{"id":35481,"date":"2019-10-31T22:04:33","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:04:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/kognitivnye-iskazheniya-v-osvoenii-vremen-anglijskogo-yazyka-ili-kto-nam-meshaet-tot-nam-i-pomozhet\/"},"modified":"2021-02-16T09:44:39","modified_gmt":"2021-02-16T07:44:39","slug":"kognitivnye-iskazheniya-v-osvoenii-vremen-anglijskogo-yazyka-ili-kto-nam-meshaet-tot-nam-i-pomozhet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/kognitivnye-iskazheniya-v-osvoenii-vremen-anglijskogo-yazyka-ili-kto-nam-meshaet-tot-nam-i-pomozhet","title":{"rendered":"Kognitivn\u00ed zkreslen\u00ed p\u0159i osvojen\u00ed \u201e\u010das\u016f\u201c anglick\u00e9ho jazyka, nebo kdo n\u00e1m br\u00e1n\u00ed, ten n\u00e1m pom\u016f\u017ee","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Kognitivn\u00ed<\/p>\n

*Fenom\u00e9n Baadera-Meinhofa<\/a><\/noindex>, nebo Illuze frekventnosti \u2014 kognitivn\u00ed zkreslen\u00ed, p\u0159i n\u011bm\u017e se ned\u00e1vno z\u00edskan\u00e9 informace, je\u017e se znovu objevuj\u00ed po kr\u00e1tk\u00e9m \u010dasov\u00e9m \u00faseku, vn\u00edmaj\u00ed jako mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b \u010dasto se opakuj\u00edc\u00ed.<\/i><\/p>\n

Kolem jsou \"chyby\"\u2026<\/h3>\n

\"Soft\" ka\u017ed\u00e9ho z n\u00e1s je pln\u00fd \"bch\u016f\" \u2014 <\/a><\/noindex>kognitivn\u00edch zkreslen\u00ed.<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

\"Kognitivn\u00ed<\/p>\n

Vynik\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka: jak m\u016f\u017ee \u010dlov\u011bk vn\u00edmat realitu bez nich? M\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt lidsk\u00e9 v\u011bdom\u00ed v\u016fbec osvobozeno od systematick\u00fdch odchylek ve vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed? Jak by se zm\u011bnila lidsk\u00e1 spole\u010dnost a sv\u011bt, kdyby byl ka\u017ed\u00fd z nich osvobozen?<\/p>\n

Dokud na tyto ot\u00e1zky neexistuj\u00ed odpov\u011bdi a dokud se nikdo z n\u00e1s neosvobod\u00ed od t\u00e9to \"Achillovy paty\" lidsk\u00e9ho vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed, \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b ji vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed market\u00e9\u0159i, reklamn\u00ed odborn\u00edci a dal\u0161\u00ed praktikuj\u00edc\u00ed behavior\u00e1ln\u00ed ekonomie.<\/a><\/noindex>. Poda\u0159ilo se jim vytvo\u0159it manipula\u010dn\u00ed techniky, kter\u00e9 \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed na\u0161e kognitivn\u00ed zkreslen\u00ed k dosa\u017een\u00ed komer\u010dn\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f korporac\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Autorka na\u0161la praktick\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed kognitivn\u00edch zkreslen\u00ed v jin\u00e9 oblasti \u2014 p\u0159i v\u00fduce ciz\u00edch jazyk\u016f.<\/p>\n

Psychologick\u00e1 inerce mate\u0159sk\u00e9ho jazyka ve v\u00fduce ciz\u00edho<\/h3>\n

Jako odborn\u00edk zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se lidsk\u00fdm v\u011bdom\u00edm, autorka velmi dob\u0159e v\u00ed, jak mu\u010div\u00fd a m\u00e1lo \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd je boj s psychologickou inerci\u00ed mate\u0159sk\u00e9ho jazyka p\u0159i studiu angli\u010dtiny.<\/p>\n

Kognitivn\u00ed v\u011bda zjistila, \u017ee i kdy\u017e je \u010dlov\u011bk pln\u011b informov\u00e1n o sv\u00fdch kognitivn\u00edch zkreslen\u00edch, tato znalost mu rozhodn\u011b ned\u00e1v\u00e1 imunitu proti jejich vzniku. C\u00edlem p\u0159i u\u010den\u00ed jazyka je praktick\u00e9 osvojen\u00ed jazyka jako n\u00e1stroje, nikoli boj s nevyhnuteln\u00fdmi kognitivn\u00edmi zkreslen\u00edmi, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed dosa\u017een\u00ed tohoto c\u00edle. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 je st\u0159et\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed s kognitivn\u00edmi zkreslen\u00edmi p\u0159i osvojen\u00ed ciz\u00edho jazyka nevyhnuteln\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Bohu\u017eel sou\u010dasn\u00e9 popul\u00e1rn\u00ed technologie a metody u\u010den\u00ed ciz\u00edm jazyk\u016fm na systematick\u00e9 \u00farovni nezohled\u0148uj\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00fd odpor psychiky v\u016f\u010di integraci nezn\u00e1m\u00fdch jazykov\u00fdch konstrukc\u00ed a vlastn\u011b p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e dlouhodob\u00e9 projekty, kter\u00e9 se sna\u017e\u00ed prorazit zav\u0159en\u00e9 dve\u0159e, ne\u017e p\u0159\u00edjemn\u00fd proces osvojov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch dovednost\u00ed, spojen\u00fd s pot\u011b\u0161en\u00edm z pocitu r\u016fstu odbornosti a v\u00fdnosnosti intelektu\u00e1ln\u00edch, \u010dasov\u00fdch a finan\u010dn\u00edch investic.<\/p>\n

V pr\u016fb\u011bhu pedagogick\u00e9 praxe autorka pochopila jednu pravdu: bojovat s deformacemi vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159i v\u00fduce jazyka je stejn\u011b neproduktivn\u00ed jako bojovat se sv\u00fdmi vlastn\u00edmi St\u00edny podle Jungova u\u010den\u00ed, kter\u00e9 lze p\u0159ekonat pouze v\u00fdskytem, uv\u011bdom\u011bn\u00edm a p\u0159ijet\u00edm v sob\u011b. Kdy\u017e dojde k integraci vyt\u011bsn\u011bn\u00e9ho St\u00ednu zp\u011bt do osobnosti, tento St\u00edn se st\u00e1v\u00e1 mocn\u00fdm zdrojem.<\/p>\n

\r\n \"P\u0159ehr\u00e1t\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center><\/p>\n

Z t\u00e9to \u00favahy se zrodil n\u00e1pad \u201eosldit\u201c inercie kognitivn\u00edch deformac\u00ed, kontrolovan\u011b podpo\u0159it v\u011bdom\u00ed tak, aby deformace pom\u00e1haly, a nezabra\u0148ovaly rychl\u00e9mu osvojen\u00ed materi\u00e1lu.<\/p>\n

Na sv\u011btlo sv\u011bta p\u0159i\u0161la Metoda 12 (odkaz v profilu) \u2014 heuristick\u00fd zp\u016fsob \"pro\u017eilov\u00e1n\u00ed\" syst\u00e9mu \"\u010das\u016f\" anglick\u00e9 gramatiky. Proces, ve kter\u00e9m n\u011bkter\u00e9 na\u0161e kognitivn\u00ed deformace, obvykle p\u0159edstavuj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky, hraj\u00ed roli na\u0161ich spojenc\u016f, co\u017e paradoxn\u011b zaji\u0161\u0165uje uv\u011bdom\u011bn\u00ed a pohodlnost v\u00fdukov\u00e9ho procesu, v\u00fdraznou \u00fasporu \u010dasu a financ\u00ed \u2014 zkr\u00e1tka docela jednoduch\u00e1, algoritmizovan\u00e1 a z\u00e1bavn\u00e1 cesta k c\u00edli.<\/p>\n

\"Kdo n\u00e1m br\u00e1n\u00ed, ten n\u00e1m pom\u016f\u017ee!\"<\/h3>\n

V syst\u00e9mu osvojen\u00ed dvan\u00e1cti anglick\u00fdch \u010dasov\u00fdch tvar\u016f je v Metod\u011b 12 zakotven princip aikida: \"Kdo n\u00e1m br\u00e1n\u00ed, ten n\u00e1m i pom\u016f\u017ee!\"<\/p>\n

\r\n \"P\u0159ehr\u00e1t\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center><\/p>\n

Opravdu, pro\u010d investovat do vy\u010derp\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edho boje s kognitivn\u00edmi deformacemi, kdy\u017e je m\u016f\u017eeme vyu\u017e\u00edt jako mocn\u00e9 spojence, na jejich\u017e bedrech je mnohem snaz\u0161\u00ed triumf\u00e1ln\u011b dorazit k nov\u00e9 dovednosti?<\/p>\n

Co to vlastn\u011b je kognitivn\u00ed deformace<\/a><\/noindex>, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1m pom\u00e1haj\u00ed osvojit si materi\u00e1l v r\u00e1mci Metody 12 a s nimi\u017e tak iracion\u00e1ln\u011b interaguj\u00ed tradi\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupy k u\u010den\u00ed?<\/p>\n

Za\u010dn\u011bme t\u00edm, \u017ee p\u0159i jak\u00e9mkoli tradi\u010dn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edstupu k osvojov\u00e1n\u00ed jazyka doch\u00e1z\u00ed k jeho studov\u00e1n\u00ed zven\u010d\u00ed<\/i> jako ji\u017e existuj\u00edc\u00ed fenom\u00e9n. Perspektiva dal\u0161\u00ed integrace tohoto ciz\u00edho syst\u00e9mu do arzen\u00e1lu vlastn\u00edho v\u011bdom\u00ed se objevuje pro studenta stejn\u011b vratk\u00e1, jako by bylo skokem dob\u00fdt hradebn\u00ed ze\u010f. Jsem tu j\u00e1, a je tu ob\u0159\u00ed Angli\u010dan, a toho slona mus\u00edm sn\u00edst a str\u00e1vit, dlouho, dlouho od\u0159ez\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed od n\u011bj mal\u00e9 kousky.<\/p>\n

Na str\u00e1\u017ei okam\u017eiku, kdy se tento sn\u011bden\u00fd slon stane integrovanou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed va\u0161eho v\u011bdom\u00ed, stoj\u00ed kognitivn\u00ed zkreslen\u00ed ozna\u010dovan\u00e9 jako \u201cIKEA efekt<\/a><\/noindex>\u201d (s n\u00edm spojen\u00e9 \u201cSyndrom \u201enevymyslel jsem to j\u00e1<\/a><\/noindex>\u201d). Metoda 12 zohled\u0148uje tento fenom\u00e9n psychologie, stejn\u011b jako podobn\u00e9 \u201cefect generace, nebo projevu<\/a><\/noindex>\u201d (kter\u00fd je objektivn\u00edm vlastnost\u00ed psychiky, nikoli kognitivn\u00edm zkreslen\u00edm), buduje na jejich inerc\u00edch eduka\u010dn\u00ed prostor.<\/p>\n

Pod\u00edvejme se, jak s ka\u017ed\u00fdm z nich interaguje Metoda 12<\/b><\/p>\n

Pod\u00edvejme se, jak s ka\u017ed\u00fdm z nich interaguje Metoda 12 a jak \u2014 tradi\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupy:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
IKEA efekt, popis<\/th>\nMetoda 12<\/th>\nTradi\u010dn\u00ed vyu\u010dovac\u00ed metody<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Lid\u00e9 maj\u00ed tendenci v\u00edce si cenit toho, na \u010dem se sami pod\u00edleli. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee do projektu bylo vlo\u017eeno mnoho \u00fasil\u00ed, lid\u00e9 \u010dasto maj\u00ed tendenci pokra\u010dovat v investic\u00edch do zjevn\u011b ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fdch projekt\u016f.<\/td>\nV r\u00e1mci Metody 12 si \u010dlov\u011bk s\u00e1m konstruuje syst\u00e9m anglick\u00fdch \u010das\u016f, odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc na ot\u00e1zky u\u010ditele, kter\u00e9 jsou navrhov\u00e1ny v ur\u010dit\u00e9m po\u0159ad\u00ed. Studenti vid\u00ed, kolik krok\u016f zb\u00fdv\u00e1 do dokon\u010den\u00ed konstrukce, porovn\u00e1vaj\u00ed rentabilitu sv\u00fdch investic. Kdy\u017e je konstrukce dokon\u010dena, p\u0159estanou investovat do jej\u00edho v\u00fdvoje a uv\u011bdomuj\u00ed si, \u017ee za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 f\u00e1ze zdokonalov\u00e1n\u00ed ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed konstrukce.<\/td>\nStudent s\u00e1m nic nevytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed, pouze se pokou\u0161\u00ed naslepo p\u0159evz\u00edt n\u011bjakou abstraktn\u00ed vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hmotu. Obvykle se lid\u00e9 sna\u017e\u00ed porozum\u011bt syst\u00e9mu \u010das\u016f l\u00e9ta, a z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed nespokojeni se sv\u00fdm porozum\u011bn\u00edm a ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm t\u00e9to hmoty. Studenti bu\u010f na \u010das ustupuj\u00ed, pozd\u011bji, pod tlakem objektivn\u00ed nutnosti, se vracej\u00ed k pokus\u016fm ovl\u00e1dnout materi\u00e1l; nebo ne\u00fanavn\u011b pokra\u010duj\u00ed v investic\u00edch do n\u011b\u010deho, co se jim neda\u0159\u00ed bez uv\u011bdom\u011bn\u00ed si.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n
efekt generace, nebo projevu, popis<\/th>\nMetoda 12<\/th>\nTradi\u010dn\u00ed vyu\u010dovac\u00ed metody<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Nejlep\u0161\u00ed osvojen\u00ed si materi\u00e1lu prob\u00edh\u00e1, kdy\u017e si \u010dlov\u011bk s\u00e1m generuje nebo dopl\u0148uje obsah, ne\u017e kdy\u017e pouze \u010dte. To se projevuje d\u00edky hlub\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1ci s dopl\u0148ovan\u00fdmi informacemi, kter\u00e9 nesou v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznamovou z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 to vytvo\u0159en\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00edho po\u010dtu asociativn\u00edch vazeb, co\u017e zvy\u0161uje po\u010det \"p\u0159\u00edstupov\u00fdch cest\" k vygenerovan\u00fdm informac\u00edm, na rozd\u00edl od pouh\u00e9ho \"\u010dten\u00ed\".<\/td>\nV r\u00e1mci Metody 12 odpov\u00edd\u00e1 osoba na po sob\u011b jdouc\u00ed kognitivn\u00ed ot\u00e1zky, \u010d\u00edm\u017e si sama generuje syst\u00e9m, \u010derpaj\u00edc\u00ed z ji\u017e zn\u00e1m\u00fdch a srozumiteln\u00fdch prvk\u016f mate\u0159sk\u00e9ho jazyka a p\u0159ehazuje je do jin\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu studovan\u00e9ho jazyka. Nov\u00fd syst\u00e9m se tedy st\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00fdtvorem studenta, nikoli extern\u00edm objektem k studiu. Identita projevovan\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu anglick\u00fdch \u201e\u010das\u016f\u201c je odpov\u011bdnost\u00ed u\u010ditele a v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159e, nikoli studenta.<\/td>\nOzna\u010dovan\u00fd subjekt nic s\u00e1m nevytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed, pouze se pokou\u0161\u00ed slep\u011b studovat n\u011bjakou abstraktn\u00ed, nezn\u00e1mou extern\u00ed l\u00e1tku, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e se \u0159\u00edd\u00ed pom\u011brn\u011b neuspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00fdmi pravidly a cvi\u010den\u00edmi, kter\u00e9 vypracovali t\u0159et\u00ed lid\u00e9.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tyto dva fenom\u00e9ny, z nich\u017e jeden je kognitivn\u00edm zkreslen\u00edm, jsou pil\u00ed\u0159i, na nich\u017e jsou postaveny dva ze \u010dty\u0159 (symetrick\u00e9 prvn\u00ed a t\u0159et\u00ed) f\u00e1ze Metody 12, kde se odhaluje konstrukce syst\u00e9mu anglick\u00fdch \u010dasoprostorov\u00fdch tvar\u016f.<\/p>\n

Triumf sovy a globu<\/h3>\n

D\u00e1le Metoda 12 \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b p\u0159ekon\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u011b\u010dn\u00fd probl\u00e9m student\u016f \u201enasazov\u00e1n\u00ed rusk\u00e9 sovy na anglick\u00fd globus\u201c, o n\u011bm\u017e ji\u017e autor psal <\/a><\/noindex>d\u0159\u00edve.<\/p>\n

Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee toto kognitivn\u00ed zkreslen\u00ed je odvozeno z zkreslen\u00ed \u201ePotvrzuj\u00edc\u00ed zaujatost<\/a><\/noindex>\u201d, \u201cSemmelweis\u016fv efekt<\/a><\/noindex>\u201c a \u201eIluze clusterizace<\/a><\/noindex>\u201d. Spojuje je tendence na\u0161\u00ed psychiky hledat nebo interpretovat nov\u00e9 informace tak, aby zapadly do ji\u017e existuj\u00edc\u00ed paradigmatu v na\u0161em v\u011bdom\u00ed. P\u0159i studiu angli\u010dtiny jde o fenom\u00e9n vytrval\u00e9ho hled\u00e1n\u00ed rusk\u00e9 kognitivn\u00ed logiky v ciz\u00edm jazyce, jej\u00ed\u017e tam v po\u017eadovan\u00e9 podob\u011b, jak je samoz\u0159ejm\u00e9, t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nen\u00ed.<\/p>\n

M\u00edsto toho, abychom se h\u00e1dali s mocnou silou, kter\u00e1, mimo na\u0161i v\u016fli, za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 \"nat\u00e1hnout\" nov\u00fd materi\u00e1l, nach\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed se mimo paradigmatu rodn\u00e9ho rusk\u00e9ho jazyka, na toto sam\u00e9 paradigma, m\u00edsto toho, abychom do tohoto \u017eiveln\u011b prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edho procesu vtloukali h\u0159eb\u00edky pravidel a \u0161vihali bi\u010dem odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed a opravov\u00e1n\u00ed nekone\u010dn\u00fdch chyb v \u0159e\u010di a cvi\u010den\u00edch, my, jako moudr\u00fd psychiatr, laskav\u011b souhlas\u00edme s neposlu\u0161n\u00fdm v\u011bdom\u00edm. \"Ano, drah\u00e1. Chce\u0161 to tak? Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, moje mil\u00e9, a\u0165 to je, jak chce\u0161.\" A vyty\u010dujeme pro \u017eiveln\u00fd proces pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 koryto.<\/p>\n

Uklidn\u011bn\u00e9 v\u011bdom\u00ed p\u0159est\u00e1v\u00e1 stresovat a panika\u0159it z toho, \u017ee se mu neda\u0159\u00ed \"vt\u011bsnat nevst\u011bsnateln\u00e9\". A my zat\u00edm jemn\u011b nab\u00edz\u00edme jeho v\u011bdom\u00ed zobrazen\u00ed syst\u00e9mu \u010dasov\u00fdch forem, zak\u00f3dovan\u00e9 do syst\u00e9mu jemu obvykl\u00fdch, \"m\u00edrov\u00fdch\" realit a symbol\u016f \u2013 \"fakta\", \"procesy\", \"deadliny\", \"uskute\u010dn\u011bn\u00e1 fakta\" atd. Tato pomocn\u00e1 symbolick\u00e1 konstrukce je sestavena tak, aby byla identick\u00e1 se syst\u00e9mem dvan\u00e1cti anglick\u00fdch \u010das\u016f v aktivn\u00edm rod\u011b. B\u011bhem n\u011bkolika hodin tr\u00e9ninku si v\u011bdom\u00ed hladce klade pomocnou 3D konstrukci na syst\u00e9m anglick\u00fdch \u010das\u016f a p\u0159irozen\u011b integruje do sebe d\u0159\u00edve nen\u00e1vid\u011bn\u00e9 a nepochopen\u00e9 \u010dasy Present Perfect Simple a Future Perfect Progressive. Lze prov\u00e9st analogii se situac\u00ed, kdy je t\u0159eba do krve nemocn\u00e9ho zv\u00ed\u0159ete dodat l\u00e9k. Zv\u00ed\u0159e by tabletu v \u010dist\u00e9 form\u011b odm\u00edtlo sn\u00edst a m\u00edsto toho, abychom ztr\u00e1celi \u010das jeho odporov\u00e1n\u00edm a agres\u00ed, majitel jednodu\u0161e zam\u00edch\u00e1 pilulku do pochutiny. Voil\u00e0.<\/p>\n

V d\u016fsledku toho jsme dali v\u011bdom\u00ed \"volnost\", ale tento proces jsme trochu upravili: \"sova\" se stala anglickou a \"gl\u00f3bus\" rusk\u00fdm. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee v\u011bdom\u00ed pod pe\u010dliv\u00fdm veden\u00edm u\u010ditele p\u0159estalo hledat v angli\u010dtin\u011b ruskou kognitivn\u00ed logiku a naopak nalezlo v ru\u0161tin\u011b prvky kognitivn\u00ed logiky angli\u010dtiny a uspo\u0159\u00e1dalo tyto prvky obecn\u00fdch komunika\u010dn\u00edch kategori\u00ed do modelu syst\u00e9mu, kter\u00fd odpov\u00edd\u00e1 syst\u00e9mu \u010dasov\u011b-vedouc\u00edch tvar\u016f anglick\u00e9ho jazyka. Bezbolestn\u011b a pohodln\u011b jsme p\u0159ekonali odpor v\u011bdom\u00ed, vyhnuli se bezv\u00fdsledn\u00e9mu boji s n\u00edm a vyu\u017eili mechanismy v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdch kognitivn\u00edch zkreslen\u00ed pro kvalitn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a hlub\u0161\u00ed interiorizaci dovednosti.<\/p>\n

Nav\u00edc p\u0159i v\u00fdvoji intern\u00ed terminologie Metody 12 vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me p\u0159irozenou inerc\u00ed Efektu sezn\u00e1men\u00ed s objektem<\/a><\/noindex> a Heuristiky dostupnosti<\/a><\/noindex>, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e n\u011bkter\u00e9 z nejslo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch kognitivn\u00edch konstrukc\u00ed pro rusk\u00e9 vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed k\u00f3dujeme prost\u00fdmi fr\u00e1zemi, jako jsou: \"kdo d\u0159\u00edv p\u0159ijde, ten d\u0159\u00edv mele\", \"\u0161la jsem, \u0161la jsem, \u0161la jsem, na\u0161la jsem kol\u00e1\u010d, sedla jsem si, sn\u011bdla jsem, a \u0161la jsem d\u00e1l\", \"n\u016f\u017eky\", \"\u0161pendl\u00edky\", \"kousky\". Nyn\u00ed, kdy\u017e m\u00e1me v na\u0161em arzen\u00e1lu takov\u00e9 v\u00fdsti\u017en\u00e9 memy, jsme laskav\u011b uvolnili v\u011bdom\u00ed: nyn\u00ed k zakomponov\u00e1n\u00ed hrozn\u00e9ho Past Perfect do na\u0161eho rusk\u00e9ho paradigmatu nepot\u0159ebujeme devastuj\u00edc\u00ed definice typu \"\u010dinnost dokon\u010den\u00e1 p\u0159ed n\u011bjak\u00fdm specifikovan\u00fdm nebo implicitn\u00edm \u010dasov\u00fdm bodem, vytvo\u0159en\u00e1 v angli\u010dtin\u011b pomoc\u00ed had a minul\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00ed\u010dest\u00ed\". Sta\u010d\u00ed n\u00e1m tajemn\u011b nazna\u010dit: \"\u010d\u00ed jsou ty pantofle?\"<\/p>\n

Zn\u00ed to mo\u017en\u00e1 nev\u011bdecky, souhlas\u00edm. Ale je to bez kognitivn\u00edch zkreslen\u00ed a sn\u00ed\u017eeno do logick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, jednoduch\u00e9ho a spolehliv\u00e9ho jako Kala\u0161nikov. Vytr\u017eena z kontextu strukturovan\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, tato \"praktick\u00e1 terminologie\" ztr\u00e1c\u00ed jak\u00fdkoliv smysl.<\/p>\n

Je t\u0159eba zm\u00ednit, \u017ee kurz je strukturov\u00e1n cyklicky, v nejlep\u0161\u00edch tradic\u00edch Efektu \u00farov\u0148ov\u00e9ho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/a><\/noindex> a Intervalov\u00e9ho opakov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/a><\/noindex>. Materi\u00e1l prvn\u00edho stupn\u011b se zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1 na nov\u00e9, hlub\u0161\u00ed \u00farovni na t\u0159et\u00edm, zat\u00edmco druh\u00fd stupe\u0148 je zrcadlov\u011b \"obohacen\u00e9mu\" \u010dtvrt\u00e9mu. A d\u00e1l \u2014 the sky is the limit\u2026 Do hlavy studenta je implantov\u00e1n pevn\u00fd \"skelet\" gramatiky anglick\u00e9ho jazyka. D\u00e1le na n\u011bj lze p\u0159id\u00e1vat objemn\u00e9 \"svaly\" a le\u0161tit dal\u0161\u00ed jazykovou kr\u00e1su tolik, kolik si student p\u0159eje a pot\u0159ebuje.<\/p>\n

Zlov\u011bstn\u00fd h\u0159\u00edch u\u010ditele<\/h3>\n

Hodn\u011b jsme p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161leli o studentech. A co u\u010ditel? Ten je tak\u00e9 \u010dlov\u011bk se sv\u00fdmi zkreslen\u00edmi. Co p\u0159ekon\u00e1v\u00e1 u\u010ditel v sob\u011b, kdy\u017e u\u010d\u00ed podle Metody 12? Zkreslen\u00ed vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed se zlov\u011bstn\u00fdm n\u00e1zvem \u201cProklet\u00ed znalosti<\/a><\/noindex>\u201d: \u201ejedno z kognitivn\u00edch zkreslen\u00ed v my\u0161len\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka, spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed v tom, \u017ee pro v\u00edce informovan\u00e9 lidi je nesm\u00edrn\u011b obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 posuzovat jak\u00fdkoli probl\u00e9m z pohledu m\u00e9n\u011b informovan\u00fdch lid\u00ed.\u201c P\u0159i pr\u00e1ci s tak pr\u016fhlednou technologi\u00ed nem\u00e1 u\u010ditel \u0161anci nev\u011bdom\u011b zamotat studentovi hlavu. Je velmi pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee p\u0159i v\u00fduce podle Metody 12, jako v tom vtipu, \u201ckdy\u017e vysv\u011btloval \u2014 s\u00e1m pochopil\u201d, u\u010ditel, kdy\u017e vysv\u011btluje materi\u00e1l, ob\u010das m\u016f\u017ee vid\u011bt v n\u011bm to, co d\u0159\u00edve nevid\u011bl.<\/p>\n

Cht\u011bl bych v\u011bd\u011bt, s jak\u00fdmi pot\u00ed\u017eemi vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed se pot\u00fdkali ti, kte\u0159\u00ed do\u010detli tento text, p\u0159i studiu jazyk\u016f. A velk\u00e1 prosba k t\u011bm, kte\u0159\u00ed nemaj\u00ed kognitivn\u00ed zkreslen\u00ed \u2014 kameny m\u00ednusu do Metody pros\u00edm neh\u00e1zujte. Autor se sna\u017eil.<\/p>\n

Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

*\u0424\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0411\u0430\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430-\u041c\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0445\u043e\u0444, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0418\u043b\u043b\u044e\u0437\u0438\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u2014 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044c \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f. \u041a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043c \u201c\u0431\u0430\u0433\u0438\u201d… \u201c\u0421\u043e\u0444\u0442\u201d \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0430\u043d \u201c\u0431\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438\u201d \u2014 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u0412\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441: \u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043e\u043d\u044b\u0445? \u041c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0442 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":26616,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-35481","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Kognitivn\u00ed zkreslen\u00ed p\u0159i osvojov\u00e1n\u00ed \u201e\u010das\u016f\u201c anglick\u00e9ho jazyka, nebo Kdo n\u00e1m br\u00e1n\u00ed, ten n\u00e1m pom\u016f\u017ee | ProHoster","description":".","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/kognitivnye-iskazheniya-v-osvoenii-vremen-anglijskogo-yazyka-ili-kto-nam-meshaet-tot-nam-i-pomozhet","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"cs_CZ","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u041a\u043e\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u201c\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u201d \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u041a\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 | ProHoster","og:description":".","og:url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/kognitivnye-iskazheniya-v-osvoenii-vremen-anglijskogo-yazyka-ili-kto-nam-meshaet-tot-nam-i-pomozhet","og:image":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:secure_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:width":350,"og:image:height":350,"article:published_time":"2019-10-31T19:04:33+00:00","article:modified_time":"2021-02-16T07:44:39+00:00","article:publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster","article:author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster"},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"35481","title":null,"description":"","keywords":"","keyphrases":null,"primary_term":null,"canonical_url":"","og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_video":null,"og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":null,"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"schema_type":null,"schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":null,"robots_max_videopreview":null,"robots_max_imagepreview":"large","priority":null,"frequency":null,"local_seo":null,"seo_analyzer_scan_date":"2026-01-21 23:27:19","breadcrumb_settings":null,"limit_modified_date":false,"reviewed_by":null,"ai":null,"created":"2021-03-01 02:01:27","updated":"2026-01-21 23:27:19","focus_keyword":null,"additional_keywords":null,"truseo_locale":null},"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"link","format":"url"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35481","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=35481"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35481\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/26616"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=35481"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=35481"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=35481"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}