{"id":35442,"date":"2019-10-31T22:04:23","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:04:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/the-dream-machine-istoriya-kompyuternoj-revolyutsii-prolog\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:04:23","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:04:23","slug":"the-dream-machine-istoriya-kompyuternoj-revolyutsii-prolog","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/the-dream-machine-istoriya-kompyuternoj-revolyutsii-prolog","title":{"rendered":"Stroj sn\u016f: Historie po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 revoluce. Prolog","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Stroj
\nTato kniha doporu\u010duje Alan Kay<\/a><\/noindex>. \u010casto \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 v\u011btu \u201ePo\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e1 revoluce se je\u0161t\u011b nestala.\u201c<\/a><\/noindex> Ale po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e1 revoluce u\u017e za\u010dala. P\u0159esn\u011bji \u2014 za\u010dali ji ur\u010dit\u00e9 lid\u00e9, s ur\u010dit\u00fdmi hodnotami a m\u011bli vizi, p\u0159edstavy, pl\u00e1n. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b jak\u00fdch p\u0159edpoklad\u016f revolucion\u00e1\u0159i vytvo\u0159ili pl\u00e1n? Z jak\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f? Kam zam\u00fd\u0161leli v\u00e9st lidstvo? Kter\u00e9 f\u00e1zi se pr\u00e1v\u011b nach\u00e1z\u00edme?<\/p>\n

(Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed za p\u0159eklad Oxoron<\/a><\/noindex>, kdo chce pomoci s p\u0159ekladem \u2014 pi\u0161te na soukromou zpr\u00e1vu nebo na e-mail magisterludi2016@yandex.ru)<\/i>
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\"Stroj
\nTrojkolov\u00e9 bicykly. <\/p>\n

To je to, co si nejv\u00edce zapamatovala Tracy v Pentagonu. <\/p>\n

Byl konec roku 1962, nebo snad za\u010d\u00e1tek 1963. V ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b ub\u011bhlo jen velmi m\u00e1lo \u010dasu od chv\u00edle, kdy se rodina Tracy p\u0159est\u011bhovala z Bostonu kv\u016fli nov\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci otce v ministerstvu obrany. Vzduch v Washingtonu byl nabit\u00fd energi\u00ed a silou nov\u00e9, mlad\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy. Kub\u00e1nsk\u00e1 krize, Berl\u00ednsk\u00e1 ze\u010f, pochody za lidsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va \u2014 to v\u0161e to\u010dilo hlavu patn\u00e1ctilet\u00e9mu Tracymu. Nen\u00ed divu, \u017ee se kluk s radost\u00ed chopil sobotn\u00ed nab\u00eddky sv\u00e9ho otce proj\u00edt se do kancel\u00e1\u0159e pro n\u011bjak\u00e9 zapomenut\u00e9 dokumenty. Tracy byl ve skute\u010dn\u00e9m \u00fa\u017easu nad Pentagonem.<\/p>\n

Pentagon je skute\u010dn\u011b fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed m\u00edsto, zejm\u00e9na pokud je zkoum\u00e1no z bl\u00edzka. Strany dlouh\u00e9 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 300 metr\u016f stoj\u00ed na m\u00edrn\u00e9m vyv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed, jako m\u011bsto za zdmi. Tracy a jeho otec zaparkovali auto na obrovsk\u00e9m parkovi\u0161ti a vyrazili p\u0159\u00edmo k hlavn\u00edm dve\u0159\u00edm. Po dokon\u010den\u00ed impozantn\u00edch bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edch procedur na stanovi\u0161ti, kde Tracy podepsal a dostal odznak, se oni dva vydali chodbou do srdce obrany Svobodn\u00e9ho sv\u011bta. A prvn\u00ed, co Tracy vid\u011bl, byl v\u00e1\u017en\u011b vypadaj\u00edc\u00ed mlad\u00fd voj\u00e1k, kter\u00fd se pohyboval tam a zp\u011bt po chodb\u011b \u2014 \u0161lapal na zv\u011bt\u0161en\u00e9m trojkolov\u00e9m bicyklu. Don\u00e1\u0161el po\u0161tu.<\/p>\n

Absurdn\u00ed. \u00dapln\u00e1 absurdita. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, voj\u00e1k na trojkolov\u00e9m bicyklu vypadal velmi v\u00e1\u017en\u011b a soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u011b na svou pr\u00e1ci. A Tracy si musel p\u0159iznat: trojkolov\u00e9 bicykly skute\u010dn\u011b m\u011bly smysl, vzhledem k velmi dlouh\u00fdm chodb\u00e1m. U\u017e za\u010dal podez\u00edrat, \u017ee se k kancel\u00e1\u0159i dostanou nav\u011bky.<\/p>\n

Tracey byl p\u0159ekvapen, \u017ee jeho otec v\u016fbec pracuje v Pentagonu. Tento mu\u017e byl zcela oby\u010dejn\u00fd, nebyl \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edkem ani politikem. Otec sp\u00ed\u0161e p\u0159ipom\u00ednal p\u0159erostl\u00e9ho chlapce, byl to norm\u00e1ln\u011b vysok\u00fd mlad\u00edk, s lehce kulatou tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed, v tv\u00eddov\u00e9m sportovn\u00edm obleku a br\u00fdl\u00edch s \u010dern\u00fdm r\u00e1mem. M\u011bl v\u0161ak v obli\u010deji lehce ro\u0161\u0165\u00e1ck\u00fd v\u00fdraz, jako by neust\u00e1le vym\u00fd\u0161lel n\u011bjakou kuli\u0161\u00e1rnu. Vezm\u011bte si nap\u0159\u00edklad ob\u011bd, kter\u00fd by nikdo nenazval norm\u00e1ln\u00edm, kdy\u017e se o n\u011bj otec skute\u010dn\u011b postaral. I p\u0159esto, \u017ee pracoval v Pentagonu (\u010dti kousek za m\u011bstem), se otec v\u017edy vracel na ob\u011bd s rodinou a pak se zase vracel do kancel\u00e1\u0159e. Bylo to z\u00e1bavn\u00e9: otec vypr\u00e1v\u011bl p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy, vypou\u0161t\u011bl hrozn\u00e9 vtipy a ob\u010das se sm\u00e1l je\u0161t\u011b ne\u017e je do\u0159ekl; ale sm\u00e1l se tak naka\u017eliv\u011b, \u017ee jste se mohli jen sm\u00e1t s n\u00edm. Hned po p\u0159\u00edchodu dom\u016f se v\u0161ak ptal Traceyho a jeho 13let\u00e9 sestry Lindsy: \u201eCo jste dnes ud\u011blali altruistick\u00e9ho, vynal\u00e9zav\u00e9ho \u010di zaj\u00edmav\u00e9ho?\u201c, a opravdu ho to zaj\u00edmalo. Tracey a Lindsay si pamatovali cel\u00fd uplynul\u00fd den, proch\u00e1zeli sv\u00e1 dobr\u00e1 skutky a sna\u017eili se je t\u0159\u00eddit podle uveden\u00fdch kategori\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Ob\u011bdy tak\u00e9 byly p\u016fsobiv\u00e9. Mamka a ta\u0165ka milovali zkou\u0161et nov\u00e9 pokrmy a nav\u0161t\u011bvovat nov\u00e9 restaurace. P\u0159i tom t\u00e1ta, kter\u00fd \u010dekal na objedn\u00e1vku, nenechal Lindsy a Tracy nudit, bavil je \u00fakoly jako: \u201ePokud vlak jede na z\u00e1pad rychlost\u00ed 40 mil za hodinu a letadlo ho p\u0159edb\u00edh\u00e1 na ...\u201c. Tracy byl v tom tak dobr\u00fd, \u017ee to \u0159e\u0161il v hlav\u011b. Lindsy se jen sna\u017eila p\u0159edstavit si stydlivou t\u0159in\u00e1ctiletou holku.<\/p>\n

\u201eDob\u0159e, Lindsay,\u201c ptal se t\u00e1ta, \u201epokud se kolo bicyklu ot\u00e1\u010d\u00ed po zemi, pohybuj\u00ed se v\u0161echny paprsky stejnou rychlost\u00ed?\u201c<\/p>\n

\u201eSamoz\u0159ejm\u011b!\u201c<\/p>\n

\u201eBohu\u017eel, ne,\u201c odpov\u011bd\u011bl t\u00e1ta a vysv\u011btlil, pro\u010d je paprsek na zemi t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nehybn\u00fd, zat\u00edmco paprsek na nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm bod\u011b se pohybuje dvakr\u00e1t rychleji ne\u017e kolo \u2014 kreslil na ubrousc\u00edch grafy a diagramy, kter\u00e9 by u\u010dinily \u010dest i samotn\u00e9mu Leonardu da Vincimu. (Jednou na konferenci n\u011bjak\u00fd chlap\u00edk nab\u00eddl t\u00e1tovi 50 dolar\u016f za jeho kresby).<\/p>\n

A kter\u00e9 v\u00fdstavy nav\u0161t\u011bvovali? O v\u00edkendech m\u011bla maminka r\u00e1da, \u017ee si chv\u00edli v\u011bnuje sama sob\u011b, a tat\u00ednek bral Tracy a Lindsey, aby si prohl\u00e9dly obrazy, obvykle v N\u00e1rodn\u00ed galerii um\u011bn\u00ed. Obvykle to byli tat\u00ednkovi obl\u00edben\u00ed impresionist\u00e9: Hugo, Monet, Picasso, C\u00e9zanne. L\u00edbilo se mu sv\u011btlo, kter\u00e9 jako by proch\u00e1zelo t\u011bmito pl\u00e1tny. Tat\u00ednek mezit\u00edm vysv\u011btloval, jak se d\u00edvat na obrazy na z\u00e1klad\u011b techniky \"barevn\u00e9ho nahrazov\u00e1n\u00ed\" (byl psychologem na Harvardu a MIT). Nap\u0159\u00edklad, pokud si zakryjete jedno oko rukou, odlom\u00edte se od obrazu na 5 metr\u016f a pak rychle sund\u00e1te ruku a pod\u00edv\u00e1te se na obraz ob\u011bma o\u010dima, hladk\u00fd povrch se zak\u0159iv\u00ed do t\u0159\u00ed rozm\u011br\u016f. A to funguje! Hodiny se toulal po galerii s Tracy a Lindsey, a ka\u017ed\u00e9 z nich se d\u00edv\u00e1 na obrazy se zakryt\u00fdm okem. <\/p>\n

Vypadali zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u011b. Ale v\u017edy byli trochu zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed rodina (v tom dobr\u00e9m slova smyslu). V porovn\u00e1n\u00ed se \u0161koln\u00edmi p\u0159\u00e1teli byly Tracy a Lindsey jin\u00e9. V\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9. Zku\u0161en\u00e9. Tat\u00ednek m\u011bl r\u00e1d cestov\u00e1n\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad, tak\u017ee Tracy a Lindsey vyr\u016fstaly s pocitem, \u017ee je p\u0159irozen\u00e9: cestovat po Evrop\u011b nebo Kalifornii na t\u00fdden \u010di m\u011bs\u00edc. Ve skute\u010dnosti utr\u00e1celi jejich rodi\u010de mnohem v\u00edc pen\u011bz na cestov\u00e1n\u00ed ne\u017e za n\u00e1bytek, co\u017e znamenalo, \u017ee jejich velk\u00fd viktori\u00e1nsk\u00fd d\u016fm v Massachusetts byl za\u0159\u00edzen ve stylu \"oran\u017eov\u00e9 krabice a prkna\". Krom\u011b toho maminka s tat\u00ednkem naplnili d\u016fm herci, spisovateli, um\u011blci a dal\u0161\u00edmi podiv\u00edny, krom\u011b tat\u00ednkov\u00fdch student\u016f, kter\u00e9 jste mohli potkat na ka\u017ed\u00e9m pat\u0159e. Maminka je v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pot\u0159eby pos\u00edlala p\u0159\u00edmo do tat\u00ednkova kabinetu ve 3. pat\u0159e, kde byl st\u016fl obklopen\u00fd hromadou pap\u00edr\u016f. Tat\u00ednek nikdy nic nespojuval. Na sv\u00e9m stole v\u0161ak m\u011bl v\u00e1zi\u010dku se dietn\u00edmi bonb\u00f3ny, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly potla\u010dovat chu\u0165 k j\u00eddlu, a tat\u00ednek je jedl jako oby\u010dejn\u00e9 bonb\u00f3ny.<\/p>\n

Jin\u00fdmi slovy, tat\u00ednek nebyl \u010dlov\u011bk, kter\u00e9ho byste o\u010dek\u00e1vali vid\u011bt pracovat v Pentagonu. Ale tady kr\u00e1\u010del s Tracy po dlouhat\u00e1nsk\u00fdch chodb\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e kone\u010dn\u011b dorazili do otcovy kancel\u00e1\u0159e, Tracy si pomyslel, \u017ee museli uj\u00edt vzd\u00e1lenost n\u011bkolika fotbalov\u00fdch h\u0159i\u0161\u0165. Jakmile v\u0161ak vid\u011bl m\u00edstnost, c\u00edtil\u2026 zklam\u00e1n\u00ed? Jen dal\u0161\u00ed dve\u0159e v chodb\u011b pln\u00e9 dve\u0159\u00ed. Za nimi byla oby\u010dejn\u00e1 m\u00edstnost, nat\u0159en\u00e1 do oby\u010dejn\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 zelen\u00e9 barvy, st\u016fl, n\u011bkolik \u017eidl\u00ed a p\u00e1r sk\u0159\u00edn\u00ed s dokumenty. Bylo tam okno, skrze kter\u00e9 bylo vid\u011bt ze\u010f posetou podobn\u00fdmi okny. Tracy nev\u011bd\u011bl, jak by kancel\u00e1\u0159 v Pentagonu m\u011bla vypadat, ale rozhodn\u011b ne takov\u00e1 m\u00edstnost.<\/p>\n

Ve skute\u010dnosti si Tracy ani nebyl jist\u00fd, co jeho otec v t\u00e9to kancel\u00e1\u0159i vlastn\u011b d\u011bl\u00e1 cel\u00fd den. Jeho pr\u00e1ce nebyla tajn\u00e1, ale pracoval na ministerstvu obrany a k tomu p\u0159istupoval velmi v\u00e1\u017en\u011b, p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 se o sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci doma nezmi\u0148oval. A pravda byla, \u017ee ve sv\u00fdch 15 letech Tracy p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nezaj\u00edmalo, co tam t\u00e1ta d\u011bl\u00e1. Jedin\u00e9, v \u010dem si byl jist\u00fd \u2014 otec se v\u011bnoval d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 v\u011bci a tr\u00e1vil spoustu \u010dasu sna\u017een\u00edm se donutit lidi, aby d\u011blali n\u011bjak\u00e9 v\u011bci, a to v\u0161e m\u011blo n\u011bjakou souvislost s po\u010d\u00edta\u010di. <\/p>\n

Nen\u00ed divu. Jeho otec byl nad\u0161en\u00fd z po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f. V Cambridge, ve firm\u011b Bolt Beranek and Newman<\/a><\/noindex> \u010dlenov\u00e9 tat\u00ednkovy v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 skupiny m\u011bli po\u010d\u00edta\u010d, kter\u00fd si upravili sami. Byl to obrovsk\u00fd stroj, velk\u00fd jako n\u011bkolik ledni\u010dek. Kolem n\u011bj le\u017eela kl\u00e1vesnice, st\u00e1l monitor, kter\u00fd ukazoval, co p\u00ed\u0161e\u0161, sv\u011bteln\u00e1 tu\u017eka \u2014 v\u0161echno, o \u010dem si mohl nechat zd\u00e1t. Dokonce tam byl speci\u00e1ln\u00ed software, kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148oval n\u011bkolika lidem pracovat sou\u010dasn\u011b na n\u011bkolika termin\u00e1lech. T\u00e1ta si s t\u00edm strojem hr\u00e1l ve dne v noci a nahr\u00e1val programy. O v\u00edkendech bral Tracyho a Lindsey, aby si tak\u00e9 mohli pohr\u00e1t (a pak \u0161li pro hamburgery a hranolky do Howard Johnson's naproti; do\u0161lo to a\u017e k tomu, \u017ee \u010d\u00ed\u0161nice ani ne\u010dekaly na jejich objedn\u00e1vky, prost\u011b p\u0159ipravily hamburgery, jakmile zahl\u00e9dly pravideln\u00e9 hosty). T\u00e1ta dokonce napsal elektronick\u00e9ho u\u010ditele pro n\u011b. Kdy\u017e jsi napsal slovo spr\u00e1vn\u011b \u2014 vypsal \u201eP\u0159ijateln\u00e9\u201c. Kdy\u017e jsi ud\u011blal chybu \u2014 \u201eDumbkopf\u201c. (To se d\u011blo l\u00e9ta p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e mu n\u011bkdo \u0159ekl, \u017ee v n\u011bmeck\u00e9m slov\u011b \u201eDummkopf\u201c nen\u00ed p\u00edsmeno b.)<\/p>\n

Tracy pova\u017eoval v\u011bci tohoto druhu za n\u011bco p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho; dokonce se nau\u010dil programovat. Ale nyn\u00ed, kdy\u017e se d\u00edv\u00e1 do minulosti v\u00edce ne\u017e 40 let, z pohledu nov\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed ch\u00e1pe, \u017ee mo\u017en\u00e1 proto si nev\u0161iml, \u010demu se jeho otec v Pentagonu v\u011bnoval. Byl rozmazlen\u00fd. Byl jako dne\u0161n\u00ed d\u011bti, kter\u00e9 jsou obklopeny 3D grafikou, hraj\u00ed si s DVD disky a surfuj\u00ed po internetu, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e to v\u0161echno berou jako n\u011bco samoz\u0159ejm\u00e9ho. Kdy\u017e vid\u011bl sv\u00e9ho otce, jak se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 po\u010d\u00edta\u010dem (s pot\u011b\u0161en\u00edm se s n\u00edm zab\u00fdv\u00e1), Tracy p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dal, \u017ee po\u010d\u00edta\u010de jsou pro ka\u017ed\u00e9ho. Nev\u011bd\u011bl (a nem\u011bl zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed d\u016fvod nad t\u00edm p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161let), \u017ee pro v\u011bt\u0161inu lid\u00ed slovo po\u010d\u00edta\u010d st\u00e1le znamen\u00e1 obrovskou, polomystickou krabici velikosti st\u011bny m\u00edstnosti, zlov\u011bstn\u00fd, nekompromisn\u00ed, bezohledn\u00fd stroj, kter\u00fd slou\u017e\u00ed velk\u00fdm instituc\u00edm \u2014 zhu\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edm lidi do \u010d\u00edsel na d\u011brn\u00fdch \u0161t\u00edtc\u00edch. Tracy nem\u011bl \u010das pochopit, \u017ee jeho otec byl jedn\u00edm z m\u00e1la lid\u00ed na sv\u011bt\u011b, kte\u0159\u00ed se na technologii d\u00edvali a vid\u011bli mo\u017enost n\u011b\u010deho naprosto nov\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n

Otec byl v\u017edy sn\u00edlek, chlapec, kter\u00fd se neust\u00e1le ptal: \u201eA co kdy\u017e\u2026?\u201c. V\u011b\u0159il, \u017ee jednoho dne budou v\u0161echny po\u010d\u00edta\u010de vypadat jako jeho stroj v Cambridge. Stanou se srozumiteln\u00fdmi a dob\u0159e zn\u00e1m\u00fdmi. Budou schopny odpov\u00eddat lidem, z\u00edskaj\u00ed svou individualitu. Stanou se nov\u00fdm prost\u0159ed\u00edm pro (sebe)vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed. Zaru\u010d\u00ed demokratick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k informac\u00edm, zaru\u010d\u00ed komunikaci, poskytnou nov\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed pro obchod a interakci. V kone\u010dn\u00e9m d\u016fsledku \u2014 vstoup\u00ed do symbi\u00f3zy s lidmi, vytvo\u0159\u00ed spojen\u00ed schopn\u00e9 myslet mnohem siln\u011bji, ne\u017e si \u010dlov\u011bk dok\u00e1\u017ee p\u0159edstavit, ale zpracov\u00e1vat informace zp\u016fsoby, kter\u00e9 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd stroj nedok\u00e1\u017ee domyslet.<\/p>\n

A otec v Pentagonu d\u011blal maximum pro to, aby svou v\u00edru p\u0159etavil v realitu. Nap\u0159\u00edklad na MIT spustil Project MAC<\/a><\/noindex>, prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e1 velk\u00e1 experimentu s osobn\u00edmi po\u010d\u00edta\u010di. Projektov\u00ed mana\u017ee\u0159i ani nem\u011bli nad\u011bji zajistit ka\u017ed\u00e9mu osobn\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010d, zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 v dob\u011b, kdy nejlevn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010d st\u00e1l stovky tis\u00edc dolar\u016f. Mohli v\u0161ak rozpt\u00fdlit dvan\u00e1ct vzd\u00e1len\u00fdch termin\u00e1l\u016f po kampusech a obytn\u00fdch domech. A tak, rozd\u011blen\u00edm \u010dasu, mohli na centralizovan\u00e9m po\u010d\u00edta\u010di na\u0159\u00eddit, aby rychle p\u0159id\u011bloval mal\u00e9 kusy procesorov\u00e9ho \u010dasu, aby ka\u017ed\u00fd u\u017eivatel m\u011bl pocit, \u017ee stroj odpov\u00edd\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edmo jemu. Sch\u00e9ma fungovalo p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b dob\u0159e. Za pouh\u00e9 n\u011bkolik let Project MAC nejen zapojil stovky lid\u00ed do interakce s po\u010d\u00edta\u010di, ale tak\u00e9 se prom\u011bnil v prvn\u00ed sv\u011btovou on-line komunitu, stal se prvn\u00ed on-line n\u00e1st\u011bnkou, elektronickou po\u0161tou, v\u00fdm\u011bnou \u201efreeware\u201c \u2014 a hackery. Tento soci\u00e1ln\u00ed fenom\u00e9n se pozd\u011bji projevil v on-line komunit\u00e1ch \u00e9ry internetu. Nav\u00edc, vzd\u00e1len\u00e9 termin\u00e1ly byly vn\u00edm\u00e1ny jako \u201edom\u00e1c\u00ed informa\u010dn\u00ed centrum\u201c, my\u0161lenka cirkuluj\u00edc\u00ed v technologick\u00fdch komunit\u00e1ch od 70. let. My\u0161lenka, kter\u00e1 inspirovala \u0159adu mlad\u00fdch geek\u016f, jako byli Jobs a Wozniak, k tomu, aby na trhu p\u0159edstavili n\u011bco, \u010demu se \u0159\u00edkalo mikropo\u010d\u00edta\u010d.<\/p>\n

Mezit\u00edm byl otec Tracy v dobr\u00fdch vztaz\u00edch s plach\u00fdm chlapcem, kter\u00fd ho oslovil prakticky v prvn\u00ed den jeho nov\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce v Pentagonu a jeho\u017e my\u0161lenky na \u201eZes\u00edlen\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 inteligence\u201c byly podobn\u00e9 my\u0161lenk\u00e1m o symbi\u00f3ze \u010dlov\u011bka a po\u010d\u00edta\u010de. Douglas Engelbart<\/a><\/noindex> byl hlasem nejodv\u00e1\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch sn\u016f. Jeho vlastn\u00ed \u0161\u00e9fov\u00e9 v SRI International (pozd\u011bji se stala Silicon Valley) pova\u017eovali Douglase za kompletn\u00edho \u0161\u00edlence. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b otec Tracy poskytl Engelbartovi prvn\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed podporu (z\u00e1rove\u0148 ho chr\u00e1nil p\u0159ed \u0161\u00e9fy) a Engelbart se svou skupinou vynalezli my\u0161, okna, hypertext, textov\u00fd editor a z\u00e1klady pro dal\u0161\u00ed inovace. Engelbartova prezentace v roce 1968 na konferenci v San Franciscu ohromila tis\u00edce lid\u00ed \u2013 a pozd\u011bji se stala zlomov\u00fdm bodem historie po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f, momentem, kdy mlad\u0161\u00ed generace po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fdch profesion\u00e1l\u016f kone\u010dn\u011b pochopila, co se d\u00e1 dos\u00e1hnout interakc\u00ed s po\u010d\u00edta\u010dem. Nen\u00ed n\u00e1hodou, \u017ee p\u0159edstavitel\u00e9 t\u00e9to mlad\u0161\u00ed generace dost\u00e1vali pomoc v u\u010den\u00ed d\u00edky podpo\u0159e otce Tracy a jeho n\u00e1sledovn\u00edk\u016f v Pentagonu \u2013 \u010d\u00e1st t\u00e9to generace se pozd\u011bji shrom\u00e1\u017edila v PARC, legend\u00e1rn\u00edm Palo Alto Research Center, kter\u00e9 pat\u0159ilo spole\u010dnosti Xerox. Tam uskute\u010dnili otcovo vize \"symbi\u00f3zy\" v \u017eivot\u011b, v podob\u011b, kterou pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me des\u00edtky let pozd\u011bji: vlastn\u00ed osobn\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010d, s grafick\u00fdm displejem a my\u0161\u00ed, grafick\u00e9 u\u017eivatelsk\u00e9 rozhran\u00ed s okny, ikonami, menu, rolovac\u00edmi li\u0161tami, atd. Laserov\u00e9 tisk\u00e1rny. A m\u00edstn\u00ed Ethernet s\u00edt\u011b pro propojen\u00ed v\u0161ech t\u011bchto prvk\u016f.<\/p>\n

A nakonec, tam bylo i spojen\u00ed. Pracuj\u00edc\u00ed pro Pentagon, otec Tracy str\u00e1vil p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017enou \u010d\u00e1st pracovn\u00edho \u010dasu ve vzduchu, neust\u00e1le hledal izolovan\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 skupiny, kter\u00e9 pracovaly na t\u00e9matech souvisej\u00edc\u00edch s jeho viz\u00ed symbi\u00f3zy \u010dlov\u011bka a po\u010d\u00edta\u010de. Jeho c\u00edlem bylo spojit je do jedn\u00e9 komunity, samo-podporuj\u00edc\u00ed se hnut\u00ed schopn\u00e9 postupovat k jeho snu, i pot\u00e9, co by ode\u0161el z Washingtonu. 25. dubna 1963 v pozn\u00e1mce \"\u010dlen\u016fm a n\u00e1sledovn\u00edk\u016fm Intergalaktick\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b\"<\/a><\/noindex> Ur\u010dil kl\u00ed\u010dovou \u010d\u00e1st sv\u00e9 strategie: spojit v\u0161echny individu\u00e1ln\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010de (pozn. nikoli osobn\u00ed \u2013 \u010das pro n\u011b je\u0161t\u011b nep\u0159i\u0161el) do jedn\u00e9 celkov\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b pokr\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed cel\u00fd kontinent. Existuj\u00edc\u00ed primitivn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9 technologie v t\u00e9 dob\u011b neumo\u017enily vytvo\u0159it takov\u00fd syst\u00e9m, alespo\u0148 ne v t\u00e9 dob\u011b. Av\u0161ak jeho mysl u\u017e byla daleko vp\u0159ed. Brzy za\u010dal hovo\u0159it o Mezihv\u011bzdn\u00e9 s\u00edti jako o elektronick\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed otev\u0159en\u00e9m pro ka\u017ed\u00e9ho, \u201ehlavn\u00edm a z\u00e1kladn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed informa\u010dn\u00ed interakce pro vl\u00e1dy, organizace, korporace a ob\u010dany\u201c. Elektronick\u00e9 spojen\u00ed podpo\u0159\u00ed elektronick\u00e9 bankovnictv\u00ed, obchod, digit\u00e1ln\u00ed knihovny, \u201eP\u0159\u00edru\u010dky pro investice, da\u0148ov\u00e9 poradenstv\u00ed, selektivn\u00ed \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed informac\u00ed ve va\u0161\u00ed oblasti specializace, ozn\u00e1men\u00ed o kulturn\u00edch, sportovn\u00edch a z\u00e1bavn\u00edch akc\u00edch\u201c - atd. a tak podobn\u011b. Na konci 60. let toto vize inspirovala vyvolen\u00e9, aby se stali n\u00e1stupci za pape\u017ee a realizovali Mezihv\u011bzdnou s\u00ed\u0165, dnes zn\u00e1mou jako Arpanet. Co v\u00edc, v roce 1970 \u0161li d\u00e1l a roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ili Arpanet na s\u00ed\u0165 s\u00edt\u00ed, dnes zn\u00e1mou jako Internet.<\/p>\n

Stru\u010dn\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, otec Tracy se pod\u00edlel na hnut\u00ed sil, kter\u00e9 v podstat\u011b ud\u011blaly po\u010d\u00edta\u010de takov\u00fdmi, jak\u00e9 je zn\u00e1me: \u010dasov\u00e9 sd\u00edlen\u00ed, osobn\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010de, my\u0161, grafick\u00e9 u\u017eivatelsk\u00e9 rozhran\u00ed, exploze kreativity v Xerox PARC a Internet \u2013 jako vrchol v\u0161eho. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, ani on si nedok\u00e1zal p\u0159edstavit takov\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky, alespo\u0148 ne v roce 1962. Ale to byl p\u0159esn\u011b jeho c\u00edl. Nakonec to byl d\u016fvod, pro\u010d vyt\u00e1hl rodinu z milovan\u00e9ho domova a pr\u00e1v\u011b proto ode\u0161el do Washingtonu na m\u00edsto spojen\u00e9 s velk\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm tak nen\u00e1vid\u011bn\u00e9 byrokracie: v\u011b\u0159il ve sv\u016fj sen.<\/p>\n

Proto\u017ee se rozhodl vid\u011bt, jak se jeho sen st\u00e1v\u00e1 skute\u010dnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Proto\u017ee Pentagon \u2013 i kdy\u017e to n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed z vedouc\u00edch je\u0161t\u011b nepochopili \u2013 vkl\u00e1dal pen\u00edze do toho, aby se jeho sen stal skute\u010dnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Jakmile otec Tracy slo\u017eil pap\u00edry a p\u0159ipravil se k odchodu, vyt\u00e1hl hrst zelen\u00fdch plastov\u00fdch jmenovek. \u201eTak to d\u011bl\u00e1\u0161 \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edky \u0161\u0165astn\u00fdmi,\u201c vysv\u011btlil. Poka\u017ed\u00e9, kdy\u017e opou\u0161t\u011bl kancel\u00e1\u0159, bylo nutn\u00e9 ozna\u010dit jmenovkami v\u0161echny slo\u017eky na stole: zelen\u00e1 pro ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly, pak \u017elut\u00e1, \u010derven\u00e1 a tak d\u00e1le, podle rostouc\u00ed d\u016fv\u011brnosti. Trochu hloup\u00e9, kdy\u017e se z\u0159\u00eddka vy\u017eaduje n\u011bco jin\u00e9ho ne\u017e zelen\u00e1. Ale takov\u00e9 pravidlo existuje, tak\u017ee\u2026<\/p>\n

Otec Tracy nalepil zelen\u00e9 pap\u00edrky po kancel\u00e1\u0159i, jen aby si ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo se pod\u00edval, pomyslel: \u201eM\u00edstn\u00ed \u0161\u00e9f opravdu mysl\u00ed na bezpe\u010dnost.\u201c \u201eDob\u0159e,\u201c \u0159ekl, \u201em\u016f\u017eeme j\u00edt.\u201c <\/p>\n

Tracy s otcem nechali za sebou dve\u0159e kancel\u00e1\u0159e, na nich\u017e visel n\u00e1pis<\/p>\n

\"Stroj
\n
\n \u2014 a za\u010dali se vracet dlouh\u00fdmi, dlouh\u00fdmi chodbami Pentagonu, kde v\u00e1\u017en\u00ed mlad\u00ed mu\u017ei na trojkolech p\u0159ed\u00e1vali informace tv\u00e1\u0159\u00edm nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed byrokracie na sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n

Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011b\u2026 Kapitola 1. Kluci z Missouri<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

(Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed za p\u0159eklad Oxoron<\/a><\/noindex>, kdo chce pomoci s p\u0159ekladem \u2014 pi\u0161te na soukromou zpr\u00e1vu nebo na e-mail magisterludi2016@yandex.ru)<\/i><\/p>\n

\"Stroj
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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