{"id":35473,"date":"2019-10-31T22:04:32","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:04:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novaya-statya-vychislitelnaya-fotografiya\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:04:32","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:04:32","slug":"novaya-statya-vychislitelnaya-fotografiya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/novaya-statya-vychislitelnaya-fotografiya","title":{"rendered":"Nov\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek: V\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Origin\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek byl zve\u0159ejn\u011bn na webu <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/vas3k.ru\/\" target=\"_blank\">Vastrik.ru<\/a><\/noindex>&nbsp;a byl publikov\u00e1n na 3DNews se souhlasem autora. P\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00edme \u00fapln\u00fd text \u010dl\u00e1nku, s v\u00fdjimkou obrovsk\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed odkaz\u016f \u2013 ty budou u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 pro ty, kdo se v\u00e1\u017en\u011b zaj\u00edmaj\u00ed o t\u00e9ma a cht\u011bli by se hloub\u011bji sezn\u00e1mit s teoretick\u00fdmi aspekty v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografie, ale pro \u0161irokou ve\u0159ejnost pova\u017eujeme tento materi\u00e1l za zbyte\u010dn\u00fd.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Dnes se \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 prezentace smartphonu neobejde bez oslavov\u00e1n\u00ed jeho fotoapar\u00e1tu. Ka\u017ed\u00fd m\u011bs\u00edc sly\u0161\u00edme o dal\u0161\u00edm \u00fasp\u011bchu mobiln\u00edch kamer: Google u\u010d\u00ed Pixel fotit ve tm\u011b, Huawei zoomuje jako dalekohled, Samsung p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 lidar a Apple d\u011bl\u00e1 nejkulat\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u00fahly na sv\u011bt\u011b. Mnoz\u00ed inovace v t\u00e9to oblasti skute\u010dn\u011b vzkv\u00e9taj\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Zrcadlovky p\u0159itom jakoby stagnuj\u00ed. Sony ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b p\u0159edstavuje nov\u00e9 sn\u00edma\u010de, zat\u00edmco v\u00fdrobci l\u00edn\u011b aktualizuj\u00ed posledn\u00ed \u010d\u00edslici verze a d\u00e1l si s \u00fasm\u011bvem u\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed klidu. Na m\u00e9m stole le\u017e\u00ed zrcadlovka za 3000 dolar\u016f, ale na cesty si beru iPhone. Pro\u010d?<\/p>\n<p>Jak \u0159\u00edkal klasik \u2013 \u0161el jsem na internet s t\u00edmto dotazem. Diskutuj\u00ed tam o n\u011bjak\u00fdch \u201ealgoritmech\u201c a \u201eneuraln\u00edch s\u00edt\u00edch\u201c, ani\u017e by konkr\u00e9tn\u011b ch\u00e1pali, jak\u00fd maj\u00ed vliv na fotografii. Novin\u00e1\u0159i hlu\u010dn\u011b hl\u00e1s\u00ed po\u010det megapixel\u016f, bloge\u0159i hromadn\u011b nat\u00e1\u010dej\u00ed placen\u00e9 rozbalov\u00e1n\u00ed, a esteti se obklopuj\u00ed \u201ecitliv\u00fdm vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00edm barevn\u00e9 palety senzoru\u201c. V\u0161echno jako obvykle.<\/p>\n<p>Musel jsem si sednout, str\u00e1vit polovinu \u017eivota a v\u0161echno si s\u00e1m prostudovat. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku v\u00e1m pov\u00edm, co jsem zjistil.<\/p>\n<h2><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"#contents\" class=\"right paragraph tooltip\" data-tooltip=\"\u0412\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e\">\u2b07<\/a><\/noindex><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f?\" href=\"#\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f?\" class=\"right paragraph tooltip\" data-tooltip=\"\u0421\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0443\">#<\/a><\/noindex>Co je to v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografie?<\/h2>\n<p>V\u0161ude, v\u010detn\u011b Wikipedie, d\u00e1vaj\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b takovou definici: v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografie \u2013 jak\u00e9koliv techniky zachycen\u00ed a zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed obraz\u016f, kde m\u00edsto optick\u00fdch transformac\u00ed jsou pou\u017eity digit\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdpo\u010dty. Na tom je v\u0161echno dobr\u00e9, krom\u011b toho, \u017ee to nic nevysv\u011btluje. Pasuje pod to dokonce i autofokus, ale nehod\u00ed se tam plenopti\u010dka, kter\u00e1 n\u00e1m ji\u017e p\u0159inesla mnoho u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9ho. Nejednozna\u010dnost ofici\u00e1ln\u00edch definic jakoby nazna\u010dovala, \u017ee nem\u00e1me pon\u011bt\u00ed, o \u010dem mluv\u00edme.<\/p>\n<p>Pion\u00fdr v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografie, profesor Stanfordu Marc Levoy (kter\u00fd nyn\u00ed tak\u00e9 odpov\u00edd\u00e1 za fotoapar\u00e1t v Google Pixel), uv\u00e1d\u00ed jinou definici \u2013 soubor metod po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9ho vid\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vylep\u0161uj\u00ed nebo roz\u0161i\u0159uj\u00ed mo\u017enosti digit\u00e1ln\u00ed fotografie, p\u0159i jejich\u017e pou\u017eit\u00ed vznikne b\u011b\u017en\u00e1 fotografie, kter\u00e1 technicky nemohla b\u00fdt po\u0159\u00edzena na dan\u00fd fotoapar\u00e1t tradi\u010dn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem. V \u010dl\u00e1nku se dr\u017e\u00edm pr\u00e1v\u011b jeho.<\/p>\n<p>Tak\u017ee za v\u0161echno mohly chytr\u00e9 telefony.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Smartphony nem\u011bly jinou mo\u017enost, ne\u017e d\u00e1t \u017eivot nov\u00e9mu typu fotografie \u2013 v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Jejich mal\u00e9 hlu\u010dn\u00e9 senzory a drobn\u00e9 optiky s n\u00edzkou sv\u011btelnost\u00ed m\u011bly podle v\u0161ech fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edch z\u00e1kon\u016f p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161et pouze bolest a utrpen\u00ed. A tak\u00e9 p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ely, dokud jejich v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159i nep\u0159i\u0161li na to, jak chyt\u0159e vyu\u017e\u00edt jejich siln\u00e9 str\u00e1nky k p\u0159ekon\u00e1n\u00ed slabin \u2013 rychl\u00e9 elektronick\u00e9 z\u00e1v\u011brky, v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 procesory a software.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nov\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek: V\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/9735433adae34a087804b604eff125d4.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>V\u011bt\u0161ina zn\u00e1m\u00fdch v\u00fdzkum\u016f v oblasti po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 fotografie spad\u00e1 do let 2005\u20132015, co\u017e je v v\u011bdeck\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku doslova v\u010dera. P\u0159\u00edmo nyn\u00ed se p\u0159ed na\u0161ima o\u010dima a v na\u0161ich kaps\u00e1ch vyv\u00edj\u00ed nov\u00e1 discipl\u00edna znalost\u00ed a technologi\u00ed, jak\u00e1 tu nikdy p\u0159edt\u00edm nebyla.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografie nen\u00ed jen selfie s neuro-bokem. Ned\u00e1vn\u00e1 fotografie \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry by neexistovala bez metod v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografie. K po\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed takov\u00e9ho sn\u00edmku pomoc\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho teleskopu bychom museli vyrobit teleskop velikosti Zem\u011b. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, spojen\u00edm dat z osmi r\u00e1dioteleskop\u016f na r\u016fzn\u00fdch m\u00edstech na\u0161\u00ed planety a naps\u00e1n\u00edm n\u011bkolika skript\u016f v Pythonu jsme z\u00edskali prvn\u00ed fotografii horizontu ud\u00e1losti na sv\u011bt\u011b. Na selfie to tak\u00e9 funguje.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nov\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek: V\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/696e1ec7834e8bf47bff2aa8965b903a.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"#contents\" class=\"right paragraph tooltip\" data-tooltip=\"\u0412\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e\">\u2b07<\/a><\/noindex><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"\u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e: \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\" href=\"#\u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e: \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\" class=\"right paragraph tooltip\" data-tooltip=\"\u0421\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0443\">#<\/a><\/noindex>Za\u010d\u00e1tek: digit\u00e1ln\u00ed zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n<p>P\u0159edstavme si, \u017ee jsme v roce 2007. Na\u0161e m\u00e1ma je anarchie a na\u0161e fotografie jsou hlu\u010dn\u00e9 0,6-Mp jpeg, po\u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 na skateboardu. P\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b v t\u00e9 dob\u011b m\u00e1me prvn\u00ed neodbytnou touhu p\u0159idat na n\u011b presety, abychom zakryli \u00fabohost mobiln\u00edch matic. Nenechme se o to ochudit.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nov\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek: V\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/4078f9ff31730ac7b4dec18d4408a707.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"#contents\" class=\"right paragraph tooltip\" data-tooltip=\"\u0412\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e\">\u2b07<\/a><\/noindex><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"\u041c\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043d \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\" href=\"#\u041c\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043d \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\" class=\"right paragraph tooltip\" data-tooltip=\"\u0421\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0443\">#<\/a><\/noindex>Matan a Instagram<\/h2>\n<p>S p\u0159\u00edchodem Instagramu se v\u0161ichni zbl\u00e1znili do filtr\u016f. Jako \u010dlov\u011bk, kter\u00fd v minulosti reverzn\u011b in\u017een\u00fdroval X-Pro II, Lo-Fi a Valencia za, jak jinak, v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdmi (kek) \u00fa\u010dely, si st\u00e1le pamatuji, \u017ee se skl\u00e1daly ze t\u0159\u00ed komponent\u016f:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Nastaven\u00ed barev (Hue, Saturation, Lightness, Contrast, Levels atd.) jsou jednoduch\u00e9 digit\u00e1ln\u00ed koeficienty, p\u0159esn\u011b jako v jak\u00fdchkoliv presetech, kter\u00e9 fotografov\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvali od prad\u00e1vna.<\/li>\n<li>Mapovac\u00ed karty odst\u00edn\u016f (Tone Mapping) jsou vektory hodnot, z nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00e1 n\u00e1m \u0159\u00edkala: \u201e\u010cervenou barvu s odst\u00ednem 128 m\u00e1me p\u0159ev\u00e9st na odst\u00edn 240.\u201c<\/li>\n<li>Overlay je polopr\u016fhledn\u00fd obr\u00e1zek s prachem, zrny, vin\u011btac\u00ed a v\u0161\u00edm ostatn\u00edm, co lze p\u0159ekr\u00fdt pro dosa\u017een\u00ed nikoli ban\u00e1ln\u00edho efektu star\u00e9ho filmu. Nebylo tomu tak v\u017edy.&nbsp; &nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Modern\u00ed filtry se od t\u00e9to trojice a\u017e tak daleko nevzd\u00e1lily, jen se m\u00edrn\u011b zkomplikovaly v matematice. Se vznikem hardwarov\u00fdch shader\u016f a OpenCL na smartphonech byly rychle p\u0159eps\u00e1ny na GPU a to se pova\u017eovalo za ohromn\u011b skv\u011bl\u00e9. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b v roce 2012. Dnes to m\u016f\u017ee ud\u011blat ka\u017ed\u00fd \u0161kol\u00e1k pomoc\u00ed CSS a na maturitn\u00edm vysv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed mu to stejn\u011b neut\u00edk\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>Pokrok filtr\u016f dnes v\u0161ak nezastavil. Kluci z Dehanceru se nap\u0159\u00edklad skv\u011ble zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed neline\u00e1rn\u00edmi filtry \u2013 m\u00edsto prolet\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho ton\u00e1ln\u00edho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed neline\u00e1rn\u00ed transformace, co\u017e podle jejich slov otev\u00edr\u00e1 mnohem v\u00edce mo\u017enost\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Neline\u00e1rn\u00edmi transformacemi se d\u00e1 nap\u00e1chat spousta v\u011bc\u00ed, ale jsou neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u011b slo\u017eit\u00e9, a my, lidi, jsme neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u011b hloup\u00ed. Jakmile se v\u011bda dostane k neline\u00e1rn\u00edm transformac\u00edm, rad\u011bji p\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00edme k numerick\u00fdm metod\u00e1m a cpeme v\u0161ude neuronov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b, aby vytv\u00e1\u0159ely mistrovsk\u00e1 d\u00edla za n\u00e1s. To bylo i zde.<\/p>\n<h2><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"#contents\" class=\"right paragraph tooltip\" data-tooltip=\"\u0412\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e\">\u2b07<\/a><\/noindex><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0442\u044b \u043e \u043a\u043d\u043e\u043f\u043a\u0435 &laquo;\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0432\u0440&raquo;\" href=\"#\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0442\u044b \u043e \u043a\u043d\u043e\u043f\u043a\u0435 &laquo;\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0432\u0440&raquo;\" class=\"right paragraph tooltip\" data-tooltip=\"\u0421\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0443\">#<\/a><\/noindex>Automatika a sny o tla\u010d\u00edtku \u201emistr\u201c<\/h2>\n<p>Kdy\u017e si v\u0161ichni zvykli na filtry, za\u010dali jsme je integrovat p\u0159\u00edmo do fotoapar\u00e1t\u016f. Historie skr\u00fdv\u00e1, kdo z v\u00fdrobc\u016f byl prvn\u00ed, ale pro p\u0159edstavu, jak d\u00e1vno to bylo \u2013 v iOS 5.0, kter\u00e9 vy\u0161lo ji\u017e v roce 2011, ji\u017e byl ve\u0159ejn\u00fd API pro Auto Enhancing Images. Jedin\u011b Jobs v\u00ed, jak dlouho se pou\u017e\u00edval p\u0159ed zve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00edm.<\/p>\n<p>Automatika d\u011blala to, co ka\u017ed\u00fd z n\u00e1s, kdy\u017e otev\u00edral fotku v editoru, &mdash; vytahovala propady ve sv\u011btle a st\u00ednech, p\u0159id\u00e1vala saturaci, odstra\u0148ovala \u010derven\u00e9 o\u010di a upravovala barvu pleti. U\u017eivatel\u00e9 ani netu\u0161ili, \u017ee &laquo;dramaturgicky vylep\u0161en\u00fd fotoapar\u00e1t&raquo; v nov\u00e9m smartphonu byl jen z\u00e1sluhou n\u011bkolika nov\u00fdch shader\u016f. Do vyd\u00e1n\u00ed Google Pixel a za\u010d\u00e1tku hype o v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografii zb\u00fdvalo je\u0161t\u011b p\u011bt let.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nov\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek: V\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/480b0c337a37ce33a178794104c2d541.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Dnes u\u017e boje o tla\u010d\u00edtko &laquo;majstr&raquo; p\u0159e\u0161ly na pole strojov\u00e9ho u\u010den\u00ed. Pohr\u00e1vali si s tonem a v\u0161ichni se vrhli tr\u00e9novat CNN a GAN, aby posouvali posuvn\u00edky m\u00edsto u\u017eivatele. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, ur\u010dovat na z\u00e1klad\u011b vstupn\u00edho obr\u00e1zku sadu optim\u00e1ln\u00edch parametr\u016f, kter\u00e9 by p\u0159ibli\u017eovaly dan\u00fd obr\u00e1zek k n\u011bjak\u00e9mu subjektivn\u00edmu pochopen\u00ed &laquo;dobr\u00e9 fotografie&raquo;. Realizov\u00e1no v tom sam\u00e9m Pixelmator Pro a dal\u0161\u00edch editorech. Funguje, jak m\u016f\u017eete uhodnout, ne p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 a ne v\u017edy.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"#contents\" class=\"right paragraph tooltip\" data-tooltip=\"\u0412\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e\">\u2b07<\/a><\/noindex><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"\u0421\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0433 &mdash; 90% \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0445\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\" href=\"#\u0421\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0433 &mdash; 90% \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0445\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\" class=\"right paragraph tooltip\" data-tooltip=\"\u0421\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0443\">#<\/a><\/noindex>Stacking &mdash; 90 % \u00fasp\u011bchu mobiln\u00edch fotoapar\u00e1t\u016f<\/h2>\n<p>Skute\u010dn\u00e1 v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografie za\u010dala se stackingem &mdash; p\u0159ekr\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00edm n\u011bkolika fotografi\u00ed. Pro smartphone nen\u00ed probl\u00e9m po\u0159\u00eddit des\u00edtku sn\u00edmk\u016f za p\u016fl sekundy. V jejich fotoapar\u00e1tech nejsou pomal\u00e9 mechanick\u00e9 sou\u010d\u00e1sti: clona je fixn\u00ed a m\u00edsto jezd\u00edc\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011brky je elektronick\u00e1 z\u00e1v\u011brka. Procesor jednodu\u0161e ud\u011bluje senzoru pokyn, kolik mikrosekund m\u00e1 zachytit divok\u00e9 fotony, a s\u00e1m \u010dte v\u00fdsledek.<\/p>\n<p>Technicky m\u016f\u017ee telefon po\u0159izovat fotografie rychlost\u00ed videa a videa s rozli\u0161en\u00edm fotografie, ale v\u0161e z\u00e1vis\u00ed na rychlosti sb\u011brnice a procesoru. Proto jsou v\u017edy stanoveny softwarov\u00e9 limity.<\/p>\n<p>Samotn\u00fd stacking s n\u00e1mi u\u017e je d\u00e1vno. Je\u0161t\u011b na\u0161i d\u011bdov\u00e9 instalovali plug-iny na Photoshop 7.0, aby spojili n\u011bkolik fotografi\u00ed do osl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edho HDR nebo sestavili panoramu 18000 &times; 600 pixel\u016f a... vlastn\u011b nikdo nevymyslel, co s nimi d\u011blat d\u00e1l. Byl to bohat\u00fd \u010das, \u0161koda, \u017ee divok\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p>Te\u010f jsme dosp\u011bl\u00ed a naz\u00fdv\u00e1me to &laquo;epsilon-fotografi\u00ed&raquo; &mdash; kdy\u017e, zm\u011bnou jednoho z parametr\u016f fotoapar\u00e1tu (expozice, ost\u0159en\u00ed, pozice) a slou\u010den\u00edm po\u0159\u00edzen\u00fdch sn\u00edmk\u016f, z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1me n\u011bco, co nemohlo b\u00fdt vyfoceno jedn\u00edm sn\u00edmkem. Ale to je term\u00edn pro teoretiky, v praxi se ujalo jin\u00e9 ozna\u010den\u00ed &mdash; stacking. Dnes je ve skute\u010dnosti na n\u011bm postaveno 90 % v\u0161ech inovac\u00ed v mobiln\u00edch fotoapar\u00e1tech.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nov\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek: V\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/f3a6fd9c8260116a371eeb03bbf61536.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 v\u011bc, o kter\u00e9 mnoz\u00ed nep\u0159em\u00fd\u0161lej\u00ed, ale je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 pro porozum\u011bn\u00ed cel\u00e9 mobiln\u00ed a v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografii: kamera v modern\u00edm smartphonu za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 po\u0159izovat fotografie hned, jakmile otev\u0159ete jej\u00ed aplikaci. Co\u017e je logick\u00e9, mus\u00ed n\u011bjak p\u0159ed\u00e1vat obraz na obrazovku. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b krom\u011b obrazovky ukl\u00e1d\u00e1 sn\u00edmky vysok\u00e9ho rozli\u0161en\u00ed do vlastn\u00edho cyklick\u00e9ho bufferu, kde je uchov\u00e1v\u00e1 je\u0161t\u011b p\u00e1r sekund.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Kdy\u017e stisknete tla\u010d\u00edtko &laquo;po\u0159\u00eddit foto&raquo; &mdash; ve skute\u010dnosti u\u017e bylo po\u0159\u00edzeno, fotoapar\u00e1t jednodu\u0161e bere posledn\u00ed sn\u00edmek z bufferu.<\/p>\n<p>Dnes takto funguje ka\u017ed\u00e1 mobiln\u00ed kamera. Minim\u00e1ln\u011b ve v\u0161ech vlajkov\u00fdch modelech, nikoliv na odpadc\u00edch. Bufferov\u00e1n\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uje dos\u00e1hnout nejen nulov\u00e9 prodlevy z\u00e1v\u011brky, po kter\u00e9 fotografov\u00e9 tak dlouho tou\u017eili, ale dokonce i z\u00e1porn\u00e9 \u2014 p\u0159i stisknut\u00ed tla\u010d\u00edtka smartphone nahl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed do minulosti, stahuje 5-10 posledn\u00edch fotografi\u00ed z bufferu a za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 je intenzivn\u011b analyzovat a skl\u00e1d\u00e1 je dohromady. Nen\u00ed t\u0159eba zdlouhav\u011b \u010dekat, ne\u017e telefon nafot\u00ed sn\u00edmky pro HDR nebo no\u010dn\u00ed re\u017eim \u2014 sta\u010d\u00ed je vz\u00edt z bufferu, u\u017eivatel ani nezjist\u00ed, \u017ee k tomu do\u0161lo.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nov\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek: V\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/df4d90e674db51c1e8b43518300270da.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Mimochodem, pr\u00e1v\u011b pomoc\u00ed z\u00e1porn\u00e9ho zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed spou\u0161t\u011b je realizov\u00e1no Live Photo na iPhonech, a v HTC n\u011bco podobn\u00e9ho bylo ji\u017e v roce 2013 pod podivn\u00fdm n\u00e1zvem Zoe.<\/p>\n<h2><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"#contents\" class=\"right paragraph tooltip\" data-tooltip=\"\u0412\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e\">\u2b07<\/a><\/noindex><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"\u0421\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u043f\u043e \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 &mdash; HDR \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u0441 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u044f\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\" href=\"#\u0421\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u043f\u043e \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 &mdash; HDR \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u0441 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u044f\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\" class=\"right paragraph tooltip\" data-tooltip=\"\u0421\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0443\">#<\/a><\/noindex>Stohov\u00e1n\u00ed podle expozice \u2014 HDR a boj s v\u00fdkyvy jasu<\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nov\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek: V\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/f05831e57c87ec1177cdef0dc578b46c.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Jsou sn\u00edma\u010de fotoapar\u00e1t\u016f schopny zachytit cel\u00fd rozsah jasu, kter\u00fd je dostupn\u00fd na\u0161im o\u010d\u00edm, \u2014 to je star\u00e9 obl\u00edben\u00e9 t\u00e9ma debat. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed, \u017ee ne, proto\u017ee oko dok\u00e1\u017ee vid\u011bt a\u017e 25 f-stop\u016f, zat\u00edmco i z nejlep\u0161\u00edch full-frame sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f lze vyt\u00e1hnout maxim\u00e1ln\u011b 14. Jin\u00ed pak \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed, \u017ee porovn\u00e1n\u00ed je zav\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed, proto\u017ee oku pom\u00e1h\u00e1 mozek, kter\u00fd automaticky upravuje zornici a dotv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed obraz sv\u00fdmi neuronov\u00fdmi s\u00edt\u011bmi, a okam\u017eit\u00fd dynamick\u00fd rozsah oka nen\u00ed ve skute\u010dnosti v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 10-14 f-stop\u016f. Tyto spory ponech\u00e1me nejlep\u0161\u00edm internetov\u00fdm diskut\u00e9r\u016fm.<\/p>\n<p>Fakt je fakt: kdy\u017e fot\u00edte p\u0159\u00e1tele na pozad\u00ed jasn\u00e9 oblohy bez HDR na jakoukoli mobiln\u00ed kameru, dostanete bu\u010f norm\u00e1ln\u00ed oblohu a \u010dern\u00e9 obli\u010deje p\u0159\u00e1tel, nebo vymodelovan\u00e9 p\u0159\u00e1tele, ale v\u0161eho v\u0161udy sp\u00e1lenou oblohu.<\/p>\n<p>\u0158e\u0161en\u00ed je ji\u017e d\u00e1vno vymy\u0161leno \u2014 roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it rozsah jasu pomoc\u00ed HDR (vysok\u00fd dynamick\u00fd rozsah). Je pot\u0159eba po\u0159\u00eddit n\u011bkolik sn\u00edmk\u016f s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi expozi\u010dn\u00edmi \u010dasy a spojit je dohromady. Aby jeden byl 'norm\u00e1ln\u00ed', druh\u00fd sv\u011btlej\u0161\u00ed, t\u0159et\u00ed tmav\u0161\u00ed. Bereme tmav\u00e9 oblasti ze sv\u011btl\u00e9ho sn\u00edmku, p\u0159epaly vypl\u0148ujeme z tmav\u00e9ho \u2014 profit. Zb\u00fdv\u00e1 vy\u0159e\u0161it \u00fakol automatick\u00e9ho bracketingu \u2014 jak moc posunout expozici ka\u017ed\u00e9ho sn\u00edmku, aby to nebylo p\u0159ehnan\u00e9, ale s ur\u010den\u00edm pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 jasu nyn\u00ed zvl\u00e1dne druh\u00e1k technick\u00e9 vysok\u00e9 \u0161koly.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nov\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek: V\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/de7ba87bb60f8da89c650220d431248b.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Na posledn\u00edch iPhonech, Pixel a Galaxy se re\u017eim HDR v\u016fbec zap\u00edn\u00e1 automaticky, kdy\u017e jednoduch\u00fd algoritmus uvnit\u0159 kamery zjist\u00ed, \u017ee fotografujete n\u011bco kontrastn\u00edho za slune\u010dn\u00e9ho dne. M\u016f\u017eete si dokonce v\u0161imnout, jak telefon p\u0159ep\u00edn\u00e1 re\u017eim z\u00e1znamu do bufferu, aby uchov\u00e1val sn\u00edmky posunut\u00e9 podle expozice \u2014 fps kamery kles\u00e1 a obraz se st\u00e1v\u00e1 \u0161\u0165avnat\u011bj\u0161\u00edm. P\u0159ep\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed re\u017eimu je dob\u0159e patrn\u00e9 na m\u00e9m iPhone X, pokud fot\u00edm venku. Pod\u00edvejte se na sv\u016fj smartphone p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011b tak\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Nev\u00fdhoda HDR s bracketingem expozice je jeho bezmocnost v \u0161patn\u00e9m osv\u011btlen\u00ed. I p\u0159i sv\u011btle pokojov\u00e9 lampy jsou z\u00e1b\u011bry tak tmav\u00e9, \u017ee si je po\u010d\u00edta\u010d nem\u016f\u017ee srovnat a spojit. Aby probl\u00e9m se sv\u011btlem vy\u0159e\u0161il, Google v roce 2013 p\u0159edstavil jin\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k HDR ve smartphonu Nexus. Vyu\u017eil \u010dasov\u00e9ho stacking.<\/p>\n<h2><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"#contents\" class=\"right paragraph tooltip\" data-tooltip=\"\u0412\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e\">\u2b07<\/a><\/noindex><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"\u0421\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 &mdash; \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0430\u0439\u043c\u043b\u0430\u043f\u0441\" href=\"#\u0421\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 &mdash; \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0430\u0439\u043c\u043b\u0430\u043f\u0441\" class=\"right paragraph tooltip\" data-tooltip=\"\u0421\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0443\">#<\/a><\/noindex>\u010casov\u00fd stacking je simulace dlouh\u00e9ho expozi\u010dn\u00edho \u010dasu a timelapse.<\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nov\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek: V\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/4fe1ab5f044e2097f11cf582926c2713.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u010casov\u00e9 skl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uje z\u00edskat dlouhou expozici pomoc\u00ed s\u00e9rie kr\u00e1tk\u00fdch. Prvov\u00fdzkumn\u00edci byli nad\u0161enci, kte\u0159\u00ed fotografovali stopy hv\u011bzd na no\u010dn\u00edm nebi a kter\u00fdm bylo nepohodln\u00e9 otev\u0159\u00edt z\u00e1v\u011brku hned na dv\u011b hodiny. Bylo t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 p\u0159edem spo\u010d\u00edtat v\u0161echny nastaven\u00ed a i drobn\u00e9 ot\u0159esy kazily cel\u00fd sn\u00edmek. Rozhodli se otev\u00edrat z\u00e1v\u011brku jen na p\u00e1r minut, ale mnohokr\u00e1t, a pak \u0161li dom\u016f a skl\u00e1dali z\u00edskan\u00e9 sn\u00edmky ve Photoshopu.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nov\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek: V\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/3985acce3f0bd1e1ceab9364f4f98d91.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee fotoapar\u00e1t nikdy ve skute\u010dnosti nefotografoval na dlouhou expozici, ale my jsme z\u00edsk\u00e1vali efekt jej\u00ed imitace slo\u017een\u00edm n\u011bkolika po sob\u011b jdouc\u00edch sn\u00edmk\u016f. Pro smartphony byla u\u017e d\u00e1vno naps\u00e1na spousta aplikac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 tento trik vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed, ale v\u0161echny jsou zbyte\u010dn\u00e9 od t\u00e9 doby, co byla tato funkce p\u0159id\u00e1na t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 do v\u0161ech standardn\u00edch fotoapar\u00e1t\u016f. Dnes iPhone snadno slo\u017e\u00ed dlouhou expozici z Live Photo.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nov\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek: V\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/e6bf5859cab4f105990859735f6a48e7.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Vra\u0165me se k Googlu s jeho no\u010dn\u00edm HDR. Uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee pomoc\u00ed bracketingu podle \u010dasu lze realizovat slu\u0161n\u00e9 HDR ve tm\u011b. Technologie se poprv\u00e9 objevila v Nexus 5 a naz\u00fdvala se HDR+. Ostatn\u00ed telefony na Androidu ji dostaly jakoby jako d\u00e1rek. Technologie je dodnes tak popul\u00e1rn\u00ed, \u017ee se j\u00ed chlub\u00ed i v prezentaci posledn\u00edch Pixel\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>HDR+ funguje dost jednodu\u0161e: pokud zjist\u00ed, \u017ee fotografujete ve tm\u011b, kamera z bufferu vylo\u017e\u00ed 8-15 posledn\u00edch fotografi\u00ed ve form\u00e1tu RAW, aby je mohla p\u0159ekr\u00fdt. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem algoritmus shroma\u017e\u010fuje v\u00edce informac\u00ed o tmav\u00fdch m\u00edstech sn\u00edmku, aby minimalizoval \u0161um \u2013 pixely, kde z n\u011bjak\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu kamera nedok\u00e1zala shrom\u00e1\u017edit v\u0161echny informace a selhala.<\/p>\n<p>Jakoby jste nev\u011bd\u011bli, jak vypad\u00e1 kapybara, a po\u017e\u00e1dali p\u011bt lid\u00ed, aby ji popsali \u2013 jejich vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed by byla p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b stejn\u00e1, ale ka\u017ed\u00fd by zm\u00ednil n\u011bjak\u00fd unik\u00e1tn\u00ed detail. Tak byste shrom\u00e1\u017edili v\u00edce informac\u00ed, ne\u017e kdybyste se zeptali jen jednoho. Tot\u00e9\u017e plat\u00ed pro pixely.<\/p>\n<p>S\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed sn\u00edmk\u016f po\u0159\u00edzen\u00fdch z jednoho m\u00edsta d\u00e1v\u00e1 stejn\u00fd fale\u0161n\u00fd efekt dlouh\u00e9 expozice jako se hv\u011bzdami v\u00fd\u0161e. Expozice des\u00edtek sn\u00edmk\u016f se s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1, chyby na jednom se minimalizuj\u00ed na ostatn\u00edch. P\u0159edstavte si, kolikr\u00e1t byste museli stisknout spou\u0161\u0165 zrcadlovky, abyste dos\u00e1hli n\u011b\u010deho takov\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nov\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek: V\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/eb7e3d8571ee4ae7eb7e62a47604ae1d.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Zb\u00fdvalo jen vy\u0159e\u0161it probl\u00e9m automatick\u00e9 barevn\u00e9 korekce \u2013 sn\u00edmky po\u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 ve tm\u011b obvykle vych\u00e1zej\u00ed nahn\u011bd\u00e9 nebo nazelenal\u00e9 a my p\u0159ece chceme m\u00edstnost osv\u011btlenou denn\u00edm sv\u011btlem. V ran\u00fdch verz\u00edch HDR+ to \u0159e\u0161ili jednoduch\u00fdm dolad\u011bn\u00edm nastaven\u00ed, jako ve filtrech typu Instagram. Pozd\u011bji byli na pomoc povol\u00e1ny neuronov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Tak vznikla technologie Night Sight \u2013 \u201eno\u010dn\u00ed fotografie\u201c v Pixelu 2 a 3. V popisu se jasn\u011b \u0159\u00edk\u00e1: \u201eTechniky strojov\u00e9ho u\u010den\u00ed postaven\u00e9 na HDR+, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed fungov\u00e1n\u00ed Night Sight.\u201c V podstat\u011b jde o automatizaci f\u00e1ze barevn\u00e9 korekce. Stroj byl vy\u0161kolen na datasetu fotek \u201ep\u0159ed\u201c a \u201epo\u201c, aby z r\u016fzn\u00fdch sad tmav\u00fdch k\u0159iv\u00fdch fotografi\u00ed ud\u011blal jednu kr\u00e1snou.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nov\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek: V\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/3451cbbeaa58a77f5ce9f88b7ac0de79.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Datov\u00fd soubor, mimochodem, byl zve\u0159ejn\u011bn jako open-source. Mo\u017en\u00e1 si ho vezmou kluci z Apple a kone\u010dn\u011b nau\u010d\u00ed sv\u00e9 sklen\u011bn\u00e9 pl\u00e1ty norm\u00e1ln\u011b fotit ve tm\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Krom\u011b toho Night Sight pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00fdpo\u010det vektoru pohybu objekt\u016f v z\u00e1b\u011bru, aby normalizoval rozost\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nevyhnuteln\u011b vznikne p\u0159i dlouh\u00e9 expozici. D\u00edky tomu m\u016f\u017ee smartphone vz\u00edt ostr\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti z jin\u00fdch sn\u00edmk\u016f a slou\u010dit je.<\/p>\n<h2><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"#contents\" class=\"right paragraph tooltip\" data-tooltip=\"\u0412\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e\">\u2b07<\/a><\/noindex><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"\u0421\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e &mdash; \u043f\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430, \u0441\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0437\u0443\u043c \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u0441 \u0448\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438\" href=\"#\u0421\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e &mdash; \u043f\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430, \u0441\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0437\u0443\u043c \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u0441 \u0448\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438\" class=\"right paragraph tooltip\" data-tooltip=\"\u0421\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0443\">#<\/a><\/noindex>Stacking pohybu \u2013 panorama, super zoom a boj proti \u0161umu.<\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nov\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek: V\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/c03260ea8ad60358065ec81ed0539063.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Panorama je popul\u00e1rn\u00ed z\u00e1bava obyvatel venkova. Historie zat\u00edm nenazna\u010dila, \u017ee by n\u011bjak\u00e1 \u201es\u00e1zen\u00e1\u201c fotografie byla zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 pro n\u011bkoho jin\u00e9ho ne\u017e jej\u00edho autora, ale nelze ji opomenout - pro mnoho to byl v\u016fbec za\u010d\u00e1tek stackingu.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nov\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek: V\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/bf5955b2f32018ab90c12d6da41107c1.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Prvn\u00edm u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, jak vyu\u017e\u00edt panoramu, je z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed fotografie s vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm rozli\u0161en\u00edm, ne\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje sn\u00edma\u010d kamery, skl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm n\u011bkolika sn\u00edmk\u016f. Fotografov\u00e9 ji\u017e dlouho pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 programy pro takzvan\u00e9 fotografie se superrozli\u0161en\u00edm, kdy m\u00edrn\u011b posunut\u00e9 fotografie se vz\u00e1jemn\u011b dopl\u0148uj\u00ed mezi pixely. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem je mo\u017en\u00e9 z\u00edskat obraz i ve stovk\u00e1ch gigapixel\u016f, co\u017e je velmi u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9, pokud to pot\u0159ebujete vytisknout na reklamn\u00edm plak\u00e1tu velikosti domu.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nov\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek: V\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/41f0d56913cd7b4c9e407345bf7383ce.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00edm, ji\u017e zaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edstupem, je Pixel Shifting. N\u011bkter\u00e9 bezzrcadlovky typu Sony a Olympus za\u010daly tuto technologii podporovat u\u017e od roku 2014, ale st\u00e1le bylo nutn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky skl\u00e1dat ru\u010dn\u011b. Typick\u00e9 inovace velk\u00fdch fotoapar\u00e1t\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Smartphony v\u0161ak v tomto ohledu pokro\u010dily z legra\u010dn\u00edho d\u016fvodu \u2013 kdy\u017e fotografujete, va\u0161e ruce se t\u0159esou. Tento na prvn\u00ed pohled probl\u00e9m se stal z\u00e1kladem pro realizaci nativn\u00edho superrozli\u0161en\u00ed na smartphonech.<\/p>\n<p>Abyste pochopili, jak to funguje, mus\u00edte si vzpomenout, jak je konstruov\u00e1n sn\u00edma\u010d ka\u017ed\u00e9ho fotoapar\u00e1tu. Ka\u017ed\u00fd jeho pixel (fotodioda) dok\u00e1\u017ee zachytit pouze intenzitu sv\u011btla, t. j. mno\u017estv\u00ed p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch foton\u016f. Pixel v\u0161ak nem\u016f\u017ee zm\u011b\u0159it jeho barvu (vlnovou d\u00e9lku). Aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 z\u00edskat RGB obr\u00e1zek, muselo se i zde pou\u017e\u00edt ur\u010dit\u00e9 workaroundy \u2013 zakr\u00fdt cel\u00fd sn\u00edma\u010d s\u00edt\u00ed barevn\u00fdch skl\u00ed\u010dek. Nejpopul\u00e1rn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed realizac\u00ed je Bayer\u016fv filtr, kter\u00fd se dnes pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f. Vypad\u00e1 to jako na obr\u00e1zku n\u00ed\u017ee.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nov\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek: V\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/7dc43fed6c8080917d09275c23cd614c.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Ukazuje se, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd pixel sn\u00edma\u010de zachyt\u00ed pouze R-, G- nebo B-slo\u017eku, nebo\u0165 ostatn\u00ed fotony se zkr\u00e1tka odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed Bayerov\u00fdm filtrem. Chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed slo\u017eky jsou pak odvozeny prost\u00fdm pr\u016fm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00edm hodnot sousedn\u00edch pixel\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Zelen\u00fdch bun\u011bk v Bayerov\u011b filtru je v\u00edce \u2013 bylo to tak ud\u011bl\u00e1no podle analogy s lidsk\u00fdm okem. Z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1me tedy, \u017ee z 50 milion\u016f pixel\u016f na sn\u00edma\u010di zachyt\u00ed zelenou barvu 25 milion\u016f, \u010dervenou a modrou po 12,5 milionu. Zbytek bude pr\u016fm\u011brov\u00e1n \u2013 tento proces se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 debayerizace nebo demozik, a to je takov\u00fd t\u011b\u017ek\u00fd legra\u010dn\u00ed workaround, na kter\u00e9m v\u0161e stoj\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nov\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek: V\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/aa2d9d74153b26e3f0cdb6d2ba954fc2.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Ve skute\u010dnosti m\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00e1 matrice sv\u016fj vlastn\u00ed chytr\u00fd patentovan\u00fd algoritmus demosaikov\u00e1n\u00ed, ale v r\u00e1mci tohoto p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu to opomineme.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<p>Jin\u00e9 typy matric (nap\u0159\u00edklad Foveon) se zat\u00edm moc neujaly. I kdy\u017e n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed v\u00fdrobci se sna\u017e\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvat matrice bez Bayerova filtru pro zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed ostrosti a dynamick\u00e9ho rozsahu.<\/p>\n<p>Kdy\u017e je sv\u011btla m\u00e1lo nebo jsou detaily objektu velmi mal\u00e9, p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00edme o spoustu informac\u00ed, proto\u017ee Bayer\u016fv filtr neomyln\u011b od\u0159\u00edzne fotony s nep\u0159\u00edjemnou vlnovou d\u00e9lkou. Proto byl vynalezen Pixel Shifting \u2013 posun matice o 1 pixel nahoru-dol\u016f-vpravo-vlevo, aby je v\u0161echny zachytil. Fotografie p\u0159i tom nevznik\u00e1 \u010dty\u0159ikr\u00e1t v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed, jak by se mohlo zd\u00e1t, jen procesor vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 tato data k p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu zaps\u00e1n\u00ed hodnoty ka\u017ed\u00e9ho pixelu. Spr\u00e1vn\u011bji pr\u016fm\u011bruje ne podle soused\u016f, jak se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, ale podle \u010dty\u0159 hodnot sebe sam\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nov\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek: V\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/f0c5f4eca43894ef480d1573ef4fddda.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>T\u0159esen\u00ed na\u0161ich rukou p\u0159i fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed telefonem d\u011bl\u00e1 z tohoto procesu p\u0159irozen\u00fd n\u00e1sledek. V posledn\u00edch verz\u00edch Google Pixel je tato funkce implementov\u00e1na a aktivuje se v\u017edy, kdy\u017e pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1te zoom na telefonu \u2013 naz\u00fdv\u00e1 se Super Res Zoom (ano, mn\u011b se tak\u00e9 l\u00edb\u00ed jejich ne\u00faprosn\u00e9 n\u00e1zvoslov\u00ed). \u010c\u00ed\u0148an\u00e9 to tak\u00e9 zkop\u00edrovali do sv\u00fdch telefon\u016f, i kdy\u017e to dopadlo trochu h\u016f\u0159.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159ekryv\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00edrn\u011b posunut\u00fdch fotografi\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uje shrom\u00e1\u017edit v\u00edce informac\u00ed o barv\u011b ka\u017ed\u00e9ho pixelu, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se sni\u017euje \u0161um, zvy\u0161uje ostrost a zved\u00e1 rozli\u0161en\u00ed, ani\u017e by se zvy\u0161oval fyzick\u00fd po\u010det megapixel\u016f matrice. Modern\u00ed Android vlajkov\u00e9 lod\u011b to prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed automaticky, zat\u00edmco jejich u\u017eivatel\u00e9 o tom ani nep\u0159em\u00fd\u0161lej\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h2><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"#contents\" class=\"right paragraph tooltip\" data-tooltip=\"\u0412\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e\">\u2b07<\/a><\/noindex><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"\u0421\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u043f\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0443 &mdash; \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0430\u044f \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u043a\u0443\u0441 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0435\" href=\"#\u0421\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u043f\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0443 &mdash; \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0430\u044f \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u043a\u0443\u0441 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0435\" class=\"right paragraph tooltip\" data-tooltip=\"\u0421\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0443\">#<\/a><\/noindex>Zaost\u0159ovac\u00ed stacking \u2013 jak\u00e1koli hloubka ostrosti a refokusov\u00e1n\u00ed v postprodukci.<\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nov\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek: V\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/19299836bf612a9425c5633572d7879c.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Metoda poch\u00e1z\u00ed z makrofotografie, kde byla mal\u00e1 hloubka ostrosti v\u017edy probl\u00e9mem. Aby byl cel\u00fd objekt zaost\u0159en\u00fd, bylo nutn\u00e9 po\u0159\u00eddit n\u011bkolik sn\u00edmk\u016f se zm\u011bnou ostrosti vp\u0159ed a vzad, kter\u00e9 se pak spojily do jednoho ostr\u00e9ho. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem \u010dasto pracovali i nad\u0161enci v krajin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 fotografii, aby zp\u0159esnili p\u0159edn\u00ed a zadn\u00ed pl\u00e1n.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nov\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek: V\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/a2336f7ce07d4bbd931881b2b8a16387.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>To v\u0161e se tak\u00e9 p\u0159esunulo na smartphony, pravda, bez velk\u00e9ho humbuku. V roce 2013 vych\u00e1z\u00ed Nokia Lumia 1020 s \"Refocus App\", a v roce 2014 Samsung Galaxy S5 s re\u017eimem \"Selective Focus\". Pracovaly podle stejn\u00e9ho sch\u00e9matu: p\u0159i stisknut\u00ed tla\u010d\u00edtka rychle vyfotily 3 fotografie \u2013 jednu s \"norm\u00e1ln\u00edm\" ost\u0159en\u00edm, druhou s posunut\u00fdm vp\u0159ed a t\u0159et\u00ed s posunut\u00fdm vzad. Program zarovnal sn\u00edmky a umo\u017enil vybrat jeden z nich, co\u017e bylo prezentov\u00e1no jako \"skute\u010dn\u00e9\" ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed zaost\u0159en\u00ed v postprodukci.<\/p>\n<p>Nebyla pot\u0159eba \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 dal\u0161\u00ed \u00faprava, proto\u017ee i tento jednoduch\u00fd trik sta\u010dil k tomu, aby se polo\u017eil dal\u0161\u00ed h\u0159eb\u00ed\u010dek do rakve Lytro a podobn\u00fdch s jejich poctiv\u00fdm refokusov\u00e1n\u00edm. Mimochodem, poj\u010fme se te\u010f pod\u00edvat na n\u011b (mist\u0159i p\u0159echod\u016f 80 lvl).<\/p>\n<h2><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"#contents\" class=\"right paragraph tooltip\" data-tooltip=\"\u0412\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e\">\u2b07<\/a><\/noindex><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"\u0412\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u044b &mdash; \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\" href=\"#\u0412\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u044b &mdash; \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\" class=\"right paragraph tooltip\" data-tooltip=\"\u0421\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0443\">#<\/a><\/noindex>V\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed matice \u2013 sv\u011bteln\u00e1 pole a plenoptika.<\/h2>\n<p>Jak jsme pochopili v\u00fd\u0161e, na\u0161e matice \u2013 hr\u016fza na holdingu. My jsme si prost\u011b zvykli a sna\u017e\u00edme se s t\u00edm \u017e\u00edt. Po sv\u00e9 konstrukci se m\u00e1lo m\u011bnily od samotn\u00fdch po\u010d\u00e1tk\u016f. Jen jsme zdokonalovali technologick\u00fd proces \u2013 zmen\u0161ovali vzd\u00e1lenosti mezi pixely, bojovali s \u0161umem a p\u0159id\u00e1vali speci\u00e1ln\u00ed pixely pro pr\u00e1ci f\u00e1zov\u00e9ho automatick\u00e9ho zaost\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed. Ale vezm\u011bte i tu nejdra\u017e\u0161\u00ed zrcadlovku a pokuste se na ni vyfotografovat b\u011b\u017e\u00edc\u00edho kocoura p\u0159i pokojov\u00e9m osv\u011btlen\u00ed \u2013 kocour, slu\u0161n\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, zv\u00edt\u011bz\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nov\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek: V\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/dcb87026c62ed4604bc67a4455fa0997.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>U\u017e n\u011bjakou dobu se sna\u017e\u00edme vymyslet n\u011bco lep\u0161\u00edho. Mnoho pokus\u016f a v\u00fdzkum\u016f v t\u00e9to oblasti lze naj\u00edt pod dotazem &laquo;computational sensor&raquo; nebo &laquo;non-bayer sensor&raquo;, a dokonce p\u0159\u00edklad s Pixel Shifting v\u00fd\u0161e lze pova\u017eovat za pokusy o vylep\u0161en\u00ed matic pomoc\u00ed v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f. Av\u0161ak nejv\u00edce slibn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy za posledn\u00edch dvacet let p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b ze sv\u011bta takzvan\u00fdch plenoptick\u00fdch kamer.<\/p>\n<p>Abychom v\u00e1s neukol\u00e9bali o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm nadch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch slo\u017eit\u00fdch slov, prozrad\u00edm, \u017ee kamera posledn\u00edch Google Pixel je vlastn\u011b &laquo;trochu&raquo; plenoptick\u00e1. Jen o dva pixely, ale i to j\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uje vypo\u010d\u00edtat pravou optickou hloubku z\u00e1b\u011bru i bez druh\u00e9 kamery jako maj\u00ed ostatn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Plenoptika &mdash; mocn\u00e1 zbra\u0148, kter\u00e1 zat\u00edm je\u0161t\u011b nevy\u0161la najevo. Odkazuji na jeden z m\u00fdch obl\u00edben\u00fdch ned\u00e1vn\u00fdch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/m.habr.com\/ru\/post\/440652\/\" target=\"_blank\">\u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f o mo\u017enostech plenoptick\u00fdch kamer a na\u0161\u00ed budoucnosti s nimi<\/a><\/noindex>, odkud jsem \u010derpal p\u0159\u00edklady.<\/p>\n<p class=\"h3\"><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"#contents\" class=\"right paragraph tooltip\" data-tooltip=\"\u0412\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e\">\u2b07<\/a><\/noindex><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"\u041f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 &mdash; \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044f\" href=\"#\u041f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 &mdash; \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044f\" class=\"right paragraph tooltip\" data-tooltip=\"\u0421\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0443\">#<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>Plenoptick\u00e1 kamera &mdash; brzy bude ka\u017ed\u00e1.<\/h2>\n<p>Vym\u00fd\u0161lena v roce 1994, sestavena na Stanfordu v roce 2004. Prvn\u00ed spot\u0159ebitelsk\u00e1 kamera &mdash; Lytro, uvedena na trh v roce 2012. Se podobn\u00fdmi technologiemi nyn\u00ed aktivn\u011b experimentuje VR pr\u016fmysl.<\/p>\n<p>Plenoptick\u00e1 kamera se od b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 li\u0161\u00ed pouze jednou modifikac\u00ed &mdash; matice v n\u00ed je pokryta s\u00edt\u00ed \u010do\u010dek, z nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00e1 pokr\u00fdv\u00e1 n\u011bkolik skute\u010dn\u00fdch pixel\u016f. Tak n\u011bjak to vypad\u00e1:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nov\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek: V\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/209d4729485d9f36976c47d7b93ee6f7.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Pokud spr\u00e1vn\u011b spo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1te vzd\u00e1lenost od s\u00edt\u011b k matrici a velikost clony, v kone\u010dn\u00e9m obraze vzniknou jasn\u00e9 shluky pixel\u016f &mdash; takov\u00e9 mini verze p\u016fvodn\u00edho obrazu.<\/p>\n<p>Ukazuje se, \u017ee pokud vezmete z ka\u017ed\u00e9ho shluku nap\u0159\u00edklad jeden centr\u00e1ln\u00ed pixel a spoj\u00edte obr\u00e1zek pouze podle nich &mdash; nebude se od b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho sn\u00edmku li\u0161it. Ano, m\u00edrn\u011b jsme ztratili na rozli\u0161en\u00ed, ale sta\u010d\u00ed po\u017e\u00e1dat Sony, aby do nov\u00fdch matric p\u0159idali je\u0161t\u011b p\u00e1r megapixel\u016f.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nov\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek: V\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/290518da93056e53314ed8219709f9a2.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>A teprve te\u010f z\u00e1bava za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1. Pokud vezmete jin\u00fd pixel z ka\u017ed\u00e9ho shluku a znovu spoj\u00edte obr\u00e1zek &mdash; dostanete op\u011bt norm\u00e1ln\u00ed fotografii, ale jako by byla po\u0159\u00edzena s posunem o jeden pixel. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem, m\u00e1me-li shluky 10&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;10 pixel\u016f, z\u00edsk\u00e1me 100 sn\u00edmk\u016f objektu z &laquo;trochu&raquo; r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u00fahl\u016f.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nov\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek: V\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/70bbfa990d697dfb5b2c119853a8810e.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u010c\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed je velikost shluku &mdash; t\u00edm v\u00edce sn\u00edmk\u016f, ale men\u0161\u00ed rozli\u0161en\u00ed. Ve sv\u011bt\u011b chytr\u00fdch telefon\u016f s 41megapixelov\u00fdmi matricemi si sice m\u016f\u017eeme trochu dovolit nev\u0161\u00edmat si rozli\u0161en\u00ed, ale v\u0161echno m\u00e1 sv\u00e9 meze. Je pot\u0159eba udr\u017eovat rovnov\u00e1hu.<\/p>\n<p>Dob\u0159e, sestavili jsme plenoptickou kameru, a co n\u00e1m to vlastn\u011b d\u00e1v\u00e1?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Opraven\u00e9 zaost\u0159en\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Funkce, o kter\u00e9 v\u0161ichni novin\u00e1\u0159i psali v \u010dl\u00e1nc\u00edch o Lytro, \u2014 mo\u017enost skute\u010dn\u00e9 \u00fapravy zaost\u0159en\u00ed v postprodukci. Pod skute\u010dnou m\u00e1me na mysli, \u017ee nepou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 algoritmy deblurring, ale pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me v\u00fdhradn\u011b pixely, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1me k dispozici, vyb\u00edr\u00e1me nebo pr\u016fm\u011brujeme je z cluster\u016f v po\u017eadovan\u00e9m po\u0159ad\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>RAW fotografie z plenoptick\u00e9 kamery vypad\u00e1 divn\u011b. Abychom z n\u00ed z\u00edskali b\u011b\u017en\u00fd ostr\u00fd jpeg, mus\u00edme ji nejprve sestavit. K tomu je pot\u0159eba vybrat ka\u017ed\u00fd pixel jpeg z jednoho z cluster\u016f RAW. V z\u00e1vislosti na tom, jak je vybereme, se zm\u011bn\u00ed v\u00fdsledek.<\/p>\n<p>Nap\u0159\u00edklad \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l se kluster nach\u00e1z\u00ed od m\u00edsta dopadu p\u016fvodn\u00edho paprsku, t\u00edm v\u00edce je tento paprsek rozost\u0159en\u00fd. Proto\u017ee optika. Abychom z\u00edskali posunut\u00fd obraz, mus\u00edme jen vybrat pixely na pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti od origin\u00e1lu \u2014 bu\u010f bl\u00ed\u017e, nebo d\u00e1l.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nov\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek: V\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/2c091775113b80bc0333624190529ffe.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Se zaost\u0159en\u00edm na sebe to bylo slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u2014 \u010dist\u011b fyzicky bylo takov\u00fdch pixel\u016f v klusterech m\u00e9n\u011b. Zpo\u010d\u00e1tku v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159i dokonce necht\u011bli u\u017eivateli umo\u017enit zaost\u0159ovat ru\u010dn\u011b \u2014 kamera to \u0159e\u0161ila programov\u011b. U\u017eivatel\u016fm se takov\u00e1 budoucnost nel\u00edbila, proto byla funkce p\u0159id\u00e1na v pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch verz\u00edch pod n\u00e1zvem \u201ekreaitivn\u00ed re\u017eim\u201c, ale refokus v n\u011bm byl siln\u011b omezen pr\u00e1v\u011b z tohoto d\u016fvodu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Mapa hloubky a 3D z jedn\u00e9 kamery&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Jedna z nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00edch operac\u00ed v plenoptice \u2014 z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed mapy hloubky. K tomu sta\u010d\u00ed jednodu\u0161e sestavit dva r\u016fzn\u00e9 sn\u00edmky a vypo\u010d\u00edtat, jak moc jsou objekty na nich posunut\u00e9. V\u00edce posunut\u00ed \u2014 d\u00e1l od kamery.<\/p>\n<p>Ned\u00e1vno Google koupil a zabil Lytro, ale pou\u017eil jejich technologie pro sv\u00e9 VR a... pro kameru v Pixelu. Od Pixelu 2 se kamera poprv\u00e9 stala \u201etrochu\u201c plenoptickou, i kdy\u017e s clustery pouze se dv\u011bma pixely. To dalo Googlu mo\u017enost neinstalovat druhou kameru, jako ostatn\u00ed, a vypo\u010d\u00edtat mapu hloubky v\u00fdhradn\u011b z jedn\u00e9 fotografie.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nov\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek: V\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/11212c1d7ad0ad9bca448c01b81e49fc.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nov\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek: V\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/4112733d57496d546c66100c541dee22.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Hloubkov\u00e1 mapa se vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed ze dvou sn\u00edmk\u016f posunut\u00fdch o jeden subpixel. To je zcela dosta\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed k v\u00fdpo\u010dtu bin\u00e1rn\u00ed hloubkov\u00e9 mapy a odd\u011blen\u00ed pop\u0159ed\u00ed od pozad\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se pak rozma\u017ee v sou\u010dasn\u00e9m trendu bokeh efektu. V\u00fdsledek tohoto vrstven\u00ed je je\u0161t\u011b vyhlazen a \"vylep\u0161en\" neuronov\u00fdmi s\u00edt\u011bmi, kter\u00e9 byly tr\u00e9nov\u00e1ny ke zlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed hloubkov\u00fdch map (ne k rozmaz\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, jak si mnoz\u00ed mysl\u00ed).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nov\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek: V\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/f94ae3d368c97cf0e5c63c288dfaab23.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Funkce je je\u0161t\u011b v tom, \u017ee plenoptika v chytr\u00fdch telefonech n\u00e1m p\u0159i\u0161la t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 zdarma. U\u017e jsme na tyto drobn\u00e9 matice umis\u0165ovali \u010do\u010dky, abychom n\u011bjak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem zv\u00fd\u0161ili sv\u011bteln\u00fd tok. V budouc\u00edch Pixelech pl\u00e1nuje Google j\u00edt d\u00e1le a zakr\u00fdt \u010do\u010dkou \u010dty\u0159i fotodetektory.<\/p>\n<p>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/3dnews.ru\/989337\">3dnews.ru<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043a.\u0440\u0443&nbsp;\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u043d\u0430 3DNews \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430. \u041c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438, \u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043e\u043a &mdash; \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0437 \u0437\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0445\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043b \u0431\u044b \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a\u043e, \u043d\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0447\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0438\u0437\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c.&nbsp;&nbsp; \u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0444\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":26610,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-35473","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com 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