{"id":35464,"date":"2019-10-31T22:04:29","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:04:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/odin-yazyk-chtoby-pravit-vsemi\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:04:29","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:04:29","slug":"odin-yazyk-chtoby-pravit-vsemi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/odin-yazyk-chtoby-pravit-vsemi","title":{"rendered":"Jeden jazyk k ovl\u00e1dnut\u00ed v\u0161emi","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Pod vrstvou k\u00f3du se skr\u00fdv\u00e1 jazyk, kter\u00fd tou\u017e\u00ed b\u00fdt nau\u010den.<\/h2>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Jeden<\/p>\n

V dob\u011b psan\u00ed tohoto \u010dl\u00e1nku dotaz \"jak\u00fd jazyk programov\u00e1n\u00ed se u\u010dit prvn\u00ed\" vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1 517 milion\u016f v\u00fdsledk\u016f. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 z t\u011bchto str\u00e1nek bude vychvalovat jeden konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed jazyk, a 90 % z nich nakonec doporu\u010d\u00ed Python nebo JavaScript.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Bez zbyte\u010dn\u00fdch okolk\u016f bych r\u00e1d ofici\u00e1ln\u011b prohl\u00e1sil, \u017ee v\u0161ech t\u011bchto 517 milion\u016f str\u00e1nek se m\u00fdl\u00ed, a prohl\u00e1sil, \u017ee jazyk, kter\u00fd by se m\u011bl u\u010dit jako prvn\u00ed, je fundament\u00e1ln\u00ed logika<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Jen v\u011bd\u011bt, jak k\u00f3dovat, nesta\u010d\u00ed. Trh je tak nasycen absolventy vysok\u00fdch \u0161kol a kurz\u016f, \u017ee pozice juniora t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 p\u0159estala existovat. Abyste usp\u011bli v dne\u0161n\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b, mus\u00edte um\u011bt kodovat a m\u00edt pokro\u010dil\u00e9 fundament\u00e1ln\u00ed logick\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

* zde a d\u00e1le, pros\u00edm, pamatujte, \u017ee toto je p\u0159eklad a situace na trhu pr\u00e1ce u autora a ve va\u0161\u00ed zemi se m\u016f\u017ee li\u0161it (tak jako dal\u0161\u00ed nuance), co\u017e samo o sob\u011b nezhor\u0161uje origin\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek \u2014 pozn. p\u0159ekladatele.<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Moje prvn\u00ed hodina informatiky<\/h2>\n

<\/p>\n

Moje prvn\u00ed setk\u00e1n\u00ed s informatikou bylo voliteln\u00fdm p\u0159edm\u011btem, kter\u00fd jsem vzal ve 10. t\u0159\u00edd\u011b. Hned prvn\u00ed den, kdy\u017e jsem ve\u0161el do u\u010debny, jsem byl ohromen, kdy\u017e jsem uvid\u011bl spoustu kel\u00edmk\u016f s zmrzlinou a r\u016fzn\u00fdmi polevami. Pot\u00e9, co se v\u0161ichni usadili, u\u010ditelka prohl\u00e1sila:<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u201eDnes budeme ochutn\u00e1vat sami vyroben\u00e9 zmrzliny. Ale s jednou podm\u00ednkou: mus\u00edte vytvo\u0159it seznam konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch instrukc\u00ed, jak p\u0159ipravit dezert, a j\u00e1 jim budu n\u00e1sledovat.\u201c<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

\u201eBez probl\u00e9m\u016f,\u201c pomyslel jsem si, \u201etato hodina nebude dlouh\u00e1.\u201c Kdesi za minutu jsem sepsal skv\u011bl\u00fd recept na zmrzlinu sv\u00fdch sn\u016f:<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\n
    \n
  1. Vezm\u011bte a dejte t\u0159i kope\u010dky malinov\u00e9 zmrzliny do m\u00edsy.<\/li>\n
  2. Otev\u0159ete \u010dokol\u00e1dovou polevu a p\u0159idejte dv\u011b pol\u00e9vkov\u00e9 l\u017e\u00edce do t\u00e9\u017ee m\u00edsy.<\/li>\n
  3. P\u0159idejte \u0161leha\u010dku do m\u00edsy.<\/li>\n
  4. Posypte toto v\u0161e cukrov\u00fdmi ty\u010dinkami a dejte t\u0159e\u0161ni\u010dku navrch.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/blockquote>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Moje u\u010ditelka \u2014 \"po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\" v t\u00e9to mil\u00e9 metaforu \u2014 zahr\u00e1la mnohem sarkasti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a doslovn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159edstaven\u00ed, ne\u017e jsem kdy vid\u011bl. Za\u010dala energicky propichovat kel\u00edmek zmrzliny l\u017e\u00edc\u00ed na kope\u010dky, ani\u017e by se dotkla v\u00ed\u010dka.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \u201eDob\u0159e, dob\u0159e, ale nejd\u0159\u00edve jej mus\u00edte otev\u0159\u00edt!\u201c zvolal jsem, sna\u017e\u00edc\u00ed se z\u00edskat pochoutku co nejd\u0159\u00edve.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \u201eNapsal jsi tohle v pokynech, a j\u00e1 jsem ti nemohla ud\u011blat zmrzlinu. DAL\u0160\u00cd!\u201c<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    P\u0159esko\u010d\u00edme \u010das do pokusu \u010d. 2<\/h2>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \n
      \n
    1. Otev\u0159i malinovou zmrzlinu, sundej v\u00ed\u010dko<\/li>\n
    2. Vezm\u011bte a dejte t\u0159i kope\u010dky malinov\u00e9 zmrzliny do m\u00edsy.<\/li>\n
    3. Otev\u0159ete \u010dokol\u00e1dovou polevu a p\u0159idejte dv\u011b pol\u00e9vkov\u00e9 l\u017e\u00edce do t\u00e9\u017ee m\u00edsy.<\/li>\n
    4. P\u0159idejte \u0161leha\u010dku do m\u00edsy.<\/li>\n
    5. Posyp to v\u0161e cukrov\u00fdmi ty\u010dinkami a polo\u017e na vrchol t\u0159e\u0161ni\u010dku<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/blockquote>\n

      <\/p>\n

      Te\u010f u\u017e by nem\u011bly b\u00fdt \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my. Dokonce jsem se pro jistotu ujistil, \u017ee v\u0161echny ingredience na m\u016fj kulin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd skvost jsou otev\u0159en\u00e9.<\/p>\n

      <\/p>\n

      U\u010ditelka sundala v\u00ed\u010dko, nab\u00edrala a polo\u017eila t\u0159i kope\u010dky zmrzliny do m\u00edsy. \u201eKone\u010dn\u011b se m\u016fj kr\u00e1sn\u00fd plombyr za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 m\u011bnit na skute\u010dnost!\u201c Pak otev\u0159ela \u010dokol\u00e1dovou om\u00e1\u010dku a p\u0159idala dv\u011b l\u017e\u00edce do m\u00edsy. Ne \u201ep\u0159idala \u010dokol\u00e1dovou om\u00e1\u010dku ze dvou l\u017eic\u201c \u2014 abys nezapomn\u011bl \u2014 ona samoz\u0159ejm\u011b polo\u017eila do m\u00edsy samotn\u00e9 l\u017e\u00edce. Bez om\u00e1\u010dky v nich. Op\u011bt jsem se neobt\u011b\u017eoval v\u0161echno p\u0159esn\u011b napsat. Jakmile bylo ostatn\u00ed provedeno stejn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, dostal jsem do rukou misku se zmrzlinou a dv\u011bma l\u017e\u00edcemi, t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 neviditeln\u00fdmi pod mo\u0159em \u0161leha\u010dky. Na vrchol byla polo\u017eena p\u00e1r cukrov\u00fdch ty\u010dinek.<\/p>\n

      <\/p>\n

      V ten moment mi kone\u010dn\u011b do\u0161lo: po\u010d\u00edta\u010d \u2014 logika ve vakuu. Nev\u00ed o okoln\u00edch okolnostech a ned\u011bl\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 p\u0159edpoklady. Poslouch\u00e1 pouze jasn\u011b formulovan\u00e9 pokyny a postupuje slovo od slova.<\/p>\n

      <\/p>\n

      M\u016fj kone\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdsledek byl v\u00fdsledkem dlouh\u00e9, ale nezbytn\u00e9 s\u00e9rie pokus\u016f a omyl\u016f:<\/p>\n

      <\/p>\n

      \n
        \n
      1. Otev\u0159i, pokud to je\u0161t\u011b nebylo ud\u011bl\u00e1no, ka\u017ed\u00e9 z n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch balen\u00ed: malinov\u00e1 zmrzlina, \u010dokol\u00e1dov\u00e1 om\u00e1\u010dka, \u0161leha\u010dka, cukrov\u00e9 ty\u010dinky.<\/li>\n
      2. Vezmi misku a postav ji p\u0159ed sebe<\/li>\n
      3. Vezmi l\u017e\u00edci na zmrzlinu a jeden po druh\u00e9m polo\u017e t\u0159i kope\u010dky malinov\u00e9 zmrzliny do m\u00edsy. Polo\u017e l\u017e\u00edci na zmrzlinu zp\u011bt na m\u00edsto.<\/li>\n
      4. Vezmi sklenici s \u010dokol\u00e1dovou om\u00e1\u010dkou, naber om\u00e1\u010dku a vylij obsah l\u017e\u00edce do m\u00edsy. Opakuj akci s nab\u00edr\u00e1n\u00edm a vyl\u00e9v\u00e1n\u00edm om\u00e1\u010dky je\u0161t\u011b jednou. Polo\u017e l\u017e\u00edci a sklenici na m\u00edsto.<\/li>\n
      5. Vezmi a obracej naruby balen\u00ed \u0161leha\u010dky a, dr\u017e\u00edc ji nad miskou, pol\u00e9vej zmrzlinu 3 sekundy, pot\u00e9 se vra\u0165 balen\u00ed na m\u00edsto.<\/li>\n
      6. Vezmi sklenici cukrov\u00fdch ty\u010dinek, vysyp p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b \u010dty\u0159icet ty\u010dinek do m\u00edsy a polo\u017e sklenici na m\u00edsto.<\/li>\n
      7. Vezmi jednu t\u0159e\u0161ni\u010dku z misky s t\u0159e\u0161ni\u010dkami a polo\u017e ji na vrch zmrzliny.<\/li>\n
      8. P\u0159ed\u00e1\u0161 studentovi misku s hotov\u00fdm plomb\u00fdrem a l\u017e\u00edci.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/blockquote>\n

        <\/p>\n

        Posledn\u00ed bod byl obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd, proto\u017ee bez n\u011bj u\u010ditelka naposledy prost\u011b za\u010dala j\u00edst moje zmrzlinu.<\/p>\n

        <\/p>\n

        Ale tohle je programov\u00e1n\u00ed. Napjat\u00e9 vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed pe\u010dliv\u00e9 sady pokyn\u016f pro po\u010d\u00edta\u010d. V podstat\u011b se to vztahuje na ka\u017ed\u00fd programovac\u00ed jazyk \u2014 na sestaven\u00ed pokyn\u016f.<\/p>\n

        Kari\u00e9ra v programov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n

        <\/p>\n

        Programov\u00e1n\u00ed dos\u00e1hlo bodu, kdy je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 o n\u011bm diskutovat jako o jedin\u00e9 industr\u00ed, stejn\u011b jako je nemo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt jedin\u00e9 slovo \u201eprogram\u00e1tor\u201c jako popis pracovn\u00edch m\u00edst. Dva v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159i mohou b\u00fdt na trhu stejn\u011b \u017e\u00e1dan\u00ed, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e znaj\u00ed naprosto r\u016fzn\u00e9 jazyky, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee schopnost vyv\u00edjet je d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e znalost konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho jazyka. Univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed atribut, kter\u00fd maj\u00ed v\u0161ichni \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00ed v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159i \u2014 fundament\u00e1ln\u00ed logika<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

        <\/p>\n

        Nejlep\u0161\u00ed program\u00e1tor je schopen pod\u00edvat se na k\u00f3d z nov\u00e9 perspektivy. A to je z\u00e1sadn\u00ed, proto\u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina softwarov\u00fdch produkt\u016f je soubor nedokumentovan\u00fdch fragment\u016f \u0161patn\u00e9ho k\u00f3du. Tyto fragmenty je t\u0159eba neust\u00e1le spojovat, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e je nutn\u00e9 vypl\u0148ovat mezery. Lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed nejsou schopni propojit rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e9 body jednou \u010darou, z\u016fstanou nav\u017edy na druh\u00e9 koleji.<\/p>\n

        <\/p>\n

        To m\u011b p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u00ed k dal\u0161\u00ed deklaraci, tentokr\u00e1t tu\u010dn\u011b: fundament\u00e1ln\u00ed znalosti byly a v\u017edy budou pro program\u00e1tora prvotn\u00ed<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

        <\/p>\n

        Jazyky p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00ed a odch\u00e1zej\u00ed. R\u00e1mce se st\u00e1vaj\u00ed zastaral\u00fdmi a spole\u010dnosti reaguj\u00ed na popt\u00e1vku, m\u011bn\u00edc\u00edch technologick\u00fd stack. Existuje n\u011bco, co se nikdy nezm\u011bn\u00ed? Ano \u2014 fundament\u00e1ln\u00ed znalosti, kter\u00e9 se pr\u00e1v\u011b proto naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed fundament\u00e1ln\u00ed, \u017ee le\u017e\u00ed v z\u00e1kladu v\u0161eho!<\/p>\n

        Jak zlep\u0161it fundament\u00e1ln\u00ed znalosti<\/h2>\n

        <\/p>\n

        \"JedenFotografie Kristophera\u00a0Yeashke\u00a0<\/a><\/noindex>na\u00a0Unsplash<\/a><\/noindex><\/em><\/p>\n

        Pokud hled\u00e1te v\u00fdchoz\u00ed bod pro zlep\u0161en\u00ed fundament\u00e1ln\u00edho logick\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed, zkuste za\u010d\u00edt zde:<\/p>\n

        <\/p>\n

        Zn\u00e1te slo\u017eitost sv\u00e9ho programu<\/h4>\n

        <\/p>\n

        Tak\u00e9 naz\u00fdv\u00e1na Big O<\/strong> \"slo\u017eitost\u00ed algoritmu\" se ozna\u010duje z\u00e1vislost \u010dasu na vykon\u00e1n\u00ed programu na velikosti jeho vstupn\u00edch dat (n)<\/strong>. M\u00edt p\u0159ehled o pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch algoritmech je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm krokem.<\/p>\n

        <\/p>\n

        Zn\u00e1te sv\u00e9 datov\u00e9 struktury<\/h4>\n

        <\/p>\n

        Datov\u00e9 struktury tvo\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1klad jak\u00e9koliv modern\u00ed aplikace. Znalost toho, kterou strukturu pou\u017e\u00edt v jak\u00e9 situaci, je samostatnou discipl\u00ednou. Datov\u00e9 struktury maj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd vliv na slo\u017eitost b\u011bhu a v\u00fdb\u011br nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9 struktury m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k z\u00e1sadn\u00edm probl\u00e9m\u016fm s v\u00fdkonem. Hled\u00e1n\u00ed prvku v poli trv\u00e1 O(n)<\/strong>, co\u017e ukazuje na n\u00e1kladnost pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed pol\u00ed jako vstupn\u00edch dat. Hled\u00e1n\u00ed v hashovac\u00edch tabulk\u00e1ch trv\u00e1 O(1)<\/strong>, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b doba hled\u00e1n\u00ed hodnoty nez\u00e1vis\u00ed na po\u010dtu prvk\u016f.<\/p>\n

        <\/p>\n

        Na pohovor ke mn\u011b p\u0159i\u0161li lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed tvrdili, \u017ee hled\u00e1n\u00ed v poli je rychlej\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v hashovac\u00ed tabulce. To byl nejjist\u011bj\u0161\u00ed znak toho, \u017ee je nebudu naj\u00edmat \u2014 zn\u00e1t sv\u00e9 datov\u00e9 struktury.<\/p>\n

        <\/p>\n

        \u010cti \/ sleduj \/ poslouchej<\/h4>\n

        <\/p>\n

        Takov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky jako Udemy<\/a><\/noindex>,\u00a0Pluralsight\u00a0<\/a><\/noindex>a\u00a0CodeAcademy<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 skv\u011bl\u00e1 volba pro u\u010den\u00ed nov\u00fdch programovac\u00edch jazyk\u016f. Ale pro z\u00e1klady se obra\u0165te na knihy o obecn\u00fdch principech, praktik\u00e1ch a stylech k\u00f3dov\u00e1n\u00ed. Nejp\u0159\u00edzniv\u011bji hodnocen\u00e9 knihy jsou \u201eDesign Patterns\u201c, \u201eRefactoring: Improving the Existing Code\u201c, \u201eCode Complete\u201c, \u201eClean Code\u201c a \u201eThe Pragmatic Programmer\u201c. Nakonec by ka\u017ed\u00fd v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159 m\u011bl m\u00edt po ruce kopii \u201eAlgorithms<\/a><\/noindex>\u201c.<\/p>\n

        <\/p>\n

        Cvi\u010d se!<\/h4>\n

        <\/p>\n

        Ned\u00e1 se ud\u011blat omeleta, ani\u017e bys rozbil vejce. Takov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky jako HackerRank<\/a><\/noindex>,\u00a0CodeWars<\/a><\/noindex>,\u00a0CoderByte<\/a><\/noindex>, TopCoder<\/a><\/noindex> a\u00a0LeetCode<\/a><\/noindex> nab\u00edzej\u00ed tis\u00edce zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch \u00faloh k prov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed znalost\u00ed o datov\u00fdch struktur\u00e1ch a algoritmech. Zkuste vy\u0159e\u0161it zaj\u00edmav\u00fd probl\u00e9m, zve\u0159ejn\u011bte sv\u016fj n\u00e1vrh na Githubu a pot\u00e9 se pod\u00edvejte, jak k n\u011bmu p\u0159istupovali ostatn\u00ed. Co n\u00e1s p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u00ed k posledn\u00edmu bodu:<\/p>\n

        <\/p>\n

        \u010cti ciz\u00ed k\u00f3d<\/h4>\n

        <\/p>\n

        Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed chybou, kterou m\u016f\u017ee\u0161 ud\u011blat na cest\u011b v\u00fdvoje, je uj\u00edt tuto cestu s\u00e1m. V\u00fdvoj softwaru je do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry t\u00fdmov\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce. Spole\u010dn\u011b vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00edme standardy, spole\u010dn\u011b d\u011bl\u00e1me chyby a navzdory v\u0161em ne\u00fasp\u011bch\u016fm se spole\u010dn\u011b st\u00e1v\u00e1me lep\u0161\u00edmi. \u010cas str\u00e1ven\u00fd \u010dten\u00edm ciz\u00edho k\u00f3du se n\u00e1m n\u011bkolikan\u00e1sobn\u011b vr\u00e1t\u00ed. Jen se ujist\u011bte, \u017ee je to kvalitn\u00ed k\u00f3d.<\/p>\n

        Nejlep\u0161\u00ed rada, kterou mohu d\u00e1t, je nikdy se nestyd\u011bt za to, \u017ee je\u0161t\u011b n\u011bco nev\u00edte. Jak u\u017e bylo \u0159e\u010deno, n\u00e1\u0161 obor je obrovsk\u00fd a mno\u017estv\u00ed technologi\u00ed je ohromuj\u00edc\u00ed. Vy\u017eaduje to hodn\u011b \u010dasu a \u00fasil\u00ed vybudovat si celkov\u00fd obraz, je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce, abyste se stali profesion\u00e1lem v n\u011b\u010dem konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm a mnohem v\u00edce, abyste zdokonalili sv\u00e9 dovednosti v dan\u00e9 oblasti. D\u00e1m v\u00e1m v\u011bd\u011bt, a\u017e toho dos\u00e1hnu s\u00e1m.<\/p>\n

        Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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