{"id":35569,"date":"2019-10-31T22:05:06","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:05:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/shhenyachi-glazki-30-000-let-koevolyutsii-sobaki-i-cheloveka\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:05:06","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:05:06","slug":"shhenyachi-glazki-30-000-let-koevolyutsii-sobaki-i-cheloveka","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/shhenyachi-glazki-30-000-let-koevolyutsii-sobaki-i-cheloveka","title":{"rendered":"\u201ePs\u00ed o\u010di\u201c: 30 000 let koevoluce psa a \u010dlov\u011bka","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u201ePs\u00ed o\u010di\u201c: 30 000 let koevoluce psa a \u010dlov\u011bka\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/9b950bfeabcb4144a5f093a99a7365e4.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Pes je velmi neobvykl\u00e9 stvo\u0159en\u00ed. Nikdy se nevypt\u00e1v\u00e1, jak se pr\u00e1v\u011b c\u00edt\u00edte, nezaj\u00edm\u00e1 ho, zda jste bohat\u00fd nebo chud\u00fd, hloup\u00fd nebo chytr\u00fd, h\u0159\u00ed\u0161n\u00edk nebo svat\u00fd. Jste jej\u00edm p\u0159\u00edtelem. To j\u00ed sta\u010d\u00ed.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Tato slova pat\u0159\u00ed spisovateli Jerome K. Jeromeovi, jeho\u017e mnoz\u00ed z n\u00e1s znaj\u00ed z d\u00edla \u201eT\u0159i mu\u017ei ve \u010dlunu, nepo\u010d\u00edtaje psa\u201c a z filmov\u00e9 adaptace s Mironovem, \u0160irvindtsem a D\u011br\u017eavinem. <\/p>\n<p>Psi jsou st\u00e1l\u00fdmi spole\u010dn\u00edky \u010dlov\u011bka ji\u017e po mnoho tis\u00edc let. Jsou na\u0161imi p\u0159\u00e1teli, pomocn\u00edky a n\u011bkdy oporou, bez kter\u00e9 se t\u011b\u017eko \u017eije (co stoj\u00ed za psy vod\u00edc\u00edmi, ps\u00edmi z\u00e1chran\u00e1\u0159i atd.). Tak dlouh\u00e1 spole\u010dn\u00e1 existence ovlivnila nejen n\u00e1s a na\u0161e vztahy k ps\u016fm, ale i psy samotn\u00e9, a to nejen v behavior\u00e1ln\u00edm, ale tak\u00e9 v anatomick\u00e9m smyslu. Dnes se sezn\u00e1m\u00edme s v\u00fdzkumem fyziognomiky ps\u016f, ve kter\u00e9m v\u011bdci na\u0161li d\u016fkazy o tom, \u017ee na\u0161i men\u0161\u00ed brat\u0159i evolvovali tak, aby se p\u0159izp\u016fsobili n\u00e1m. Jak\u00e9 anatomick\u00e9 zm\u011bny byly objeveny, jak\u00fd maj\u00ed v\u00fdznam a \u010d\u00edm se emoce psa li\u0161\u00ed od emoc\u00ed vlka z pohledu fyziognomiky? Odpov\u011bdi n\u00e1s \u010dekaj\u00ed ve zpr\u00e1v\u011b v\u011bdc\u016f. Jdeme na to.<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h3>Z\u00e1klad v\u00fdzkumu<\/h3>\n<p>\nP\u0159ed mnoha tis\u00edci lety chodili po zemi lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed nebyli p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 intelektov\u011b obdarov\u00e1ni, dravci a nebyli ocho\u010deni. Vedle lid\u00ed \u017eilo nespo\u010det zv\u00ed\u0159at a rostlin. N\u011bkter\u00e9 z\u00e1stupce fl\u00f3ry a fauny pozd\u011bji domestikoval \u010dlov\u011bk pro sv\u00e9 pot\u0159eby, v d\u016fsledku \u010deho\u017e nyn\u00ed m\u00e1me dom\u00e1c\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159ata a pole p\u0161enice. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b p\u016fvod procesu domestikace zat\u00edm z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nejasn\u00fd, zejm\u00e9na pokud jde o vztah \u010dlov\u011bka a vlka (n\u00e1sledn\u011b psa). N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed se domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee lid\u00e9 za\u010dali ocho\u010dovat vlky, jin\u00ed, \u017ee vlci se za\u010dali sami p\u0159ibli\u017eovat k lidem kv\u016fli bl\u00edzk\u00e9mu sousedstv\u00ed. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u201ePs\u00ed o\u010di\u201c: 30 000 let koevoluce psa a \u010dlov\u011bka\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/e4f6f008bae0588cf925378d34565e39.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>N\u00e1lezn\u00e1 malba spole\u010dn\u00e9ho lovu \u010dlov\u011bka a psa (plat\u00f3 Tassilin-Addjir, Al\u017e\u00edrsko)<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Nem\u016f\u017eeme p\u0159esn\u011b \u0159\u00edci, jak vznikly vztahy mezi lidmi a psy, ale v\u00edme, jak\u00e9 v\u00fdhody m\u011bly ob\u011b strany z tohoto symbiotick\u00e9ho vztahu. Lid\u00e9 t\u00e9 doby, a\u010dkoli nemohli napsat disertaci o kvantov\u00e9 fyzice, dokonale ch\u00e1pali na z\u00e1klad\u011b vlastn\u00edch pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed, \u017ee vlci\/psi maj\u00ed \u0159adu v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed: dobr\u00fd sluch, ostr\u00fd \u010dich, schopnost rychle b\u011bhat a siln\u011b kousnout. Lid\u00e9 tedy nejprve pou\u017e\u00edvali domestikovan\u00e9 psy k lovu, ochran\u011b sv\u00fdch obydl\u00ed a pastvin domestikovan\u00e9ho dobytka. M\u016f\u017eeme tak\u00e9 vyzdvihnout n\u011bkolik dal\u0161\u00edch u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdch \u201edovednost\u00ed\u201c ps\u016f - jed\u00ed a jsou tepl\u00ed. Zn\u00ed to zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u011b, v\u00edm, ale psi v lidsk\u00fdch osad\u00e1ch hr\u00e1li roli sanit\u00e1\u0159\u016f (jako mravenci v les\u00edch), kte\u0159\u00ed dojedli zbytky lidsk\u00e9ho j\u00eddla. A v chladn\u00fdch noc\u00edch slou\u017eili lidem jako \u017eiv\u00e9 radi\u00e1tory.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u201ePs\u00ed o\u010di\u201c: 30 000 let koevoluce psa a \u010dlov\u011bka\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/e548fdad9ff931018a1fa68be05197c5.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>\u201eLov na divo\u010d\u00e1ka\u201c (rok 1640, autor obrazu \u2014 Frans Snijders)<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Krom\u011b praktick\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00ednosu ps\u016f byla tak\u00e9 soci\u00e1ln\u011b-kulturn\u00ed. V\u011bdci se domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee pr\u00e1v\u011b d\u00edky ps\u016fm se zm\u011bnily n\u011bkter\u00e9 aspekty chov\u00e1n\u00ed prav\u011bk\u00fdch lid\u00ed: vyzna\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed a skupinov\u00fd lov. <\/p>\n<p>M\u016f\u017eeme pova\u017eovat na\u0161e p\u0159edky za m\u00e9n\u011b inteligentn\u00ed, a tedy m\u00e9n\u011b kulturn\u00ed bytosti, ale to by bylo chybn\u00fdm tvrzen\u00edm, kter\u00e9 je vyvr\u00e1ceno tak\u00e9 z pohledu \u010dlov\u011bka na psa. Archeologov\u00e9 po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b nach\u00e1zej\u00ed hrobky lid\u00ed a jejich ps\u016f. Dom\u00e1c\u00ed mazl\u00ed\u010dci nebyli po smrti sv\u00fdch majitel\u016f zab\u00edjeni, nebojte se. Pes um\u00edral p\u0159irozenou smrt\u00ed a byl poh\u0159ben v hrob\u011b sv\u00e9ho p\u00e1na. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u201ePs\u00ed o\u010di\u201c: 30 000 let koevoluce psa a \u010dlov\u011bka\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/fa7ee0eef62ec173d0a9e64abc84505d.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>V\u00fdzkum poh\u0159ben\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka a jeho psa (v\u011bk od 5000 do 8000 let).<\/i><\/p>\n<p>To je pouze stru\u010dn\u00fd popis vztah\u016f na\u0161ich p\u0159edk\u016f a ps\u016f, ale ji\u017e je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee pes byl pro \u010dlov\u011bka v\u017edy n\u011b\u010d\u00edm v\u00edc ne\u017e jen zv\u00ed\u0159etem s tes\u00e1ky, tlapami a ocasem. Pes se stal stejn\u00fdm soci\u00e1ln\u00edm prvkem lidsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti jako jak\u00fdkoli jednotliv\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk.<\/p>\n<p>Co je jedn\u00edm z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch prvk\u016f socializace? Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, schopnost a dovednost komunikovat, tedy si navz\u00e1jem rozum\u011bt. N\u00e1m, lidem, to usnad\u0148uje, proto\u017ee um\u00edme mluvit. Psi v\u0161ak tuto mo\u017enost nemaj\u00ed, a proto vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v\u0161echno, co maj\u00ed k dispozici, abychom je mohli pochopit: m\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed ocasem, vr\u010den\u00ed nebo \u0161t\u011bk\u00e1n\u00ed a v\u00fdraz tv\u00e1\u0159e, respektive \u010denichu. A tady za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 to nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. \u010clov\u011bk m\u00e1 43 obli\u010dejov\u00fdch sval\u016f (oprava, pokud je toto \u010d\u00edslo nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9). D\u00edky t\u00e9to mno\u017estv\u00ed m\u016f\u017eeme vyjad\u0159ovat velmi \u0161irok\u00e9 spektrum emoc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 lze p\u0159irovnat ke gradientu barvy, v n\u011bm\u017e se vyskytuj\u00ed jak hlavn\u00ed t\u00f3ny, tak i odst\u00edny. M\u016f\u017eeme nic ne\u0159\u00edkat, neh\u00fdbat se, d\u00edvat se na jedno m\u00edsto, a jen lehce zvednut\u00e9 obo\u010d\u00ed u\u017e bude znamen\u00edm ur\u010dit\u00e9 emoce. A co emoce ps\u016f? Ty maj\u00ed tak\u00e9, to si nejprve poznamen\u00e1me. Jak je vyjad\u0159uj\u00ed? Sk\u00e1k\u00e1n\u00edm, m\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm ocasem, \u0161t\u011bk\u00e1n\u00edm, vr\u010den\u00edm, na\u0159\u00edk\u00e1n\u00edm a zved\u00e1n\u00edm obo\u010d\u00ed. Posledn\u00ed bod je \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b z\u00e1sluhou \u010dlov\u011bka. U prav\u011bk\u00fdch ps\u016f, stejn\u011b jako u modern\u00edch vlk\u016f, chyb\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 svaly, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed dom\u00e1c\u00edm ps\u016fm vyjad\u0159ovat v\u00fdraz tv\u00e1\u0159e zvan\u00fd \"\u0161t\u011bn\u011bc\u00ed o\u010di\".<\/p>\n<p>V tom spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 podstata dne\u0161n\u00edho zkouman\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu. A nyn\u00ed se pod\u00edvejme podrobn\u011bji na jeho detaily.<\/p>\n<h3>V\u00fdsledky v\u00fdzkumu<\/h3>\n<p>\nV prvn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b v\u011bdci poznamen\u00e1vaj\u00ed, \u017ee lid\u00e9 maj\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 podv\u011bdom\u00e9 preference, pokud jde o tv\u00e1\u0159e (slovo \"hn\u016fj\" se nechce pou\u017e\u00edvat) dom\u00e1c\u00edch zv\u00ed\u0159at, a to konkr\u00e9tn\u011b pediomorfismus \u2014 p\u0159\u00edtomnost d\u011btsk\u00fdch rys\u016f obli\u010deje u dosp\u011bl\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka nebo zv\u00ed\u0159ete. V na\u0161em p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b maj\u00ed tyto rysy i na\u0161i mazl\u00ed\u010dci \u2014 vysok\u00e9 \u010delo, velk\u00e9 o\u010di atd. To je podle n\u011bkter\u00fdch v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk\u016f spojeno s t\u00edm, \u017ee d\u00edt\u011b se \u010dlov\u011bku jev\u00ed jako ne\u0161kodn\u00e9 stvo\u0159en\u00ed, zat\u00edmco dom\u00e1c\u00ed mazl\u00ed\u010dek (a\u010dkoliv je dom\u00e1c\u00ed) z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 st\u00e1le zv\u00ed\u0159etem, jeho\u017e chov\u00e1n\u00ed nelze v\u017edy p\u0159edv\u00eddat. <\/p>\n<p>Tato teorie je velmi specifick\u00e1, ale nach\u00e1z\u00ed sv\u00e9 potvrzen\u00ed i v kinematografii, zejm\u00e9na v animaci.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u201ePs\u00ed o\u010di\u201c: 30 000 let koevoluce psa a \u010dlov\u011bka\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/704f2060ca04ee686367d6f975ffefca.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Jak vid\u00edte, Bezzubik m\u00e1 velmi velk\u00e9 o\u010di, a to nen\u00ed n\u00e1hoda. D\u00edky tomu ho podv\u011bdom\u011b vn\u00edm\u00e1me s pozitivn\u00edm emocion\u00e1ln\u00edm n\u00e1dechem, i kdy\u017e p\u0159ed n\u00e1mi stoj\u00ed drak. A drak nen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 lambsk\u00e9 blekot\u00e1n\u00ed (zept\u00e1te se obyvatel Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 z\u00e1toky).<\/i><\/p>\n<p>V ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, kdy\u017e byli \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci vyzv\u00e1ni, aby si vybrali z \u0159ady obr\u00e1zk\u016f zv\u00ed\u0159at ta, kter\u00e1 se jim nejv\u00edce l\u00edb\u00ed, v\u011bt\u0161ina volila pr\u00e1v\u011b ta zv\u00ed\u0159ata, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla pedomorfn\u00ed rysy.<\/p>\n<p>Odborn\u00edci tak\u00e9 tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee tyto rysy mohou b\u00fdt pos\u00edleny d\u00edky pr\u00e1ci ur\u010dit\u00fdch sval\u016f, tedy \u017ee byly 'um\u011ble' zes\u00edleny. Odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edm zp\u016fsobem se ji\u017e r\u00fdsuje ur\u010dit\u00e1 logika v zvednut\u00fdch obo\u010d\u00ed ps\u016f, co\u017e vysv\u011btluje, pro\u010d pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk nem\u016f\u017ee odolat takov\u00e9mu v\u00fdrazu obli\u010deje.<\/p>\n<p>Existuj\u00ed svaly, kter\u00e9 zvedaj\u00ed vnit\u0159n\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st obo\u010d\u00ed, d\u00edky \u010demu\u017e se ps\u00ed o\u010di zdaj\u00ed tak velk\u00e9 a smutn\u00e9. Ale maj\u00ed takov\u00e9 svaly vlci? Mo\u017en\u00e1 je prost\u011b nepou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed, proto\u017ee jejich komunikace s lidmi je velmi omezen\u00e1. Ne, vlci tyto svaly nemaj\u00ed, proto\u017ee se vyvinuli jinak.<\/p>\n<p>Aby to prok\u00e1zali, v\u011bdci provedli studii struktury obli\u010dejov\u00fdch sval\u016f \u0161ed\u00fdch vlk\u016f (<i>Canis lupus<\/i>, 4 vzorky) a dom\u00e1c\u00edch ps\u016f (<i>Canis familiaris<\/i>, 6 vzork\u016f). Je t\u0159eba zd\u016fraznit, \u017ee v\u0161echny vzorky pro disekci byly poskytnuty l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdm muzeem, tedy \u017ee zv\u00ed\u0159ata zem\u0159ela p\u0159irozenou smrt\u00ed a nebyla usmrcena pro v\u00fdzkum. D\u00e1le byly provedeny pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed vlk\u016f (9 jedinc\u016f) a ps\u016f (27 jedinc\u016f) b\u011bhem interakce s lidmi, co\u017e umo\u017enilo pozorovat aktivitu obli\u010dejov\u00fdch sval\u016f z prvn\u00ed ruky, tak \u0159\u00edkaj\u00edc.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u201ePs\u00ed o\u010di\u201c: 30 000 let koevoluce psa a \u010dlov\u011bka\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/afa9a4dce08e5debc6b7ca2a6dd7fe3c.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Obr\u00e1zek \u010d. 1<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Jak je vid\u011bt z schematick\u00e9ho srovn\u00e1vac\u00edho zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00ed obli\u010dejov\u00fdch sval\u016f psa (vlevo) a vlka (vpravo), v obou p\u0159\u00edpadech m\u00e1 svalstvo stejn\u00e9 rysy, krom\u011b jednoho detailu \u2014 sval\u016f kolem o\u010d\u00ed. <\/p>\n<p>U ps\u016f byl sval naz\u00fdvan\u00fd <i>levator anguli oculi medialis<\/i> (LAOM) p\u0159\u00edtomen v pln\u00e9m rozsahu a byl vyvinut, zat\u00edmco u vlk\u016f byly pouze nepatrn\u00e9 a nedostate\u010dn\u011b vyvinut\u00e9 svalov\u00e9 vl\u00e1kna, siln\u011b pokryt\u00e9 spojivovou tk\u00e1n\u00ed. Pom\u011brn\u011b \u010dasto se u vlk\u016f zaznamenala p\u0159\u00edtomnost \u0161lachy, kter\u00e1 se spojovala s medi\u00e1ln\u00edmi \u010d\u00e1stmi vl\u00e1ken kruhov\u00e9ho svalu oka na m\u00edst\u011b, kde u ps\u016f byla LAOM. <\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">Obr\u00e1zek \u010d. 2 (ne pro slab\u00e9 povahy): disekce hlavy psa (vlevo) a vlka (vpravo) s vyzna\u010den\u00edm rozd\u00edlu (zelen\u00e9 ohrani\u010den\u00ed).<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u201ePs\u00ed o\u010di\u201c: 30 000 let koevoluce psa a \u010dlov\u011bka\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/0f7e9a8da028b82e7f0b94a167137c53.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nTak z\u0159ejm\u00fd rozd\u00edl ve svalov\u00e9 struktu\u0159e nazna\u010duje, \u017ee vlk\u016fm je obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zvedat vnit\u0159n\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st obo\u010d\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Krom\u011b toho byly pozorov\u00e1ny tak\u00e9 rozd\u00edly ve svalech. <i>retractor anguli oculi lateralis muscle<\/i> (RAOL). Tento sval byl p\u0159\u00edtomen u ps\u016f i vlk\u016f. U druh\u00fdch byl v\u0161ak slab\u011b vyvinut\u00fd a p\u0159edstavoval jen shluk svalov\u00fdch vl\u00e1ken.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u201ePs\u00ed o\u010di\u201c: 30 000 let koevoluce psa a \u010dlov\u011bka\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/0a6107b1e5376178cbbc720632801fe6.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Tabulka porovn\u00e1n\u00ed struktury obli\u010dejov\u00fdch sval\u016f vlk\u016f (C. lupus) a ps\u016f (C. familiaris). Ozna\u010den\u00ed: <b>redicted Frame)<\/b> \u2014 sval je p\u0159\u00edtomen ve v\u0161ech vzorc\u00edch; <b>V<\/b> \u2014 sval je p\u0159\u00edtomen, ale ne ve v\u0161ech vzorc\u00edch; <b>A<\/b> \u2014 sval je p\u0159\u00edtomen ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b vzork\u016f; <b>*<\/b> \u2014 sval chyb\u011bl v jednom z vl\u010d\u00edch vzork\u016f; <b>\u2020<\/b> \u2014 sval u vlk\u016f nebyl p\u0159edstavov\u00e1n jako plnohodnotn\u00fd, ale jako shluk vl\u00e1ken; <b>\u2021<\/b> \u2014 sval byl nalezen ve v\u0161ech ps\u00edch vzorc\u00edch krom\u011b sibi\u0159sk\u00e9 husky (nebyl nalezen b\u011bhem disekce).<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Sval RAOL t\u00e1hne bo\u010dn\u00ed koutek v\u00ed\u010dek k u\u0161\u00edm. V\u011bt\u0161ina dom\u00e1c\u00edch ps\u016f m\u00e1 tento sval, krom\u011b sibi\u0159sk\u00e9 husky, proto\u017ee toto plemeno je star\u0161\u00ed, to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee je \u00fa\u017eeji spjato s vlky ne\u017e jin\u00e1 plemena. <\/p>\n<p>Z\u00e1v\u011bry v\u00fdzkumu anatomie vlk\u016f a ps\u016f byly potvrzeny b\u011bhem behavior\u00e1ln\u00edch test\u016f. Ze r\u016fzn\u00fdch chovatelsk\u00fdch stanic bylo dovezeno 27 ps\u016f, ke kter\u00fdm se postupn\u011b p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eil nezn\u00e1m\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk a sn\u00edmal jejich reakci na n\u011bj po dobu 2 minut. Vlk\u016f bylo p\u0159ivezeno z dvou r\u016fzn\u00fdch instituc\u00ed, kde \u017eili se sv\u00fdmi sme\u010dkami. Ka\u017ed\u00e9mu z vlk\u016f (9 jedinc\u016f) se tak\u00e9 p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eil nezn\u00e1m\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk a sn\u00edmal jejich reakci po dobu 2 minut.<\/p>\n<p>\"\u0160t\u011bn\u011b\u010d\u00ed o\u010di\", kter\u00e9 v\u011bdci ozna\u010dili p\u0159\u00edsn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm k\u00f3dov\u00fdm n\u00e1zvem AU101, byly analyzov\u00e1ny a klasifikov\u00e1ny podle intenzity, po\u010d\u00ednaje n\u00edzkou (A) a\u017e po vysokou (E).<\/p>\n<p>Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed frekvence AU101 mezi druhy uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee psi pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed tento v\u00fdraz tv\u00e1\u0159e mnohem \u010dast\u011bji ne\u017e vlci (Mdn = 2, Mann-Whitney: U = 36, z = \u22123.13, P = 0.001).<\/p>\n<p>Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed intenzity AU101 mezi druhy uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee n\u00edzk\u00e1 intenzita (A) se vyskytuje se stejnou frekvenc\u00ed u ps\u016f a vlk\u016f. Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 intenzita (C) se vyskytuje u ps\u016f \u010dast\u011bji, zat\u00edmco maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed intenzita (D a E) se vyskytuje v\u00fdhradn\u011b u ps\u016f.<\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">Reakce vlk\u016f b\u011bhem pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed s uveden\u00edm intenzity v\u00fdraznosti AU101:<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u201ePs\u00ed o\u010di\u201c: 30 000 let koevoluce psa a \u010dlov\u011bka\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/d75aaf63ad99b1349186198b48f064fc.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Intenzita A<\/i><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u201ePs\u00ed o\u010di\u201c: 30 000 let koevoluce psa a \u010dlov\u011bka\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/d417af33e5866060f3a9e65323840867.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Intenzita B<\/i><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u201ePs\u00ed o\u010di\u201c: 30 000 let koevoluce psa a \u010dlov\u011bka\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/ed430723c0f05d178c6cdae61eecf9bc.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Intenzita C<\/i><\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">Reakce ps\u016f b\u011bhem pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed s uveden\u00edm intenzity v\u00fdraznosti AU101:<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u201ePs\u00ed o\u010di\u201c: 30 000 let koevoluce psa a \u010dlov\u011bka\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/aa83ebdb129d816f3a5aa5b18d8b97d3.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Intenzita A<\/i><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u201ePs\u00ed o\u010di\u201c: 30 000 let koevoluce psa a \u010dlov\u011bka\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/d540e24839b8154ff2a2e02ce88f433d.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Intenzita B<\/i><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u201ePs\u00ed o\u010di\u201c: 30 000 let koevoluce psa a \u010dlov\u011bka\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/e680b416c5e7a577345f457da2523806.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Intenzita C<\/i><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u201ePs\u00ed o\u010di\u201c: 30 000 let koevoluce psa a \u010dlov\u011bka\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/885ab2a850d57046029c634e525e6330.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Intenzita D<\/i><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u201ePs\u00ed o\u010di\u201c: 30 000 let koevoluce psa a \u010dlov\u011bka\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/17c228599f3c43fe39a152530568eaca.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Intenzita E<\/i><\/p>\n<h3>Z\u00e1v\u011bry v\u011bdc\u016f<\/h3>\n<p>\nV\u00fdsledky v\u00fdzkumu svalov\u00e9 struktury ps\u016f a vlk\u016f v kombinaci s proveden\u00fdmi behavior\u00e1ln\u00edmi observacemi poskytly nezvratn\u00e9 d\u016fkazy o tom, \u017ee b\u011bhem domestikace se u ps\u016f vyvinuly mimick\u00e9 svaly. V\u011bdci to pova\u017euj\u00ed za pozoruhodn\u00e9, proto\u017ee tento proces za\u010dal teprve ned\u00e1vno, p\u0159ed 33 000 lety. Slo\u017eitost prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed podobn\u00fdch v\u00fdzkum\u016f spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee m\u011bkk\u00e9 tk\u00e1n\u011b (v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b svaly) nelze v\u017edy naj\u00edt ve fosili\u00edch. Proto je nutn\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvat jin\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 metody. V t\u00e9to pr\u00e1ci byly pou\u017eity modern\u00ed vlci, kte\u0159\u00ed anatomicky zna\u010dn\u011b neodbo\u010dili od sv\u00fdch p\u0159edk\u016f, na rozd\u00edl od dom\u00e1c\u00edch ps\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011br je ten, \u017ee vznik mimick\u00fdch sval\u016f je p\u0159\u00edmo spojen s bl\u00edzk\u00fdm vztahem mezi psy a lidmi. Zved\u00e1n\u00edm vnit\u0159n\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti obo\u010d\u00ed pes zv\u011bt\u0161uje sv\u00e9 o\u010di, \u010d\u00edm\u017e vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 u \u010dlov\u011bka podv\u011bdomou asociaci s n\u011b\u010d\u00edm bezpe\u010dn\u00fdm, dobr\u00fdm a vy\u017eaduj\u00edc\u00edm pozitivn\u00ed emocion\u00e1ln\u00ed reakci. Nen\u00ed to tak zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed, vezmeme-li v \u00favahu d\u016fle\u017eitost obo\u010d\u00ed v komunikaci mezi lidmi. Pohyb a poloha obo\u010d\u00ed hraj\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eitou roli v p\u0159\u00edzvuku b\u011bhem konverzace, jako ur\u010dit\u00e9 emocion\u00e1ln\u00ed zna\u010dky. Lid\u00e9 podv\u011bdom\u011b sleduj\u00ed obo\u010d\u00ed sv\u00e9ho partnera s velkou pozornost\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Zat\u00edm nen\u00ed jasn\u00e9 jedno \u2013 p\u0159ed tis\u00edci lety, b\u011bhem selekce, m\u011bli lid\u00e9 pov\u011bdom\u00ed o mimick\u00fdch svalech ps\u016f a z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b se sna\u017eili chovat nov\u00e9 plemena, kter\u00e1 je budou m\u00edt, nebo byla tato anatomick\u00e1 vlastnost lidmi neza\u017eila a p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161ela se z generace na generaci bez selekce v jak\u00e9koliv form\u011b? Odpov\u011b\u010f na tuto ot\u00e1zku zat\u00edm nebyla nalezena, ale v\u011bdci nep\u0159est\u00e1vaj\u00ed hledat.<\/p>\n<p>Pro podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sezn\u00e1men\u00ed se s nuancemi v\u00fdzkumu doporu\u010duji nahl\u00e9dnout do <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/pnas\/early\/2019\/06\/11\/1820653116.full.pdf\">zpr\u00e1vy v\u011bdc\u016f<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<h3>Epilog<\/h3>\n<p>\nPes je nejlep\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edtelem \u010dlov\u011bka. P\u0159ed mnoha tis\u00edci lety za\u010dali lid\u00e9 a psi \u017e\u00edt spolu a starat se o blaho jeden druh\u00e9ho. A i dnes, v \u00e9\u0159e technologick\u00e9ho pokroku, kdy jakoukoli ps\u00ed pr\u00e1ci m\u016f\u017ee vykon\u00e1vat n\u011bjak\u00fd super sofistikovan\u00fd robot, st\u00e1le d\u00e1v\u00e1me p\u0159ednost na\u0161im \u010dty\u0159noh\u00fdm p\u0159\u00e1tel\u016fm. <\/p>\n<p>Psi vykon\u00e1vaj\u00ed mnoho d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch a slo\u017eit\u00fdch \u00fakol\u016f, od hled\u00e1n\u00ed poh\u0159e\u0161ovan\u00fdch po nehod\u00e1ch a\u017e po pomoc nevidom\u00fdm majitel\u016fm. Ale i kdy\u017e v\u00e1\u0161 pes nen\u00ed z\u00e1chran\u00e1\u0159 a nen\u00ed vodic\u00edm psem, i tak ho milujete a d\u016fv\u011b\u0159ujete mu \u010dasto v\u00edce ne\u017e lidem. <\/p>\n<p>Psi, jako jak\u00e1koli jin\u00e1 dom\u00e1c\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159ata, nejsou jen \u017eiv\u00e9 hra\u010dky v dom\u011b, ale st\u00e1vaj\u00ed se \u010dleny rodiny a zaslou\u017e\u00ed si odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed \u00factu, p\u00e9\u010di a l\u00e1sku. Jak \u0159\u00edkal Jerome K. Jerome: \u201e\u2026nezaj\u00edm\u00e1 ji, jestli jsi bohat\u00fd nebo chud\u00fd, hloup\u00fd nebo chytr\u00fd, h\u0159\u00ed\u0161n\u00edk nebo svat\u00fd. Jsi jej\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtel. To j\u00ed sta\u010d\u00ed.\u201c<\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">P\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed off-topic:<\/b><center><div class=\"youtube-placeholder\" data-id=\"uwl-aJ5sG_M\" onclick=\"loadVideo(this)\">\r\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/uwl-aJ5sG_M\/hqdefault.jpg\" alt=\"P\u0159ehr\u00e1t video\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;\">\r\n        <div class=\"play-button\"><\/div>\r\n    <\/div><\/center><br \/>\n<i>Jak se chovat, abyste nebyli potrest\u00e1ni za n\u011bjakou neplechu? Je to jednoduch\u00e9, mus\u00edte b\u00fdt stejn\u011b roztomil\u00ed jako ti lituj\u00edc\u00ed psi. \ud83d\ude42<\/i><\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">P\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed off-topic 2.0 (cat edition):<\/b><center><div class=\"youtube-placeholder\" data-id=\"hyjkWYM190E\" onclick=\"loadVideo(this)\">\r\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/hyjkWYM190E\/hqdefault.jpg\" alt=\"P\u0159ehr\u00e1t video\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;\">\r\n        <div class=\"play-button\"><\/div>\r\n    <\/div><\/center><br \/>\n<i>Nen\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed slabosti u ko\u010dek ne\u017e krabice. A nez\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na tom, \u017ee se do v\u0161ech nevejdou. \ud83d\ude42<\/i><\/p>\n<p>D\u011bkuji za pozornost, z\u016fst\u00e1vejte zv\u011bdav\u00ed, milujte zv\u00ed\u0159ata a p\u0159eji v\u0161em skv\u011bl\u00fd v\u00edkend, kluci! <\/p>\n<p>D\u011bkujeme, \u017ee s n\u00e1mi z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1te. L\u00edb\u00ed se v\u00e1m na\u0161e \u010dl\u00e1nky? Chcete vid\u011bt v\u00edce zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f? Podpo\u0159te n\u00e1s objedn\u00e1vkou nebo doporu\u010den\u00edm zn\u00e1m\u00fdm, <b>30 % sleva pro u\u017eivatele Habra na jedine\u010dn\u00fd analog entry-level server\u016f, kter\u00fd jsme pro v\u00e1s vymysleli:<\/b> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/company\/ua-hosting\/blog\/347386\/\">Ve\u0161ker\u00e1 pravda o VPS (KVM) E5-2650 v4 (6 jader) 10GB DDR4 240GB SSD 1Gbps od 20 $ nebo jak spr\u00e1vn\u011b rozd\u011blit server?<\/a><\/noindex> (k dispozici varianty s RAID1 a RAID10, a\u017e 24 jader a a\u017e 40GB DDR4).<\/p>\n<p><b>Dell R730xd za polovinu ceny?<\/b> Jen u n\u00e1s <b><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ua-hosting.company\/serversnl\">2 x Intel TetraDeca-Core Xeon 2x E5-2697v3 2.6GHz 14C 64GB DDR4 4x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100 TB od 199 $<\/a><\/noindex> v Nizozemsku! <b>Dell R420 \u2014 2x E5-2430 2.2GHz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB \u2014 od 99 $!<\/b><\/b> \u010ct\u011bte o tom <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/company\/ua-hosting\/blog\/329618\/\">Jak postavit infrastrukturu podnikov\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy s pou\u017eit\u00edm server\u016f Dell R730xd E5-2650 v4 v hodnot\u011b 9000 eur za pakatel?<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p class=\"for_users_only_msg\">Pouze registrovan\u00ed u\u017eivatel\u00e9 se mohou \u00fa\u010dastnit ankety. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/auth\/login\/\">P\u0159ihlaste se<\/a><\/noindex>, pros\u00edm.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"default-block__polling-title\">Kdo je nejlep\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edtelem \u010dlov\u011bka?<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"content-list content-list_polling\">\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    Pes<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    Ko\u010dka<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    Jak\u00e9koli dom\u00e1c\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159e<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    \u0160v\u00e1bi<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    P\u0159edseda domu<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>    Hlasovalo 449 u\u017eivatel\u016f. Zdr\u017eelo se 76 u\u017eivatel\u016f.<br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/ua-hosting\/blog\/456850\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0421\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u2014 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0443 \u0442\u0435\u0431\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442 \u0442\u044b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d, 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[&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":26671,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-35569","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0421\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u2014 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/shhenyachi-glazki-30-000-let-koevolyutsii-sobaki-i-cheloveka\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.3\" 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