{"id":35704,"date":"2019-10-31T22:05:50","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:05:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/proekt-salmon-kak-effektivno-protivostoyat-internet-tsenzure-s-pomoshhyu-proksi-s-urovnyami-doveriya-polzovatelyam\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:05:50","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:05:50","slug":"proekt-salmon-kak-effektivno-protivostoyat-internet-tsenzure-s-pomoshhyu-proksi-s-urovnyami-doveriya-polzovatelyam","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/proekt-salmon-kak-effektivno-protivostoyat-internet-tsenzure-s-pomoshhyu-proksi-s-urovnyami-doveriya-polzovatelyam","title":{"rendered":"Projekt Salmon: jak efektivn\u011b \u010delit internetov\u00e9 cenzu\u0159e pomoc\u00ed proxy s \u00farovn\u011bmi d\u016fv\u011bry u\u017eivatel\u016fm","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/infatica\/blog\/457442\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Projekt Salmon: jak efektivn\u011b \u010delit internetov\u00e9 cenzu\u0159e pomoc\u00ed proxy s \u00farovn\u011bmi d\u016fv\u011bry u\u017eivatel\u016fm\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/8bf307f2455fee6499c03112df839b68.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Vl\u00e1dy mnoha zem\u00ed omezuj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup ob\u010dan\u016f k informac\u00edm a slu\u017eb\u00e1m na internetu. Boj proti takov\u00e9 cenzu\u0159e je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd a slo\u017eit\u00fd \u00fakol. Obvykle jednoduch\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed nemohou nab\u00eddnout vysokou spolehlivost nebo dlouhodobou \u00fa\u010dinnost. Slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed metody p\u0159ekon\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed blokac\u00ed maj\u00ed nev\u00fdhody t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se u\u017eivatelsk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edv\u011btivosti, n\u00edzk\u00e9 efektivity nebo neumo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed udr\u017eet kvalitu pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed internetu na po\u017eadovan\u00e9 \u00farovni.<\/p>\n<p>Skupina americk\u00fdch v\u011bdc\u016f z univerzity v Illinois <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/censorbib.nymity.ch\/pdf\/Douglas2016a.pdf\">vyvinula<\/a><\/noindex> nov\u00e1 metoda p\u0159ekon\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed blokac\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se zakl\u00e1d\u00e1 na vyu\u017eit\u00ed proxy technologie, a tak\u00e9 segmentaci u\u017eivatel\u016f dle \u00farovn\u011b d\u016fv\u011bry pro efektivn\u00ed odhalov\u00e1n\u00ed agent\u016f pracuj\u00edc\u00edch pro cenzory. P\u0159edstavujeme v\u00e1m hlavn\u00ed teze t\u00e9to pr\u00e1ce.<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>Popis p\u0159\u00edstupu<\/h2>\n<p>\nV\u011bdci vyvinuli n\u00e1stroj Salmon \u2013 syst\u00e9m proxy server\u016f \u0159\u00edzen\u00fdch dobrovoln\u00edky z zem\u00ed bez omezen\u00ed na pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed internetu. Aby chr\u00e1nili tyto servery p\u0159ed blokacemi cenzory, syst\u00e9m pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 speci\u00e1ln\u00ed algoritmus pro p\u0159i\u0159azen\u00ed u\u017eivatel\u016fm \u00farovn\u011b d\u016fv\u011bry. <\/p>\n<p>Metoda p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 odhalen\u00ed potenci\u00e1ln\u00edch agent\u016f cenzor\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed jako b\u011b\u017en\u00ed u\u017eivatel\u00e9, aby zjistili IP adresu proxy serveru a zablokovali ji. Krom\u011b toho se proti <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B\">\u00fatok\u016fm Civilly<\/a><\/noindex> br\u00e1n\u00ed pomoc\u00ed po\u017eadavku poskytnout p\u0159i registraci v syst\u00e9mu odkaz na aktivn\u00ed \u00fa\u010det na soci\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edti nebo z\u00edskat doporu\u010den\u00ed od u\u017eivatele s vysokou \u00farovn\u00ed d\u016fv\u011bry.<\/p>\n<h2>Jak to funguje<\/h2>\n<p>\nP\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee cenzor je st\u00e1tem kontrolovan\u00fd org\u00e1n, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 mo\u017enost p\u0159evz\u00edt kontrolu nad jak\u00fdmikoliv sm\u011brova\u010di v zemi. Rovn\u011b\u017e se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee \u00fakolem cenzora je zablokovat p\u0159\u00edstup k ur\u010dit\u00fdm zdroj\u016fm, nikoli vyp\u00e1trat u\u017eivatele pro budouc\u00ed zat\u010den\u00ed. Syst\u00e9m nem\u016f\u017ee tomuto v\u00fdvoji ud\u00e1lost\u00ed zabr\u00e1nit \u2013 st\u00e1t m\u00e1 spoustu mo\u017enost\u00ed, jak zjistit, jak\u00e9 slu\u017eby ob\u010dan\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed. Jedn\u00edm z nich je pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed honeypot server\u016f pro zachycen\u00ed komunikace.<\/p>\n<p>Tak\u00e9 se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee st\u00e1t disponuje zna\u010dn\u00fdmi zdroji, v\u010detn\u011b lidsk\u00fdch. Cenzor m\u016f\u017ee vy\u0159e\u0161it \u00fakoly, kter\u00e9 vy\u017eaduj\u00ed stovky a tis\u00edce zam\u011bstnanc\u016f na pln\u00fd \u00favazek. <\/p>\n<p>Je\u0161t\u011b n\u011bkolik z\u00e1kladn\u00edch tez\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00dakolem syst\u00e9mu je poskytnout u\u017eivatel\u016fm z oblast\u00ed s online cenzurou mo\u017enost obej\u00edt blokace (tj. poskytnout IP adresu proxy serveru). <\/li>\n<li>Agenti\/zam\u011bstnanci cenzuruj\u00edc\u00edch internetov\u00fdch org\u00e1n\u016f a instituc\u00ed se mohou sna\u017eit p\u0159ipojit do syst\u00e9mu pod z\u00e1minkou b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch u\u017eivatel\u016f. <\/li>\n<li>Cenzor m\u016f\u017ee zablokovat jak\u00fdkoli proxy server, jeho\u017e adresu se dozv\u00ed. <\/li>\n<li>Organiz\u00e1to\u0159i syst\u00e9mu Salmon v takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b rozum\u00ed, \u017ee se cenzor n\u011bjak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem dozv\u011bd\u011bl adresu serveru.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nTo n\u00e1s p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u00ed k popisu t\u0159ech kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch komponent\u016f syst\u00e9mu pro obch\u00e1zen\u00ed blokac\u00ed. <\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Syst\u00e9m vyhodnocuje pravd\u011bpodobnost, \u017ee u\u017eivatel je agentem cenzuruj\u00edc\u00edch organizac\u00ed. U\u017eivatel\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1ni za takov\u00e9 agenty s vysokou pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed, jsou zablokov\u00e1ni. <\/li>\n<li>Ka\u017ed\u00fd u\u017eivatel m\u00e1 \u00farove\u0148 d\u016fv\u011bry, kterou si mus\u00ed zaslou\u017eit. Proxy servery s nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi v\u00fdkony jsou vyhrazeny pro u\u017eivatele s maxim\u00e1ln\u00edmi \u00farovn\u011bmi d\u016fv\u011bry. To tak\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uje odd\u011blit spolehliv\u00e9, \u010dasem prov\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 u\u017eivatele od nov\u00e1\u010dk\u016f, proto\u017ee pr\u00e1v\u011b mezi nimi je nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost, \u017ee budou agenty cenzor\u016f. <\/li>\n<li>U\u017eivatel\u00e9 s vysokou \u00farovn\u00ed d\u016fv\u011bry mohou do syst\u00e9mu zv\u00e1t nov\u00e9 u\u017eivatele. Vznik\u00e1 tak soci\u00e1ln\u00ed graf spolehliv\u00fdch u\u017eivatel\u016f.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nV\u0161echno d\u00e1v\u00e1 smysl: cenzor obvykle pot\u0159ebuje zablokovat proxy server hned a te\u010f, nebude dlouho \u010dekat, aby se pokusil \u201evylep\u0161it\u201c \u00fa\u010dty sv\u00fdch agent\u016f v syst\u00e9mu. Nav\u00edc je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee nov\u00ed u\u017eivatel\u00e9 mohou zpo\u010d\u00e1tku z\u00edsk\u00e1vat r\u016fznou \u00farove\u0148 d\u016fv\u011bry \u2013 nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9 a p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00ed zakladatel\u016f projektu s men\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed budou spolupracovat se st\u00e1ty-cenzory.<\/p>\n<h2>\u00darovn\u011b d\u016fv\u011bry: podrobnosti implementace<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u00darove\u0148 d\u016fv\u011bry existuje nejen u u\u017eivatel\u016f, ale tak\u00e9 u proxy server\u016f. Syst\u00e9m p\u0159id\u011bluje u\u017eivatel\u016fm server s odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed \u00farovn\u00ed d\u016fv\u011bry. \u00darove\u0148 d\u016fv\u011bry u\u017eivatel\u016f se m\u016f\u017ee zvy\u0161ovat nebo sni\u017eovat, zat\u00edmco u server\u016f jen roste.<\/p>\n<p>Ka\u017ed\u00fdkr\u00e1t, kdy\u017e cenzor zablokuje server, se kter\u00fdm dan\u00fd u\u017eivatel pracoval, sni\u017euje se jeho \u00farove\u0148 d\u016fv\u011bry. D\u016fv\u011bra se zvy\u0161uje, pokud server nen\u00ed dlouhou dobu blokov\u00e1n \u2013 s ka\u017edou novou \u00farovn\u00ed se pot\u0159ebn\u00fd \u010das zdvojn\u00e1sobuje: pro p\u0159echod z \u00farovn\u011b n na n+1 je pot\u0159eba 2n+1 dn\u00ed nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u00e9ho provozu proxy serveru. Cesta k maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed, \u0161est\u00e9, \u00farovni d\u016fv\u011bry trv\u00e1 v\u00edce ne\u017e dva m\u011bs\u00edce.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Projekt Salmon: jak efektivn\u011b \u010delit internetov\u00e9 cenzu\u0159e pomoc\u00ed proxy s \u00farovn\u011bmi d\u016fv\u011bry u\u017eivatel\u016fm\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/cd7b312c0bb011ae0e04cbae0ef3f3e4.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nNutnost \u010dekat tak dlouho, abychom zjistili adresy nejkvalitn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch proxy server\u016f, je extr\u00e9mn\u011b efektivn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed proti cenzor\u016fm. <\/p>\n<p>\u00darove\u0148 d\u016fv\u011bry serveru je minim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 d\u016fv\u011bry, kterou mu p\u0159id\u011blili u\u017eivatel\u00e9. Nap\u0159\u00edklad, pokud nov\u00fd server v syst\u00e9mu je p\u0159id\u011blen u\u017eivatel\u016fm s minim\u00e1ln\u00edm hodnocen\u00edm 2, pak tuto \u00farove\u0148 dostane i proxy. Pokud potom server za\u010dne pou\u017e\u00edvat osoba s hodnocen\u00edm 3, ale mezi u\u017eivateli z\u016fstanou i ti s druhou \u00farovn\u00ed, pak hodnocen\u00ed serveru bude 2. Pokud v\u0161ak v\u0161ichni u\u017eivatel\u00e9 serveru zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed \u00farove\u0148, zvy\u0161uje se i pro proxy. Server v\u0161ak nem\u016f\u017ee ztratit \u00farove\u0148 d\u016fv\u011bry; naopak, pokud je zablokov\u00e1n, budou u\u017eivatel\u00e9 penalizov\u00e1ni.<\/p>\n<p>U\u017eivatel\u00e9 s vysokou \u00farovn\u00ed d\u016fv\u011bry obdr\u017e\u00ed odm\u011bny dvou typ\u016f. Za prv\u00e9, servery nejsou stejn\u00e9. Existuj\u00ed minim\u00e1ln\u00ed po\u017eadavky na propustnost (100 Kbit\/s), ale majitel serveru dobrovoln\u00edk m\u016f\u017ee nab\u00edzet i v\u00edce \u2013 neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd horn\u00ed limit. Syst\u00e9m Salmon vyb\u00edr\u00e1 nejv\u00fdkonn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed servery pro u\u017eivatele s maxim\u00e1ln\u00edm hodnocen\u00edm. <\/p>\n<p>Krom\u011b toho jsou u\u017eivatel\u00e9 s vysokou \u00farovn\u00ed d\u016fv\u011bry l\u00e9pe izolov\u00e1ni od \u00fatok\u016f cenzor\u016f, nebo\u0165 cenzor mus\u00ed \u010dekat m\u011bs\u00edce, aby zjistil adresu proxy. V d\u016fsledku toho je pravd\u011bpodobnost blokov\u00e1n\u00ed server\u016f pro osoby s vysok\u00fdm rizikem n\u011bkolikan\u00e1sobn\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e pro ty s n\u00edzkou d\u016fv\u011brou.<\/p>\n<p>Aby se k nejlep\u0161\u00edm proxy p\u0159ipojilo co nejv\u00edce zaslou\u017een\u00fdch u\u017eivatel\u016f, tv\u016frci Salmon vyvinuli doporu\u010dovac\u00ed syst\u00e9m. U\u017eivatel\u00e9 s vysok\u00fdm hodnocen\u00edm (L) mohou pozvat sv\u00e9 p\u0159\u00e1tele, aby se p\u0159ipojili k platform\u011b. Pozvan\u00ed lid\u00e9 obdr\u017e\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed L-1.<\/p>\n<p>Doporu\u010dovac\u00ed syst\u00e9m funguje ve vln\u00e1ch. Prvn\u00ed vlna pozvan\u00fdch u\u017eivatel\u016f m\u00e1 mo\u017enost pozvat sv\u00e9 p\u0159\u00e1tele a\u017e po p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b \u010dty\u0159ech m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch. U\u017eivatel\u00e9 ze druh\u00e9 a dal\u0161\u00edch vln mus\u00ed \u010dekat 2 m\u011bs\u00edce.<\/p>\n<h2>Moduly syst\u00e9mu <\/h2>\n<p>\nSyst\u00e9m se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze t\u0159\u00ed komponent\u016f:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>klient Salmon pro Windows;<\/li>\n<li>serverov\u00fd d\u00e9mon, kter\u00fd instaluj\u00ed dobrovoln\u00edci (verze pro Windows a Linux);<\/li>\n<li>Server centr\u00e1ln\u00ed adres\u00e1\u0159e, kter\u00fd uchov\u00e1v\u00e1 datab\u00e1zi v\u0161ech proxy server\u016f a zaji\u0161\u0165uje distribuci IP adres mezi u\u017eivateli.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Projekt Salmon: jak efektivn\u011b \u010delit internetov\u00e9 cenzu\u0159e pomoc\u00ed proxy s \u00farovn\u011bmi d\u016fv\u011bry u\u017eivatel\u016fm\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/b75fa9250df9c7d97e939bd01f8e1f97.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<i>Rozhran\u00ed klientsk\u00e9 aplikace syst\u00e9mu<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Aby mohl \u010dlov\u011bk vyu\u017e\u00edvat syst\u00e9m, mus\u00ed si vytvo\u0159it \u00fa\u010det pomoc\u00ed sv\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dtu na Facebooku.<\/p>\n<h2>Z\u00e1v\u011br <\/h2>\n<p>\nV sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b metoda Salmon nez\u00edskala \u0161irok\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed, zn\u00e1mo je pouze n\u011bkolik mal\u00fdch pilotn\u00edch projekt\u016f pro u\u017eivatele v Ir\u00e1nu a \u010c\u00edn\u011b. I kdy\u017e je to zaj\u00edmav\u00fd projekt, pln\u011b nezaji\u0161\u0165uje anonymitu, ochranu dobrovoln\u00edk\u016f a sami tv\u016frci uzn\u00e1vaj\u00ed, \u017ee je vystaven \u00fatok\u016fm pomoc\u00ed honeypot slu\u017eeb. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b implementace syst\u00e9mu s \u00farovn\u011bmi d\u016fv\u011bry se jev\u00ed jako zaj\u00edmav\u00fd experiment, kter\u00fd by mohl m\u00edt pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed. <\/p>\n<p>Na dnes v\u0161e, d\u011bkuji za pozornost!<\/p>\n<h2>U\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 odkazy a materi\u00e1ly od <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/infatica.io\">Infatica<\/a><\/noindex>:<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex>Experiment: lze sn\u00ed\u017eit negativn\u00ed d\u016fsledky DoS \u00fatok\u016f pomoc\u00ed proxy<\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/infatica\/blog\/453168\/\">Studie: vytvo\u0159en\u00ed odoln\u00e9ho proti blokov\u00e1n\u00ed proxy serveru pomoc\u00ed teorie her<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/infatica\/blog\/452438\/\">Historie boje proti cenzu\u0159e: jak funguje metoda flash proxy, kterou vytvo\u0159ili v\u011bdci z MIT a Stanfordu<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/infatica\/blog\/451832\/\">Jak pochopit, kdy proxy l\u017eou: ov\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed fyzick\u00fdch lokalizac\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00fdch proxy pomoc\u00ed algoritmu aktivn\u00ed geolokace<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/infatica\/blog\/452334\/\">Jak se maskovat na internetu: porovn\u00e1n\u00ed serverov\u00fdch a rezidentn\u00edch proxy<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/infatica\/blog\/457442\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d \u043a \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043c \u0432 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0435. \u0411\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u2013 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430. \u041e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e. \u0411\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":26747,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-35704","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" 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