovi a evangelistovi, souhlasil by s uveden\u00fdm. «Tvrdohlavost je moje siln\u00e1 str\u00e1nka, – \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, – v\u011bt\u0161ina lid\u00ed selh\u00e1v\u00e1 v boji s velk\u00fdmi obt\u00ed\u017eemi jen proto, \u017ee se vzd\u00e1vaj\u00ed. Nikdy se nevzd\u00e1v\u00e1m».<\/p>\n

Tak\u00e9 uzn\u00e1v\u00e1 slepou n\u00e1hodu. Kdyby nebylo p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu s laserovou tisk\u00e1rnou Xerox, kdyby nebylo cel\u00e9 \u0159ady osobn\u00edch a ideologick\u00fdch st\u0159et\u016f, kter\u00e9 poh\u0159bily jeho kari\u00e9ru na MIT, kdyby nebylo p\u016fl tuctu dal\u0161\u00edch okolnost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 p\u0159i\u0161ly v \u010das a na m\u00edsto, jeho \u017eivot by podle jeho vlastn\u00edho p\u0159izn\u00e1n\u00ed byl \u00fapln\u011b jin\u00fd. Proto Stallman d\u011bkuje osudu, \u017ee ho nasm\u011broval na tu cestu, po kter\u00e9 kr\u00e1\u010d\u00ed.<\/p>\n

«Jednodu\u0161e jsem m\u011bl pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 schopnosti, – \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Richard na konci sv\u00e9 \u0159e\u010di, shrnuj\u00edc p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o zah\u00e1jen\u00ed projektu GNU, – nikdo jin\u00fd to nemohl ud\u011blat, jen j\u00e1. Tak\u017ee jsem c\u00edtil, \u017ee jsem vyvolen\u00fd k t\u00e9to misi. Prost\u011b jsem to musel ud\u011blat. Kdy\u017e ne j\u00e1, tak kdo?»<\/p>\n

Zdroj: linux.org.ru<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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